消能减震建筑结构的附加有效阻尼比估计

为估计一栋实际消能减震建筑结构在地震作用下的附加有效阻尼比,提出了一种基于有限元模型修正技术的阻尼比估计和验证方法。考虑到结构初始有限元模型存在较大模型误差,采用基于结构振动模态参数的直接模型更新方法修正初始有限元模型,其中,对于实测振型不完整问题,利用振型扩阶方法补充完整振型。基于模态应变能概念,利用整体结构模态参数识别值,推导了油阻尼器支撑系统附加给结构的有效阻尼比和有效频率的计算公式,并估计了主体结构的频率和阻尼比。以一组实际地震动监测数据为例,采用建议方法估计有效阻尼比和有效频率,通过对比修正模型的预测响应与实际监测数据,验证了建议方法的有效性。     

基于灵敏度分析和优化方法的异形钢结构烟囱模型修正

为了给异形钢结构烟囱的抗风、抗震计算及健康监测提供可靠的有限元计算模型,采用钢结构烟囱风洞试验模型的模态参数作为基准,将灵敏度分析和优化方法与大型有限元分析软件相结合修正烟囱结构模型的有限元模型。首先对烟囱结构参数化建模,然后通过灵敏度分析选择合适的优化变量,最后应用一阶优化方法修正烟囱结构的有限元模型。结构构件间连接的过分简化常会带来较大误差,因此烟囱结构的部分连接节点采用半刚性计算模型。结果表明,经过修正后的有限元模型动力计算结果与试验结果非常接近。     

Dynamic investigation of a concrete footbridge using finite element modelling and modal analysis

In this article, the application of a manual updating method for finite element (FE) model updating of a concrete footbridge using modal analysis approach is described in detail. An FE model was developed using DIANA (FEM software package) to estimate the response of structure under free-vibration analysis. Afterwards, ambient vibration test (AVT) was conducted to extract the dynamic properties. The fundamental mode shapes of the structure were successfully identified applying ARTeMIS (modal analysis computer program). The mode shape pairs of initial FE model and a complete set of test results were employed for manual updating. A parametric study was carried out to specify the most sensitive parameters of the model. For this purpose, boundary conditions, mass density and Young's modulus of elasticity were examined as uncertain parameters. Attempts to calibrate the primary FE model revealed that the spring constants of supports were the most effective parameters for updating process. The FE model was calibrated considering three main criteria consisting of combination of natural frequencies/mode shapes and modal assurance criteria (MAC)/mode shapes. The calibration strategy performed in the present study, including parametric study on uncertain parameters of initial FE model, parameter and target response selection and MAC calculation based on modified formulation, has been discussed. The updated FE model and the measured mode shape counterparts exhibited very good correlation.     

焊接结构响应的多目标模拟及模型修正敏感参数分析

本文主要研究复杂结构模拟和模型修正过程中的两个关键问题,即多级目标一致逼近模型的建立和模型修正的敏感参数分析.研究过程针对一个焊接结构钢桁架的缩尺试样进行,利用该钢桁架结构试验提供的多目标一致逼近建模和模型修正所需的结构细节和试验测试结果,研究这类焊接结构的多目标模拟过程,使建立的模型能够同时逼近三个测试目标,即钢桁架结构的整体动力特性、构件名义应力和焊接细节处的局部热点应力;并通过影响因素计算分析探讨该模型修正过程中需要考虑的主要敏感参数.研究结果表明,钢桁架结构的约束参数、焊接结构的焊缝厚度和焊缝弹性模量是模型修正中应该考虑的主要参数.以上分析结果为这类结构的多目标模型修正奠定了基础.     

桥梁损伤识别的实用模型修正方法研究

对面向损伤识别的桥梁结构模型修正实用方法进行了研究。提出了基于振动特性测量的三步模型修正策略和综合利用通用有限元程序ANSYS的优化功能进行模型修正的方法。为了缩减待修正的参数,根据计算目标函数对每个单元参数的敏感性,进行子结构划分,通过对子结构参数的修正进行结构损伤的大致定位,然后对确定为损伤的子结构的每个单元进行参数修正,进行结构的损伤定量识别和状态评估。修正算法的优化方法采用ANSYS一阶优化方法和随机搜索方法,敏感性分析和模型修正完全基于ANSYS软件进行,较适合于实际工程的应用。为了说明方法的可行性,以某一实际三跨预应力钢筋混凝土连续箱梁桥为仿真算例,以结构模型的单元刚度衰减来模拟损伤,进行损伤识别,达到了较好的效果。     

Reliability assessment of cable-stayed bridges based on structural health monitoring techniques

This paper presents the reliability analysis approach of long-span cable-stayed bridges based on structural health monitoring (SHM) technology. First, the framework of structural reliability analysis is recognised based on SHM. The modelling approach of vehicle loads and environmental actions and the extreme value of responses based on SHM are proposed, and then models of vehicle and environmental actions and the extreme value of inner force are statistically obtained using the monitored data of a cable-stayed bridge. For the components without FBG strain sensors, the effects and models (extreme values) of dead load, unit temperature load, and wind load of the bridge can be calculated by the updated finite element model and monitored load models. The bearing capacity of a deteriorated structure can be obtained by the updated finite element model or durability analysis. The reliability index of the bridge's critical components (stiffening girder in this study) can be estimated by using a reliability analysis method, e.g. first order reliability method (FORM) based on the models of extreme value of response and ultimate capacity of the structure. Finally, the proposed approach is validated by a practical long-span cable-stayed bridge with the SHM system. In the example, reliability indices of the bridge's stiffening girder at the stage after repair and replacement after 18 years of operation, and the damaged stage are evaluated.     

Optimization of bridge maintenance strategies based on structural health monitoring information

Highway bridges are subjected to strength degradation processes. Under budget constraints, it is important to determine the best maintenance strategies. Optimized strategies, based on prediction models, are already considered for the maintenance and operation of highway bridges. Prediction models are updated both in space and time by using non-destructive testing methods. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for the efficient inclusion of structural health monitoring (SHM) data in structural assessment and prediction models. Indeed, SHM allows keeping strength degradation processes under control and should be included in life-cycle cost models. The lifetime reliability of structures is characterized by survivor functions. The SHM data enable to update the probability density function of time to failure through a Bayesian process. The aim of this paper is threefold: (a) to include SHM data in a bridge life-cycle cost analysis, (b) to determine optimal maintenance strategies based on monitoring information, and (c) to show the benefits of SHM. Optimal strategies are determined considering the cases without and with including monitoring results; the benefit of monitoring is then highlighted. The proposed concepts are applied to the I-39 Northbound Bridge over the Wisconsin River in Wisconsin, USA. A monitoring program of that bridge was performed by the ATLSS Engineering Research Center at Lehigh University.     

悬索桥主塔结构的有限元模拟方法研究：1．初始模型

在有限元模型误差来源分析的基础之上,以润扬悬索桥主塔结构环境振动测试结果为基准,提出了分层次分阶段的修正主塔结构有限元模型的方法。首先依据设计图纸建立最初的有限元模型,经过模型阶次误差分析和结构误差分析之后,确定了主塔各构件单元划分的数目和梁柱节点刚性区域的模拟方法。在此基础之上,文献[1]将进一步对本文所建立的初始有限元模型进行参数误差的修正,从而最终建立润扬悬索桥主塔结构的基准有限元模型。     

Local finite element model updating with forced vibration measurements

Finite element (FE) model updating based on the method of selective sensitivity analysis is applied to a girder bridge. The response patterns are chosen in accordance with the selective sensitivity criteria and result in a set of four independent local girder bridge response patterns. The excitation of these patterns is conducted with a four-shaker system. This effectively reduces the degrees of freedom of the corresponding FE model from 486 to 7. Excitations and responses are measured at three nodes of each selective sensitive pattern. Local finite element model updating is conducted by minimising the influence of the rest of the structure and by maximising the relative sensitivities with the inclusion of the fourth shaker. This excitation is shown to be model independent; therefore, updating is separated from the measurement process. An independent verification shows the ability of the proposed method to identify submodel parameters. The sensitivities of the accelerometers used were very small, which impacted the data quality. Updating results are discussed considering these limits.     

Shaking table model test and FE analysis of a reinforced concrete mega‐frame structure with tuned mass dampers

To study the damage characteristics and to evaluate the overall seismic performance of reinforced concrete mega‐frame structures, a shaking table test of a 1/25 scaled model with a rooftop tuned mass damper (TMD) is performed. The maximum deformation and acceleration responses are measured. The dynamic behavior and the damping effect with and without TMD are compared. The results indicate that the mega‐frame structure has excellent seismic performance and the TMD device has a significant vibration reduction effect. A finite element (FE) model simulating the scaled model is also developed, and the numerical and experimental results are compared to provide a better understanding of the overall structural behavior in particular those related to the dynamic characteristics and damping effect. Upon verification of the FE model, other important structural behavior can also be predicted by the FE analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

饱和软土场地中地下结构非线性地震响应分析的一个FEM-IBEM耦合方法

基于Biot孔隙介质理论,提出了饱和软土场地中地下结构非线性地震响应分析的一个有限元–间接边界元(FEM-IBEM)耦合方法。方法考虑了饱和土骨架与孔隙水的动力耦合作用及饱和土–结构动力相互作用,并通过等效线性化方法考虑土体的非线性。该耦合方法的特点之一是有限元子域和间接边界元子域相互独立,非常适合并行计算,提高计算效率;特点之二是能够同时考虑有限元子域(近场)和间接边界元子域(远场)的土体非线性。通过与文献结果对比,验证了FEM–IBEM耦合方法的正确性和计算精度。以天津滨海地区一典型深厚饱和软土场地中两层双跨地铁车站为例,计算了地铁车站结构的地震内力和变形,并比较了饱和土体线性和非线性情况下地铁车站地震响应的差别,和饱和土体模型和单相土体模型情况下地铁车站地震响应的差别。研究表明:土体非线性对地铁车站结构的地震内力和变形具有显著影响;饱和土骨架和孔隙水的动力耦合作用对地铁车站结构地震内力和变形也有明显影响。     

Health monitoring of flexural steel structures based on distributed fibre optic sensors

In our previous study, a distributed long-gauge fibre optic sensing system (with the ability to obtain effective average strain, or macro-strain, distributions) for practical adaptation in civil structural health monitoring was developed and verified. The present paper is devoted to proposing an integrated health monitoring scheme for elastic beam-like structures, where flexure dominates structural responses, based on static testing and measurements using the developed sensors. A series of experimental investigations on steel beams with different levels of damage are first carried out. The static strain measurements from distributed sensors are characterised and some concerns on the data processing and feature extraction are discussed. On the basis of the extracted features, structural health monitoring (SHM) investigations are deployed in three parts: damage identification with no requirement for a structural analytical model, parametric estimation based on finite element (FE) models, and evaluation of structural global behaviour. By comparing to traditional transducers such as linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs) and foil ‘point’ strain gauges, the ability and ascendancy of the sensors developed here for SHM purposes are verified. A comprehensive health monitoring strategy for steel flexural structures based on the distributed strain sensors array is proposed finally.     

基于虚拟变形方法的结构有限元模型修正

虚拟变形方法是一种快速精确的结构重分析方法。基于静力虚拟变形理论的结构有限元模型修正方法,推导了梁单元影响矩阵和基于虚拟变形的结构位移灵敏度。利用初始结构的静力响应和影响矩阵,就可根据需要对感兴趣的结点响应进行重分析,实现有限元模型的修正,无需修改结构的刚度矩阵;计算位移灵敏度时也与传统算法不同,不需要对整体刚度矩阵求逆,根据虚拟变形方法就可求出相应结点的静力位移灵敏度,提高了模型修正过程中的计算效率。最后分别利用数值仿真和荷载试验数据对一平面框架结构进行了模型修正。     

基于代理模型的无砟轨道模拟方法及其在车-线-桥分析中的应用

为解决轨道结构有限元建模的复杂性和计算效率低等问题，针对桥上双块式无砟轨道结构，该文提出一种新型的无砟轨道简化方法：K-G离散点支承梁模型。利用自适应Kriging代理模型，建立了无砟轨道简化模型与精细化模型响应间的对应关系，采用遗传算法(GA)确定了简化模型的结构参数，并与精细化模型进行对比，验证了简化模型的准确性。最后，将该无砟轨道简化模拟方法应用于某大跨铁路拱桥，进行车-线-桥耦合分析，结果表明：K-G离散点支承梁模型的竖向位移响应计算结果与精细化有限元模型结果比较吻合，最大相对误差不超过5%，可以进一步应用于车-线-桥耦合振动分析。     

Structural parameter identification and damage detection for a steel structure using a two-stage finite element model updating method

A two-stage eigensensitivity-based finite element (FE) model updating procedure is developed for structural parameter identification and damage detection for the IASC-ASCE structural health monitoring benchmark steel structure on the basis of ambient vibration measurements. In the first stage, both the weighted least squares and Bayesian estimation methods are adopted for the identification of the connection stiffness of beam-column joints and Young’s modulus of the structure; then the damage detection is conducted via the FE model updating procedure for detecting damaged braces with different damage patterns of the structure. Comparisons between the FE model updated results and the experimental data show that the eigensensitivity-based FE model updating procedure is an effective tool for structural parameter identification and damage detection for steel frame structures.     

Finite element model updating on small-scale bridge model using the hybrid genetic algorithm

Finite element (FE) model-based dynamic analysis has been widely used to predict the dynamic characteristics of civil structures. FE model updating method based on the hybrid genetic algorithm, by combining genetic algorithm and the modified Nelder–Mead's simplex method, is presented to improve bridge structures' FE model. An objective function is formulated as a linear combination of fitness functions on natural frequencies, mode shapes and static deflections using measurements and analytical results to update both stiffness and mass simultaneously. A commercial FE analysis tool, which can utilise previously developed element library and solution algorithms, is adopted for applications on diversified and complex structures. The validity of the proposed method is verified by using a simply supported bridge model with three I-shaped girders. FE models such as grid, beam-shell and shell model are considered to modify initial FE models on the experimental structure. Experimental results suggest that the proposed method can be applied efficiently to various FE models and is feasible and effective when this method is applied to identify FE modelling errors.     

采用静态和动态法改进有限元模型进行桥梁评估

通过有限元模型升级,将有限元分析与现场测量相结合,其潜力毋庸置疑。然而,简单化的初始模型和缺少测量可能导致升级的模型参数隐藏了不准确的模型假设,而不是提高实际结构参数的评估。因此,所提出方法的目标主要是在采用非线性优化对参数进行评估之前,借助手工模型的精度消除不精确的模型简化。此外,引进多级响应目标函数,结合不同类型的测量获得参数评估的坚实基础。所提方法被用于世界上最大的Svinesund单孔桥,研究表明采用非线性模型可对模型参数进行精确评估。     

剪力墙屈曲装置数值模拟

被动控制装置用于结构的抗震能量耗散,以减少主要结构构件的破坏。近来研制的一种新型装置——剪力墙屈曲装置(YSPD),可利用薄壁构件的剪切变形来吸收能量。YSPD由薄钢板和方钢管(SHS)焊接而成,其性能由薄膜板、SHS包覆情况与边界条件之间的复杂交互关系决定。已有试验结果表明,循环荷载作用下,YSPD的荷载-位移响应表现出非线性捏缩迟滞特性。并给出预测滞后响应的数学模型,模型使用的参数简单易得,如YSPD的几何特性和材料性能。利用有限元模型结果对给出的模型进行调整,以助于建立YSPD加固框架的足尺模型。     

大跨桥梁索塔有限元模型修正

首先采用不同的方法分别建立了大跨桥梁索塔的精细有限元模型和简化模型，运用环境振动实测结果对简化有限元模型进行了修正，并和精细模型计算结果相比较；研究结果表明：严格按照设计图纸建立的精细有限元模型计算得到的动力特性与索塔现场环境振动实测值之间的误差较小，而未经修正的简化模型误差较大，由此说明：大跨桥梁在有限元建模时应尽可能详细地反映结构的几何与材料特性，在此前提下，对于设计资料全面的桥梁结构，建立有限元模型时就只需要修正那些无法用数学和物理方法模拟的不确定因素。对于缺乏实测信息的在建桥梁工程，则可以应用精细有限元模型的计算结果暂时代替实测结果对简化的有限元模型进行修正。     

Shaking table model test and numerical analysis of a long‐span cantilevered structure

This paper presents an earthquake‐resistance study program of a long‐span cantilevered story building. The program consists of a shaking table test study and nonlinear seismic analysis using finite element modeling technique. A 1/30 scale model of the prototype structure was designed and manufactured and then tested via the shaking table facility. Dynamic responses of the prototype structure under different earthquake excitation loadings were simulated. Dynamic properties, acceleration, and deformation responses of the scale down model under different intensity levels of earthquake were studied. The dynamic behavior, cracking pattern, and the likely governing failure mechanism of the structure were analyzed and discussed as well. The seismic responses of the prototype building were deduced and analyzed in terms of the similitude law. Furthermore, elaborate finite element models were established, and nonlinear numerical analysis of the prototype structure was conducted. The errors in the seismic response of the structure caused by structural simplification of scale down modeling are found small, and the dynamic behavior of the structure was not altered in the earthquake excitations. This test study provides a benchmark to calibrate the finite element model and a tentative guide in seismic design of such long‐span cantilevered story buildings.