预制混凝土结构的应用与研究进展

对预制混凝土结构的特点、应用及研究进行了必要的阐述,分析了我国预制混凝土体系发展受阻的原因,指出了在我国发展和应用预制混凝土结构所需解决的三个问题。     

Critical issues,condition assessment and monitoring of heavy movable structures: emphasis on movable bridges

In this paper, a relatively less studied class of structures is presented based on the research conducted on Florida's movable bridges over the last several years. Movable bridges consist of complex structural, mechanical and electrical systems that provide versatility to these bridges, but at the same time, create intermittent operational and maintenance challenges. Movable bridges have been designed and constructed for some time; however, there are fewer studies in the literature on movable bridges as compared to other bridge types. In addition, none of these studies provide a comprehensive documentation of issues related to the condition of movable bridge populations in conjunction with possible monitoring applications specific to these bridges. This paper characterises and documents these issues related to movable bridges considering both the mechanical and structural components. Considerations for designing a monitoring system for movable bridges are also presented based on inspection reports and expert opinions. The design and implementation of a monitoring system for a representative bascule bridge are presented along with long-term monitoring data. Various movable bridge characteristics such as opening/closing torque, bridge balance and friction are shown since these are critical for maintenance applications on mechanical components. Finally, the impact of environmental effects (such as wind and temperature) on bridge mechanical characteristics is demonstrated by analysing monitoring data for more than 1000 opening/closing events.     

Long-term bridge health monitoring and performance assessment based on a Bayesian approach

This study presents a damage detection approach for the long-term health monitoring of bridge structures. The Bayesian approach comprising both Bayesian regression and Bayesian hypothesis testing is proposed to detect the structural changes in an in-service seven-span steel plate girder bridge with Gerber system. Both temperature and vehicle weight effects are accounted in the analysis. The acceleration responses at four points of the bridge span are utilised in this investigation. The data covering three different time periods are used in the bridge health monitoring (BHM). Regression analyses showed that the autoregressive exogenous model considering both temperature and vehicle weight effects has the best performance. The Bayesian factor is found to be a sensitive damage indicator in the BHM. The Bayesian approach can provide updated information in the real-time monitoring of bridge structures. The information provided from the Bayesian approach is convenient and easy to handle compared to the traditional approaches. The applicability of this approach is also validated in a case study where artificially generated damage data is added to the observation data.     

高精度预制混凝土技术在我国的应用与研究

作为现代混凝土工程技术的重要组成部分之一,高精度预制混凝土技术的研究与应用得到了很大的发展,本文描述了高精度预制混凝土技术在我国的研究与应用现状,并提出了目前高精度预制混凝土技术存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

Ultimate strength of continuous composite box-girder bridges with precast decks

In order to apply precast decks to continuous composite bridges, several experiments and analytical studies were performed. From many previous studies, design criteria for crack controls in transverse joints of prefabricated slabs were confirmed. These considerations were needed for serviceability. The bridges which satisfy service limit states, also, should be evaluated for ultimate strengths to define limit states. In this paper, experimental and analytical studies of two-span continuous composite bridges with open box girder section were conducted. Cracking, yielding and ultimate loads were evaluated and compared with the test results for design of continuous composite bridges with precast decks. To evaluate yielding loads of continuous bridges, an uncracked section method considering moment redistribution which is defined in EUROCODE 4, was considered. In calculation of ultimate strengths, full or partial shear connection and sectional classes which were defined in EUROCODE or AASHTO LRFD specifications were considered. Also, through numerical analysis considering material nonlinearities, moment-curvature relationship and moment redistributions were estimated.     

Updating and validation of the dynamic model of a railway viaduct with precast deck

This study describes the calibration and experimental validation of the dynamic model of a railway viaduct with precast deck. Global modal parameters of the structure and local modal parameters of the upper slab of the deck are identified based on a dynamic test. The calibration of the numerical model is done using a genetic algorithm that allows obtaining optimal values of 11 parameters of the numerical model. The inclusion of local modal parameters proved to be crucial, as various parameters of the numerical model do not have significant influence on global modal parameters. Mode pairing between numerical and experimental vibration modes is performed using a recent technique based on modal strain energy. The experimental validation of the calibrated numerical model is done by the comparison between numerical responses and experimental responses obtained in a dynamic test under railway traffic. This dynamic test shows the existence of a nonlinear behaviour of the viaduct's supports. There is an excellent correlation between numerical and experimental responses for different train speeds with the adjustment of the longitudinal supports stiffness of the calibrated model.     

预制混凝土结构的应用与住宅产业化

分析了我国住宅产业化的现状,提出发展预制混凝土结构是实现住宅产业化的途径,同时指出发展预制混凝土结构还可以有效实现建筑节能,从而进一步推广预制混凝土结构的应用。     

装配式混凝土框架节点基本性能研究进展

装配式混凝土框架结构是目前国内外应用和研究最多的工业化结构体系之一,其核心部位为梁柱连接节点。连接节点的构造方式及其抗震性能不仅影响装配式结构的施工效率而且直接决定了框架结构整体的抗震表现。从三个方面系统梳理了国内外关于装配式混凝土框架节点的研究进展： 1） 试验研究方面,归纳总结了装配式框架节点的几类常用连接类型和构造方式,并着重介绍了几种新连接方式、新材料运用和新设计理念在装配式节点中的应用,以及相关试验结果; 2） 数值模拟方面,介绍了目前常用的两类模拟方法,基于宏观梁柱单元的模拟方法和基于三维实体单元的模拟方法,指出了各自的优点与不足; 3） 设计方法方面,总结了各国关于装配式混凝土框架的设计方法,比较了规范间的差异。通过梳理装配式混凝土框架结构的发展现状、局限以及应用前景,对提高我国装配式混凝土框架结构设计水平和推广装配式混凝土结构的工程应用,具有重要参考意义。     

对国外混凝土预制构件试验研究工作的思考

简要叙述了国外混凝土预制构件的发展情况，重点介绍了几个典型预测混凝土构件试验研究的实例，建议我国混凝土行业应加强试验研究工作。     

GPS monitoring of a steel box girder viaduct

Structural performance monitoring of bridges has increased as major infrastructure ages and is required to sustain loads that are significantly greater than those predicted during design. Structural stiffness and/or mass distribution can change over the lifespan of a bridge structure. Resulting changes in profile or resonant frequency provide key indicators of change, and may identify structural defects. Field tests using GPS for monitoring relatively small deformations were carried out on a steel box girder viaduct bridge in the UK. The configuration consisted of five GPS receivers located at key locations on the viaduct and two reference GPS receivers. GPS data was collected at either 10 Hz or 20 Hz and post-processed using proprietary software, along with appropriate filtering and spectral analysis. Three main frequencies were clearly detected by the GPS in the vertical component. A previously reported frequency of approximately 0.56 Hz was identified along with two other frequencies. The peak vertical deflections lie in the range of ± 50 mm, while lateral and longitudinal deflections of much smaller magnitude – in the order of a few mm – are also measured. The use of GPS leads to readily obtained and useful engineering data for continued monitoring of structures.     

高墩连续刚构桥线形控制分析

以某连续刚构桥为工程背景,建立该桥的有限元模型,并采用灰色预测控制系统对其进行线形控制,通过对线形控制的理论预测值和实测值比较分析,说明灰色预测控制系统能较好地应用于此类桥梁的线形控制。     

Progressive collapse performance analysis of precast reinforced concrete structures

In this paper, the progressive collapse performance analysis of precast reinforced concrete (RC) structures is performed. A numerical simulation framework for precast RC structures is developed on the basis of the OpenSEES software, where the fiber frame element is used for beam and column type members and Joint2D element is used for the beam‐to‐column connections. The conjugated material models are then introduced, and a min–max failure criterion is imposed on the original models to reflect the steel fracture and concrete crushing when the structure is undergoing progressive collapse. In addition, to overcome the computational difficulties arisen from progressive collapse behavior, two enhanced nonlinear solutions , that is, the consistent quasi‐Newton algorithm and the explicit KR‐α algorithm, are employed, respectively, for static and dynamic analysis. A 10‐storey prototype precast RC structures is designed to verify the developed numerical framework, and the progressive collapse resisting mechanism of the structures is investigated through both static pushdown analysis and dynamic column‐removal analysis. Finally, influences of some typical parameters in precast RC structures on their progressive collapse performance are studied.     

混凝土预制桩打桩质量要求与问题的分析

介绍了混凝土预制桩打桩质量要求 ,分析了混凝土预制桩打桩中遇到的问题 ,对常见的问题提出了处理措施 ,满足了设计要求 ,保证了工程质量。     

SP预应力空心板在居住建筑中的应用和发展

分析现浇板和传统预制板的特点和弱点，提出发展SP板和SP叠合板是住宅实现大开间、灵活隔断的有效途径之一，也是建筑施工实现现代化的重要内容之一。     

Structural performance evaluation of a precast prefabricated bridge column under vehicle impact loading

In this study, the numerical analysis method was proposed to analyse the structural behaviour of bridge columns under various impact loading conditions. A parametric study of vehicle impact simulation was carried out to determine the impact loading-time functions. According to the impact simulation results, five-point piecewise linear approximation is proposed and validated. The proposed loading function was applied to the material nonlinear finite element analyses of two different types of bridge piers, the cast-in-place reinforced concrete bridge columns and the prefabricated bridge columns, which were designed under the same loading conditions. The dynamic performances of the considered bridge piers are compared using the results of dynamic numerical analyses. Also, the static design loadings of a vehicle crash defined in the Korean bridge design code and AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications were applied to analyse the results of the dynamic analyses of the piers.     

Long-term performance assessment of the Telegraph Road Bridge using a permanent wireless monitoring system and automated statistical process control analytics

The purpose of this study is to advance wireless sensing technology for permanent installation in operational highway bridges for long-term automated health assessment. The work advances the design of a solar-powered wireless sensor network architecture that can be permanently deployed in harsh winter climates where limited solar energy and cold temperatures are normal operational conditions. To demonstrate the performance of the solar-powered wireless sensor network, it is installed on the multi-steel girder bridge carrying northbound I-275 traffic over Telegraph Road (Monroe, Michigan) in 2011; a unique design feature of the bridge is the use of pin and hanger connections to support the bridge main span. A dense network of strain gauges, accelerometers and thermometers are installed to acquire bridge responses of interest to the bridge manager including responses that would be affected by long-term bridge deterioration. The wireless monitoring system collects sensor data on a daily schedule and communicates the data to the Internet where it is stored in a curated data repository. Bridge response data in the repository are autonomously processed to extract truck load events using machine learning, compensate for environmental variations using nonlinear regression and to quantitatively assess anomalous bridge performance using statistical process control.     

Seismic response of self‐centering precast concrete frames with hysteretic dampers

With the rapid development of cities and the invasion of major natural disasters such as earthquakes, the resilience city as a new design concept has been paid more and more attention. As an important branch of self‐centering seismic resisting system, self‐centering concrete frame system has been studied by many scholars. These studies prove that self‐centering concrete frame structure has excellent self‐centering ability but poor energy dissipation capacity. Adhering to the working principle of self‐centering structure and considering the development concepts of building industrialization and modularization, this paper proposed a kind of self‐centering precast concrete frame with hysteretic damper (SCPCHD). In order to verify its energy dissipation capacity and seismic performance, elaborate finite element models were established and elastoplastic dynamic time history analyses were carried out. The results showed that the SCPCHD frame has a similar interstory displacement response to the reinforced concrete (RC) frame and the energy dissipation performance of its joint is obviously superior to the RC frame under rare earthquake because the SCPCHD frame has low damage characteristics and excellent damping device. In summary, this paper proves the feasibility and superiority of the SCPCHD frame, providing reliable support for further research.     

基于纤维单元的预应力预制混凝土剪力墙抗侧性能数值分析

为研究预应力预制混凝土剪力墙的抗侧性能,在试验研究的基础上,提出并建立了基于纤维单元的非线性有限元分析模型。该模型在常规柔度法纤维梁柱单元模型的基础上,对单元塑性区积分法加以改进,提出了更加适用于混凝土结构的积分方法。为考虑墙底钢筋与混凝土的黏结滑移及剪切变形,引入两个零长度单元,提出了零长度单元的构建和参数取值建议。该分析模型对试验中虽未观察到,但可能发生的失效模式（如预应力筋失效等）给予考虑,对试件墙片水平荷载-位移滞回特征、预应力筋应力、墙角接缝张开、残余变形指标等进行模拟并与试验结果进行比较,结果表明两者较为吻合,验证了该分析模型的合理性和有效性。     

钢纤维喷射混凝土支护长期效应的数值模拟

用有限元方法模拟坑道钢纤维喷射混凝土支护的长期效应,研究钢纤维喷射混凝土支护的可行性。