武汉市建成区扩展演变与规划实施验证

利用QGIS平台重构地图技术,结合RS和GIS综合集成的研究方法,研究了从1870年以来武汉市建成区扩展演变趋势,并与对应时期各版城市总体规划相比较,挖掘规划对于城市建设的指导作用。从建成区的扩展演变来看,1950—1970和1995—2010两个时期扩展最为迅速,主要是工业区的发展和经济开发区的带动。整体的扩展模式是从初始的三镇独立沿江发展,逐渐形成空间"十字"发展模式,后期呈圈层向外推进和沿主要交通道路的"外延式"扩展。各时期城市总体规划的指导作用明显,尤其是对工业区和经济开发区的规划,而对居住区的规划指导作用相对偏弱。城市的实际发展规模与规划在每一时期有不同程度的偏差。目前武汉市在实际发展规模、空间结构、用地布局等要素上与2010版的武汉市城市总体规划的耦合度较高,绿地规模距规划目标差距较大。本文主要在两个方面具有创新:(1)利用地图重构的技术方法将历史追溯到1870年,结合遥感影像数据探究了武汉市建成区近现代比较完整的发展演变过程;(2)研究不同阶段武汉市规划与城市实际发展的耦合度。     

城市更新视角下的老旧小区综合评估

城市更新是指对城市建成区城市空间形态和城市功能的持续完善和优化调整,是小规模、渐进式、可持续的更新.随着城市化进程的逐步加快,城市更新是城市发展的必然趋势,老旧小区更新改造将是城市更新的重要组成部分.本文基于城市更新视角,通过大量实地调研、理论研究、数据统计等定量科学的计算方法,结合北京市老旧小区居民生活进行综合评估实...     

Spatial Agglomeration Characteristics of Office Areas and Residential Areas Around Rail Transit Stations: A Case Study of Beijing,China

Based on the data of residential buildings and office buildings in the built-up area of Beijing, using quantitative analysis tools such as correlation analysis, ArcGIS kernel density analysis and cluster analysis, this paper discussed the spatial agglomeration characteristics of office areas and residential areas around the rail transit station from the two levels of micro structure and macro distribution. The results showed that:(1) The spatial agglomeration of offices and residences around the rail transit station had an obvious concentric ring structure, and such concentric ring structure was most obvious in the transfer area of rail transit from 5 km to 10 km from the city center.(2) Both the residential space and office space presented distinct spatial differences and multi-center agglomeration characteristics. The office space was mainly distributed between the East Third Ring Road and West Third Ring Road as well as the South Second Ring Road to the North Fifth Ring Road, and agglomerated in the China World Tower, the Beijing Financial Street and Zhongguancun, while the residential space was spread from the center of the city to the surrounding area.(3) From the perspective of jobs-housing balance, the areas of jobs-housing balance were mainly distributed within the fourth ring of northern Beijing, while the peripheral areas and southern Beijing were mainly residential functions, and the impact of Beijing rail transit on urban spatial structure was still in its infancy.     

STUDY OF URBAN GREENWAY PLANNING BASED ON MULTI-SOURCE DATA ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL AND USER BEHAVIORS — THE GREENWAY ROUTE PLANNING OF HAIDIAN DISTRICT,BEIJING

Urban greenways play a key role to a city’s nonautomobile commuting and help alleviate traffic congestion. Currently, China’s greenway planning research and practice focuses mostly on suburban areas where greenways provide ecological, historical, cultural, and recreational services, while fewer studies explore urban greenways that serve citizens’ daily non-automobile commuting and recreational needs. Compared with suburban ones, urban greenways often face more spatial limits in the built-up areas and need to respond to more challenging demands. Supported by multisource data and the rise of big data technologies, this research explores the methods of urban greenway route planning that are underpinned through GIS spatial analyses (potential evaluation on spatial construction conditions of greenways) and big-data-based user behavior analyses (of citizens’ daily use of greenways). Demonstrating the authentic planning case for Haidian District, Beijing, the research proposes a series of construction strategies to urban corridors of roads, waterways, and railways, respectively, which integrate green spaces with non-automobile system, in order to improve the services of linear spaces in cities.     

北京市住宅区位空间特征研究

在实地调研基础上 ,就北京市近年来住宅区位空间的变化特征和发展趋势进行了分析。北京市住宅区位空间具有以下特征 :一是呈圈层式向外扩展 ;二是城北发展明显快于城南 ;三是基本形成五大住宅扇面 ;四是CBD、望京、亚运村和中关村成为京城居住最受关注的区位。从今后住宅空间的发展趋势来看 ,奥运村地区和城南一些区域将会受到消费者的青睐     

Characteristics and Causes of the Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages:A Case Study of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone

Studies on the renovation and governance of urban villages have become the interest of human geography since the 1990s.However up to now,there is little literature focusing on the development patterns and dynamic mechanism of the spatial evolution of urban villages based on the theoretical system of urban spatial structure,and there are few scholars doing analyses on the relationship between urban villages and general urban areas in terms of spatial development.In this paper,Shenzhen,the most representative city of China in terms of urban village development,is taken as a case for exploring the characteristics and modes of the spatial evolution of urban villages.With census data of urban village construction in 1999 and 2004 in terms of built-up area,floor area,and construction intensity,the spatial and temporal evolution of the 91 administrative urban villages in the original Shenzhen Special Economic Zone have been analyzed in comparison with that of Shenzhen’s general urban areas.It is indicated that the spatial evolution of urban villages matches with the general rules of the spatial development of general urban areas in three aspects.First,land expansion is the most remarkable mode of spatial evolution in the early stage of development;second,in the period of rapid development,there is the obvious tendency of "distance-decay" in terms of construction intensity accompanied by some anomalous fluctuations at certain points;third,renewal and redevelopment are carried out gradually in the mature stage of development.However,because of historical and institutional restrictions,the spatial evolution of urban villages shows its unique characteristics in the aspects of original spatial distribution and spatial expansion mode in the period of rapid development,etc.The outcomes of this study would help not only enrich the theoretical study on the evolution mode of urban spatial structure,but also strengthen the administration over urban villages,in particular with the suggestions that the spatial evolution of urban villages as a type of urban space should not be the same as that of general urban areas and its unique characteristics should not be ignored;specific rules should be set up to guide the rational spatial evolution of urban villages according to the economic development of the city,as well as the housing demands of various kinds of residents.     

Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles: a case study in Beijing, China

Greenspace is an important part of complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services. It benefits urban communities environmentally, esthetically, recreationally and economically. Beijing Province is in north of China, and has a total area of 16,807.8 km² and a population of about 13.8 million. This paper aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening of Beijing Province based on landscape ecological principles. It attempts to answer how to establish an urban greening plan at the regional, city and neighborhood levels to achieve long-term sustainability. At the regional level, a big natural and semi-natural forest area in the northwest and an ecological buffer belt in the southeast are planned to protect the environmental quality of Beijing and provide habitats for wildlife. At the city level, a green network system of green wedges, parks and green corridors has been proposed. This green network helps to limit future urban expansion, improve urban environmental quality and serve as habitats and migration routes for wildlife. At the neighborhood level, green extensions and connections of riverside greenway, road greenway, parks and vertical greening permeate into the built-up areas. They provide open space close to residential areas and offer places for recreation. This three-level green system constitutes an integrated ecological network for urban sustainable development of Beijing. For future development of Beijing, urban parks, forestry, agriculture, water and infrastructure should be planned and designed in an integrated way. After this greenspace plan is legislated and completely realized, Beijing will develop an interconnected and integrated network of urban greenspaces. It has the prospect of achieving the aim of “Green Olympic City 2008” and the long-term goal of developing Beijing towards an “Eco-City”.     

人本需求视角下基于乡镇单元主导功能的 特大城市半城市化地区生态系统服务优化 研究——以上海为例

已有对城市生态系统服务功能优化的研究通常是"供给"导向下的增量研究,很少考虑到当地的人类价值取向变化下的实际需求对生态系统造成的负面效应,这些当地"需求"的负面效应直接影响城市生态系统服务提供的"供给"效益质量,使其在空间地域上的"供给-需求"错位、失衡,造成地方规划管理上的被动性和盲目性,这一现象在生态用地和建设用地交错的特大城市郊区的半城市化地区最为显著。以上海为例,探讨基于人本需求的特大城市半城市化地区生态系统服务主导功能优化思路;以乡镇街道为基本单元对半城市化地区进行解构,评价其供给、调节、支持、文化娱乐游憩等生态系统服务的功能现状,通过人本需求视角的聚类分析定位乡镇单元的生态主导功能,并据此提出生态系统服务的优化思路;旨在通过支持空间规划决策来有效控制半城市化的负面效应,使局部单元的生态服务价值优化与总体城市生态系统服务提升的目标达成一致。     

基于POI数据的重庆市主城区批发业空间分布特征研究

批发业作为城市服务业的重要组成部分、商品配送和流通的重要环节,其空间布局对城市商业空间和货运交通发展具有重要影响。基于核密度估计法、局域Getis-Ord Gi~*指数法,采用重庆市主城区批发类城市兴趣点(POI)数据,分析城市内批发业空间特征以及热点区域,并进一步探索分行业的批发业态集聚区的空间分布和选址特征。研究表明:①重庆市主城区批发网点圈层分布呈现城市批发业活动由中心向外围扩散特征,批发网点主要布局在距市中心5~10km的圈层范围内;②批发网点空间分布的集聚特征明显,形成多中心集聚的分布状态,内环以内集聚中心呈现出"一带两点"的分布格局,且核密度均值显著高于外围地区;③批发网点符合局域Getis-Ord Gi~*统计特征的热点区域主要分布在内环以内,其中九龙镇和石桥铺街道是显著性热点区域,对周边地区的影响较大;④各批发行业的空间集聚特征不同,食品饮料类批发业数量多且布局分散,纺织服装和文化体育类批发业主要布局在人流量大的城区商业中心地区或靠近城区的商品集散地,建材化工和机械设备类批发业多布局在城市外围地区。     

Spatial impact of urban expansion on surface water bodies—A case study of Wuhan,China

This study aims to raise the level of attention paid to surface water management issues in spatial planning and urban development processes. In the case of cities located in alluvial river plains, surface water bodies may occupy large areas but severe ecological and environmental consequences can arise if they are given insufficient weight in the planning and development processes. After discussing in general terms some of the connections between surface water bodies and urban land use we specifically examine the situation in Wuhan, one of the largest cities in China, which has many surface water bodies in its urban region. We measure and analyse land use changes between 1993 and 2004 to lakes and shallow water bodies and their riparian areas using data derived from detailed land use surveys of the city. Our results show that urban expansion has had a significant impact on Wuhan's surface water bodies and their riparian zones. The reduction, disappearance and pollution of surface water may contribute to the undervaluation of water bodies, thereby increasing the likelihood of further impacts taking place. An integrative and proactive land use planning and management system at regional strategic level and local action level is considered to be essential if surface water systems are to be conserved and improved. Increased recognition of their societal and ecological value should be reflected in more detailed attention to the spatial requirements of water bodies and riparian areas in urban planning policies.     

Urban conservation and revalorisation of dilapidated historic quarters: The case of Nanluoguxiang in Beijing

Property-led urban redevelopment in contemporary Chinese cities often results in the demolition of many historical buildings and neighbourhoods, invoking criticisms from conservationists. In the case of Beijing, the municipal government produced a series of documents in the early 2000s to implement detailed plans to conserve 25 designated historic areas in the Old City of Beijing. This paper aims to examine the recent socio-economic and spatial changes that took place within government-designated conservation areas, and scrutinise the role of the local state and real estate capital that brought about these changes. Based on recent field visits and semi-structured interviews with local residents and business premises in a case study area, this paper puts forward two main arguments. First, Beijing’s urban conservation policies enabled the intervention of the local state to facilitate revalorisation of dilapidated historic quarters and to release dilapidated courtyard houses on the real estate market. The revalorisation was possible with the participation of a particular type of real estate capital that had interests in the aesthetic value that historic quarters and traditional courtyard houses provided. Second, the paper also argues that economic benefits generated by urban conservation, if any, were shared disproportionately among local residents, and that local residents’ lack of opportunities to ‘voice out’ further consolidated the property-led characteristic of urban conservation, which failed to pay attention to social lives.     

北京市城市用地空间扩张特征与机理

城市用地的快速扩张已成为当今世界城市化进程中的显著特征。北京市是世界上的特大城市之一,近年来城市人口急剧增加、城市化进程快速推进,并且出现了以城市用地快速扩张,耕地、草地急剧消退为主要特征的大规模土地利用与覆盖变化现象。为了揭示北京市城市用地扩张与城市化的空间推进规律及其驱动机理,本文采用RS和GIS综合集成的研究方法,探讨了北京市城市用地空间扩张的动态变化特征、交通区位特征、重心迁移特征和异速增长特征,并对城市空间扩张的机理进行了分析。     

城市旧区绿地布局与社区街道空间重塑研究

城市旧区受用地条件的限制,增加大型集中绿地的可能性比较小,而另一方面,城市旧区的街道尺度为创造亲近的社区交往空间提供了条件。文章尝试将旧区绿地布局与社区街道空间重建统筹研究,探索一条实效又可行的旧区环境改善之路。     

南京城市空间扩展的特征与机制

城市空间的扩展是城市生长的需求和体现。城市的形成和发展是一个时空过程 ,具有继承性 ,对一个城市的空间扩展状态的研究和对城市扩展的时空规律和动力机制的探讨可以使人们正确把握其在城市化进程中所处的阶段 ,预测城市发展趋势。本文以南京市为例探讨了其在 80年代以来城市空间扩展及结构演化的现象和特点。     

Planning and the Challenges of the Metropolitan Landscape: Innovation in the Netherlands

The physical appearance of the Netherlands is rapidly changing. The land of prosperous towns and villages embedded in rich, flat and open agricultural land is turning into a metropolis. A distinctive quality of this metropolis is the mix of highly urbanized centres and open, green areas that come in different shapes and sizes. But how to design an appropriate planning system for this environment? Mixing “red” (urban) and “green” (rural) land uses, for instance, now becomes problematic as Dutch spatial planning has always focused primarily on the urban domain whereas planning of green areas has its origins in agricultural land consolidation policy. A genuinely integrated approach to the planning of built-up areas and green areas in the open spaces is a distant ideal in this setting. In addition, the regional administrative level, being so important for metropolitan spatial challenges, needs reinforcing. The authors make a plea for a reframing of the notion of spatial planning at the national and provincial geographical and administrative scale. It takes a new object for planning, design and analysis to do the trick. The traditional rural–urban opposition is traded for “metropolitan landscape”, a new image reflecting the integration of built-up and non-built-up distinctively urban and rural land uses. Planning for the metropolitan landscape requires a reassignment of duties and responsibilities among national, provincial and municipal governments and other stakeholders.     

儿童友好视角下城市公园品质与可达性研究——以巴塞罗那学龄前儿童为例

具备可进入的绿色空间、游乐场地是儿童友好城市衡量中的核心指标,也是城市公园提供的必要服务之一。聚焦对城市公园需求度和使用率较高的学龄前儿童,尝试建构综合考虑城市公园品质和可达性的分析及评估方法。选取联合国儿童友好城市——西班牙巴塞罗那为案例,基于实地调研、开源地图、官方统计数据等,使用儿童友好的公园品质指数(QUINPY)和空间句法可达性模型开展综合评价,并结合学龄前儿童人口密度分布,提出有针对性的改善建议,基于不同的需求和现状,选取改善城市交通步行环境、合理增加结构性设施或者鼓励分时段及立体化拓展空间使用可能性等适宜性创新措施。以期为我国儿童友好导向的城市公园发展建设提供参考。     

城市总体规划中“四区”的划定方法研究

在分析总结国内外有关建设区域和限制建设区域的研究进展、城市规划编制案例和城市管理实践的基础上,根据《中华人民共和国城乡规划法》、《城市规划编制办法》及城乡规划相关法律法规,提出现阶段各城市"四区"划定和空间管制工作具有长期性、地区差异性和时效性三大特征,确定"四区"划定应重点在城乡规划体系中的城市总体规划编制阶段,最后提出该阶段"四区"划定的原则、方法、限制性要素及分区、成果要求,为城市总体规划编制工作提供技术借鉴。     

基于大众点评数据对餐饮业分布的空间句法分析 ——以北京前门、东四、南锣鼓巷街区为例

摘要　大数据为研究城市功能及其使用情况提供了便利的数据源。基于大众点评餐饮数据,运用空间句法理论及工具 分析前门、东四、南锣鼓巷街区的餐饮业及不同菜系类型、人均价格、评价等社会经济属性的分布特征。结果显示上 述三个案例对不同尺度可达性依赖的差异性。此外,通过对比三个案例合并的多元回归分析结果,描述了餐饮业受城 市和局域两个尺度空间形态的综合影响,并发现局域层级空间形态的影响更加显著,从侧面说明了数据时代街道空间 步行可达性的重要性。     

Does satisfactory neighbourhood environment lead to a satisfying life? An investigation of the association between neighbourhood environment and life satisfaction in Beijing

Associated with the dramatic expansion of Chinese cities are the unprecedented scale and pace of changes to urban living environment. There is an imperative to assess residents' perceptions of neighbourhood environment and the impacts on life satisfaction. Drawing on a large-scale residential satisfaction survey conducted in Beijing in 2013, we examine the fine-grained spatial distribution and determinants of residents' life satisfaction. A multilevel ordinal response model is employed to investigate the roles of neighbourhood satisfaction, perceived relative income, socio-demographic characteristics, and contextual factors in predicting life satisfaction. Results show that satisfaction with key neighbourhood characteristics including safety, physical and social environments, and travel convenience is statistically significantly associated with life satisfaction. Income relative to that of peers in local areas or to that in the past is a more important predictor of life satisfaction than absolute income. Other individual-level variables, such as age, family structure, hukou status, health, commuting time, and housing-related variables including housing tenure and floor space, are significant correlates of life satisfaction.     

基于主体功能空间引导的城市增长形态模拟

元胞自动机(CA)被广泛应用于城市空间形态演变模拟,但现有CA大多根据历史变化过程挖掘模拟规则,不能较好地考虑空间规划政策调控对后续城市空间形态演变的引导作用.目前,我国正在全面推行“多规融合”的国土空间规划,其必然要对过去粗放无序的城镇化发展模式产生重要的调控作用.为此,本文尝试利用主体功能区划的优化、重点、限制和禁止等空间管制分区思想,构建未来城市空间形态演变的驱动机制,并利用“顶层土地供需平衡、中层政策管制分区、底层元胞状态演化”三个不同决策尺度融合的CA模型框架模拟中长期城市空间形态演变.研究以粤港澳大湾区城市群广州市为案例,模拟了其2005-2035年的城市空间形态演变过程.模型对比分析和综合比较表明,考虑主体功能空间引导后的CA模型表现出比传统模拟方案更高的可信度.城镇化发展是一个典型的综合自然与人文过程,城市CA建模需要同时兼顾前向历史规律传播和后向空间政策调控.