浅谈水资源生态足迹和生态承载力的研究

根据生态足迹分析方法,建立了水资源生态足迹概念模型,并计算了西安市2005年水资源生态足迹和生态承载力,为地区水资源的可持续利用与管理提供了科学的依据,同时提出了在不降低人们生活水平的前提下减少水资源赤字应采取的方法。     

水资源承载力理论在城市规划中的应用

水资源是城市建设和发展的基础条件和限制因素 ,应被视为城市规划的重要方面和城市建设的重要内容 ,而当前的城市规划未对水资源给予应有的重视 ,特别是水资源的承载能力尚未得到正确的认识 ,造成某些城市的发展规模与其水资源承载力不相适应和其它各种水问题 ,反过来为城市的持续发展带来了负面影响。本文分析了水资源承载力概念的缘起和内涵 ,在此基础上探讨了水资源承载力理论在城市规划中应用的必要性及其对城市规划的影响 ,提出 :城市规划应将水资源承载力作为其指导思想之一 ,改革和完善城市规划程序 ,加强城市规划与水资源规划和管理之间的协调 ,城市规划应充分考虑城市水资源统一管理及可能采取的措施 ,并将其作为必要内容以一定形式反映出来。从水资源承载力量化指标体系和水资源承载力的多 (单 )目标模型优化两个方面展望了水资源承载力理论在城市规划中的应用     

Why an urban population continues to grow under intensifying water scarcity: an answer from generalized water resources

ABSTRACT

Previous studies indicated that the population size would arrive at its upper limits under the intense water scarcity in Urumqi. However, these ‘limits’ have been repeatedly exceeded, and the population has grown from one million in the 1980s to four million in 2014. This phenomenon is viewed as a ‘mystery of the population carrying capacity of water resources’. This paper investigates the mystery under an amplified framework of generalized water. The entropy of virtual water was 48.9, and 3.08 billion m³ of external virtual water flowed into Urumqi. External virtual water makes a main contribution to increase water supplies under acute water scarcity, and this contribution results from the characteristic of dissipative structure in an urban economy. It is proved that generalized water is one of the most essential answers to the mystery at least. Generalized water plays an important role and generalized water management is necessary in an urban economy.     

当前桥梁承载能力评定方法的不足及发展方向

简述了目前桥梁承载能力评定的常用及主要方法,通过桥梁静载试验实例阐述了目前桥梁承载能力客观评定尚存片面之处,并结合桥梁技术状况等级评定,预测了未来桥梁承载能力评定方法的发展方向。     

青岛市水资源承载力预测评价研究

水资源承载力的评价对发展地区经济具有重要意义,因此水资源的可持续利用理应受到人们的关注.通过对比水资源承载力的各评价方法,建立了综合评价模型,确立了评价的指标体系,利用均方差决策综合分析方法计算了评价指标的权重.最后,对青岛市水资源承载力按照不同时间段进行了预测评价分析,并根据当地实际,提出了提高当地水资源承载力的对策.     

基于多源数据的成渝城市群绿色空间生态系统服务功能供需评价

随着城市规划逐步转向国土空间规划,准确掌握宏观尺度中的城市群绿色空间的服务特征成为规划决策的重要前提.基于多源数据,利用水量平衡方程、土壤流失方程、INVEST模型识别城市群绿色空间生态系统服务功能,利用Z-Score标准化评价生态系统服务功能供需平衡匹配的时空演变规律.结果显示:1)成渝城市群水源涵养服务供给、需求量...     

邯郸市现状年水资源承载力研究

通过对邯郸市水资源开发利用现状的分析,指出了水资源开发利用中存在的主要问题,并从水资源的可能性出发,研究了邯郸市水资源可支撑的基于一定生活水平下的最大人口数量,为全面协调整个邯郸经济社会的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

河北盐山、孟村县地质环境承载力评价研究

以河北盐山、孟村地区为例,从承载本底和承载状态两个角度构建承载力评价指标体系。采用GIS空间分析、单因素评价和指标权重法等方法对研究区地质环境承载能力进行了评价。结果显示,盐山、孟村县地质环境承载本底高—中等,承载状态盈余、均衡,承载潜力较大。该地区地质环境条件较好。地质环境承载力的主要制约因素是地下水水位、地下水水质和土壤盐渍化。     

刚架拱桥承载能力评估试验分析

某刚架拱桥在运营过程中发现存在严重病害,为确保行车安全,对该桥进行荷载试验,以评估其承载能力。试验结果表明,该桥承载能力不能满足设计要求,须进行限载并及时加固。     

基于景观地形的小流域单元减灾调控评价研究

近年来,中国诸多大中城市内涝灾害频发。武汉市作为城市内涝频发的典型城市,其建成区地表高度(20.0~24.0 m)大多低于外江常年所处的洪水位高度(23.9 m),在区域性暴雨条件下,极易引发内涝灾害。武汉由于其内涝典型性,2013年被列为全国31个重点防洪城市之一,2015年被列入首批海绵城市试点城市之一。从城市内涝发生机理出发,以水文角度的小流域单元作为内涝风险区划的基本单元,利用小流域单元分析武汉市景观地形要素(地表高程、地表起伏度、地表粗糙度)与城市内涝积水密度的相关性及其影响程度,量算统计出小流域单元的内涝风险等级。基于此,提出武汉市小流域单元减灾地形调控评价。以武汉市作为城市内涝问题的研究案例,以期为武汉市内涝缓解提供新的思考路径,具有典型性和必要性。     

我国页岩气开采进程影响因素分析

2015年4月国务院批准了《长江中游城市群发展规划》,长江中游城市群是以武汉、长沙、南昌3个中心城市为主体形成的特大城市群。为了促进长江中游城市群城市勘测事业合作与发展,武汉市测绘研究院、长沙市规划勘测设计研究院、南昌市城市规划设计研究总院,共同倡议成立“长江中游城市群测绘地理信息发展战略论坛”。本文介绍了论坛成立的背景和意义,分析了在经济新常态下城市勘测单位发展面临的机遇与挑战,阐述了论坛交流合作的原则和主要内容,并对推动论坛合作发展提出了建议。     

An econometric analysis of private sector participation in China’s urban water supply

This paper explores the impact of private sector participation on industrial performance of urban water supply by using panel data for 35 major cities in China over the period 1998 to 2008. We find that the introduction of private sector participation is significantly correlated with improvement in integrated production capacity and water coverage rate, but not correlated with the investment in fixed assets. Private sector participation has a positive impact on the integrated production capacity in the developed eastern cities and contributes to narrowing the gap of water coverage rate between the less developed central and western cities and the more developed eastern cities. We also find that the participation of foreign companies, but not domestic private companies, significantly improves water industry performance. The research sheds some light on the importance of private participation in urban water markets. However, the performance of domestic private firms in urban water supply still needs be improved.     

青岛市水资源承载能力与优化配置研究

水资源作为一种战略资源,是制约城市经济社会发展的最重要因素之一.笔者探讨了水资源承载力的定义和内涵,然后采用层次分析法定量分析青岛市水资源承载能力,并构建系统动力学仿真模型,通过对拟定4种水资源配置方案的对比分析,分别计算出各个方案的承载能力,确定出了青岛市水资源规划的最佳方案,为青岛市水资源的可持续利用以及社会、经济、资源的协调发展提供科学依据.     

Agglomeration, productivity, and spatial spillovers across Chinese cities

This paper investigates the causal relationship between, and the determinants of, urban labor productivity and industrial agglomeration across Chinese cities. We extend the Ciccone and Hall (Am Econ Rev 86(1):54–70, 1996) production density model by distinguishing between the size of the industrial sector and the density of the urban economy in order to examine the effects of industry agglomeration and congestion on urban productivity. We also account for the endogeneity of industrial agglomeration and propose a simultaneous equation model to estimate the determinants of urban productivity and agglomeration. A spatial econometric analysis across 617 Chinese cities in year 2005 shows that the spatial concentration of industrial production is an important cause of higher productivity in large industrial cities and cities in neighboring regions, where higher productivity resulting from concentrated industrial production then leads to further agglomeration in these cities. Controlling for the size of the industrial sector, employment density has a negative effect on urban productivity. We conclude by briefly discussing potential policy implications of the empirical findings.     

重庆市主城区地表水资源情势分析与研究

指出重庆市主城区地表水资源情势分析与研究对规划市区的经济建设具有重大的实际意义,通过对其科学地分析与预测得出,在2014年内重庆市主城区供水能力满足该区域人口、经济及环境水要求,重庆市主城区水资源在总体用水的求使用上未超载,地区可供发的水的利用潜力较大。     

Potential of rainwater resources based on urban and social aspects in Colombia

The potential offered by non‐conventional water resources (rainwater) associated with high or low urban density in new housing in different rainfall zones (800–2300 mm) was studied. Ten cities in Colombia with over 250 000 inhabitants were used as a case study. The potential of substitution of tap water by rainwater according to population groups with different socioeconomic status was estimated. This study reveals the favourable conditions for rainwater harvesting in the Colombian context, and enables the linking of supply and demand issues related to local climatic and environmental sustainability in order to integrate the use of rainwater into urban housing projects. For the current consumption scenario (greater than 160 Lcd), rainwater becomes a potential replacement for mains water in urban areas with rainfall of above 1553 L/m²/year.     

城市区域消防资源优化布局研究

安全是城市发展的重要保障和基础底线,消防资源优化布局是提升城市救援能力,保障城市安全的有效手段。针对我国城市目前消防站点覆盖率低、责任分区难划分及消防人员、装备配备结构不完整、不合理等问题,通过科学构建城市消防资源优化及布局模型,对消防站救援响应时间满意度、辖区需求点覆盖防护等级、装备贡献度及人员工作负荷度进行评估,实现消防站优化布局选址、消防救援力量及装备优化配置的模型应用,为新建消防站的选址和现有消防站的救援力量及装备优化配置提供辅助决策。     

基于区域水量-水质的水资源承载力研究

目前国内外对水资源承载力的研究都存在较多关注水资源数量而忽略水质的问题,然而在水资源的实际利用中,最小生态需水量、水环境容量也是水资源承载能力的重要约束条件。基于此,对水资源承载力的概念提出新的理解,从水量和水质角度出发,建立了以最小生态需水量、水环境最大可容纳量为约束条件的水资源承载力模型,提出以人口和经济承载规模来表征水资源承载力。以北京市房山区为例,选取COD和NH₃-N为主要污染因子,通过一维稳态水质模型计算研究区域内河道纳污能力,进而推算出在水量-水质约束条件下的水资源可利用量对研究区域经济系统的支撑能力。结果表明:房山区不同水功能区由于其河段长度、现状水质不同,导致纳污能力差别较大;河流对COD和NH₃-N的纳污能力分别为4 411. 92 t/a和121. 61 t/a,预测2030年房山区水资源承载力即GDP规模为3 348. 43亿元、人口数量为243万人。     

钢筋混凝土斜拉桥寿命期内整体极限承载力分析

提出基于定期检测和健康监测技术的斜拉桥结构服役期内主梁整体失效模式及其极限承载力演化规律的分析方法,为结构的全寿命设计以及结构安全预警的分级提供理论依据。首先,利用结构的检测/监测数据,建立与实际结构状态相符的有限元模型,并分析构件的耐久性损伤,在此基础上计算考虑抗力退化的构件的极限承载力;然后,在有限元模型上施加逐级渐进的车辆荷载,分析各构件的内力状态;最后,将荷载效应超过抗力的主梁截面设置为塑性铰,改变结构体系,继续施加车辆荷载,直至结构承受的车辆荷载达到最大值,对应的变结构体系和车辆荷载分别为最终主梁整体失效模式和极限承载力。利用上述方法对我国北方某座干线斜拉桥在运营期内的4个典型状态进行计算分析,研究该桥在运营期内的失效模式及其极限承载力的演化规律。结果表明,所提出的方法可以获得在车辆荷载作用下斜拉桥主梁整体失效模式和相应的极限承载力;斜拉桥在服役过程中主梁开裂、钢筋锈蚀、边界条件变化等导致桥梁结构损伤、甚至结构体系及其相应的力学模型发生较大的变化,使结构失效模式及其极限承载力发生较大的变化。     

Multiple resources and their sustainable development in Urban Underground Space

Traffic congestion and ground space scarcity are increasing the need to find more space in the urban underground. The demand-driven “top-down” planning of Urban Underground Space (UUS) is common worldwide. As natural resource, the endowments of UUS are different in different regions. Consideration of UUS resource endowments, which can be called “bottom-up” thinking, should be integrated into planning. The evaluation method of UUS resource and investigation results in typical cases are being presented in the paper. It is important for urban development to utilize the underground space. Meanwhile, we should also be aware that there are multiple valuable resources in urban underground. Besides space, there are also water, energy and geo-materials. The paper will discuss how to consider these different resources in urban development. There might be conflicts between the developments of different urban underground resources. The paper investigated the interactions between these developments, revealed some serious impacts and typical conflict modes. The identification of conflicts is a basis for the coordination and synergy of these developments. For sustainable development of city, it is needed to understand and scientifically evaluate the multiple urban underground resources, then holistically plan and manage the developments. Structure and properties of urban underground geological body determine the engineering conditions of UUS and resource attributes of urban underground. Since 2003, China has been conducting pilot projects of Urban Geological Investigation (UGI) programs in some large cities. The paper will also show how to consider the influence of geological conditions in urban underground resource evaluation and UUS planning.