Self-Cleansing Sewer Gradients

Sewer design usually makes use of self-cleansing velocity criteria. In some instances, however, simple gradient rules may be useful. The theoretical basis of such a rule is described and discussed with reference to research findings. Its use is suggested for quick assessment of proposed or existing sewers.     

Bed shear stress evaluation in combined sewers

Experiments have been undertaken on two sewer trunk lines in order to identify an accurate and practical technique for estimating bed shear stresses in combined sewers. Various methods were tested to determine both local bed shear stress values (one based on the logarithmic velocity profile and the other on the Reynolds shear stress distribution) and mean bed shear stress values (using a method based on the energy slope). Velocity measurements were performed using a micropropeller and an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) under dry weather flow conditions. In sewers without sediments, both the wall law and Reynolds shear stress distribution methods lead to the same bed shear stress estimation. A method based on the logarithmic velocity profile obtained by micropropeller is proposed herein to evaluate local shear stress in combined sewers. Calculations based on channel slope lead to an over-estimation of bed shear stress due to the inaccuracy of bed slope data. If the energy slope S _c , as calculated from the Darcy-Weisbach or Manning formula, is used to calculate the mean shear stress in sewer sections without sediments, results are consistent with the local shear stress measurements.     

结构力流分析与传力效率评估研究

为研究荷载在结构内部的传递机理,实现对结构传力效率的定量评估,以薄壳结构为研究对象,提出了结构力流分析方法和传力效率评估方法。基于现有结构力流分析方法,针对薄壳结构的几何形态及受力特点,以平面传力路径法为基础推导了空间传力路径计算公式,并引入弯曲应变能比来反映薄壳面外弯矩的影响,建立了适用于薄壳结构力流分析的改进传力路径法。在此基础上,综合考虑力流长度和传力形式两方面因素,提出了等效力流长度的概念,定义了无量纲化的结构传力效率系数,解决了薄壳结构传力效率难以定量分析的难题。通过对典型薄壳结构的力流分析与传力效率评估,验证了所提方法的适用性和有效性,分析了结构几何参数、荷载作用形式以及边界条件等因素对结构传力效率的影响。研究结果表明：改进的结构力流分析方法能够从整体上揭示结构的工作机理,增进了对结构工作性能的本质认识,有助于从整体上优化结构设计;基于传力效率系数的结构传力效率评估符合结构概念,是一种有效的结构评估手段。     

室内基床系数测试方法研究

通过设计制作与原位K₃₀ 载荷试验具有相同的应力路径特征与排水边界条件的试验装置，依据经典固结理论推导出等固结度控制方法与标准基床系数计算公式；引入变形模量与压缩模量之间的理论关系，推导出用压缩模量与静止侧压力系估算地层标准基床系数的公式。经室内外多次对比试验研究与试验验证，提出了采用直径为5 cm压板，模拟试样在原位受到的应力状态，进行分级加载测定地基土基床系数是可行的；提出了计算正常固结饱和黏性土基床系数计算公式。     

Prediction of bed load sediments using different artificial neural network models

Modeling and prediction of bed loads is an important but difficult issue in river engineering. The introduced empirical equations due to restricted applicability even in similar conditions provide different accuracies with each other and measured data. In this paper, three different artificial neural networks (ANNs) including multilayer percepterons, radial based function (RBF), and generalized feed forward neural network using five dominant parameters of bed load transport formulas for the Main Fork Red River in Idaho-USA were developed. The optimum models were found through 102 data sets of flow discharge, flow velocity, water surface slopes, flow depth, and mean grain size. The deficiency of empirical equations for this river by conducted comparison between measured and predicted values was approved where the ANN models presented more consistence and closer estimation to observed data. The coefficient of determination between measured and predicted values for empirical equations varied from 0.10 to 0.21 against the 0.93 to 0.98 in ANN models. The accuracy performance of all models was evaluated and interpreted using different statistical error criteria, analytical graphs and confusion matrixes. Although the ANN models predicted compatible outputs but the RBF with 79% correct classification rate corresponding to 0.191 network error was outperform than others.     

A new prediction model for the load capacity of castellated steel beams

In this study, a robust variant of genetic programming, namely gene expression programming (GEP), is utilized to build a prediction model for the load capacity of castellated steel beams. The proposed model relates the load capacity to the geometrical and mechanical properties of the castellated beams. The model is developed based on a reliable database obtained from the literature. To verify the applicability of the derived model, it is employed to estimate the load capacity of parts of the test results that were not included in the modeling process. The external validation of the model was further verified using several statistical criteria recommended by researchers. A multiple least squares regression analysis is performed to benchmark the GEP-based model. A sensitivity analysis is further carried out to determine the contributions of the parameters affecting the load capacity. The results indicate that the proposed model is effectively capable of evaluating the failure load of the castellated beams. The GEP-based design equation is remarkably straightforward and useful for pre-design applications.     

排水管道结构修复内衬壁厚的计算方法及应用

目前在排水管道修复方面的研究领域及实际工程设计施工中,内衬管壁厚计算公式较多。本文结合排水管道修复的不同工艺,分别对重力流管道和压力流管道进行内衬管壁厚计算公式辨析以及参数含义界定,同时针对不同公式分别采用工程案例进行了计算。有关计算结果表明,管道内衬修复后,断面都有损失,但是由于采用内衬材料摩阻系数小,修复后管道过流能力不小于原管道过流能力。这一技术值得推广。     

Greenock/Gourock/Port Glasgow Drainage Scheme and Long Sea Outfall Design

The paper describes the design and construction of a comprehensive drainage scheme which is based on a system of intercepting sewers, headworks, and a long sea outfall. Details are given of the fabrication, discharge arrangements and construction of the outfall, together with measures used for long-term protection of the pipeline. The layout and design of the headworks and the changes made to the original design to meet changing environmental requirements are given. The paper briefly outlines the existing sewerage system and goes on to describe the proposed interceptor sewerage system for the connection of the flow from the existing outfalls to the headworks. Difficulties encountered in construction are highlighted.
The authors indicate their view on the suitability of the present design, and recognition is given to the likelihood that additional facilities may be required in future. The difficulties which could arise in the provision of such facilities are also highlighted.     

Additional Pollutants and Deposition Potential from Garbage Disposers

The objectives of this study were to (a) characterise the quantity and quality of crude sewage, as might be influenced by the use of domestic garbage disposers, and (b) examine the deposition potential of wastewater solids in gravitational sewerage systems.
Ground particles of organic origin require relatively low self-cleansing velocities, and therefore conform with the usual design recommendations of gravitational sewers, with no expected deposition problems. However, 'heavy'particles which are characterised by specific densities exceeding 2 and with sizes >1 mm, might cause deposition and associated problems. Where sewers are manufactured from smooth material, calculations indicate that higher scouring velocities than those recommended in the literature are required. Minimising the size of ground material by regulating the particle-size distribution produced by approved garbage disposers should mitigate the problem which is caused by deposition.     

Research on performance of high-strength bolted connection in fire and after fire

Experiments on the tensile performance and the shear performance in high temperature and shear performance after fire have been carried out to study the fire-resistant performance of high-strength bolted connection. The experimental research on the shear performance of the connection in high temperature reveals the effect of temperature on the mechanical performance of high-strength bolted steel. A formula for the mechanical performance index can be obtained through a comparative analysis. The research on the shear performance of high-strength bolt in high temperature presents the effect of temperature on the bolt's sliding load and limit load. The formula for calculating the sliding load and limit load for shear connection at high temperature can be put forward through a comparative analysis on the basis of the test results. The test results for the shear property of post-firing high-strength bolted connection reveal the change law of the sliding load in different fire temperatures, fire processing methods and types of cooling. Moreover, the calculation formula of the reduction coefficient of the sliding load is given. Research findings provide theoretical basis for research on fire-resistant performance of steel structure joints and the prerequisite for overall fire-resistant design of steel structures and act as an important reference for compiling and revising relevant codes. This paper can promote the improvement and development of fire-resistant design methods of steel structures.     

大跨度钢结构抗连续倒塌动力分析关键问题研究

对大跨度钢结构抗连续倒塌动力分析中的关键问题进行研究,运用等效荷载瞬时卸载法对结构进行抗连续倒塌的动力分析,并借鉴美国规范对等效荷载提出取值方法建议。分析表明,应用等效荷载瞬时卸载法分析结构抗连续倒塌的精度主要取决于加载的时程曲线。根据动力学知识推导出求解结构关键构件失效前等效荷载最小作用时间的计算式,并与实际工程算例进行比较,其结果吻合较好。同时通过有限元数值分析,提出等效荷载卸载的最长时间为构件失效后模型的第1阶竖向自振周期的1/10。通过实际工程算例介绍抗连续倒塌动力分析的承载力和变形判定准则,分析在关键构件失效瞬间结构的应力比和变形能否满足设计要求。结果表明,应用等效荷载瞬时卸载法模拟大跨度钢结构关键构件失效后的受力和变形情况可行,与静力法相互补充可对大跨度钢结构进行抗连续倒塌分析。     

Gross Solids' Movement in Sewers: Laboratory Studies as a Basis for a Model

A simple model of gross solids' movement in sewers is proposed, based upon the results of studies of part-full pipe flow in two laboratory installations, under steady and unsteady flow conditions. The model covers advection and deposition, and is intended as one component in a comprehensive model of the behaviour of gross solids in sewers. Such a model is needed because gross solids are not included in the currently available sewer-flow quality models, even though they can cause pollution which is of particular concern to the public
The paper describes the laboratory studies and their results. It sets out the principles of the proposed model and explains why these differ from existing models of dissolved and fine suspended pollutants.     

三峡水库变动回水区河道推移质输移特性研究

根据三峡库区有关的野外实测资料、模型试验和计算资料,分析三峡水库变动回水区河道推移质淤积规律。同时还提出了在现有的研究成果没有注意到的几个推移质泥沙输移的问题。     

Comparative study on overall and local static performance of steel open-web girders

To quantify the mechanical properties of five types of steel open-web girders that have been tested or applied in practical engineering, a systematic study of the overall and local mechanical properties of steel open-web girders based on the same dimensions and material conditions was presented. An overall study of the quasi-intersection beam method for shear deformation was introduced for 8 × 8 grid open-web girders to derive the determinants of the load distribution factor. Based on the load distribution factors, the essence and formula of any shear key node domain (SKND) were derived theoretically. The reliability of the numerical model was verified by tests on the H-type unidirectional SKNDs, which led to a comparative load–displacement study of unidirectional and bidirectional SKNDs. Quantitative results of the overall flexural capacity and SKND load capacity of the H-type, TH-type, TS-type, T-type, and DT-type open-web girders were obtained. The maximum shear deformation in the elastic phase of the five open-web girders accounted for 39.04% to 54.76% of the overall deformation. In this study, the adjustment factors of the modeling analysis based on the current practical design of equivalent dense-ribbed solid beams (DRSBs) were revised. A method of SKND's design load capacity under the action of bidirectional forces was put forward for the first time.     

A practical multi-lane factor model of bridges based on multi-truck presence considering lane load disparities

Many bridge design specifications consider multi-lane factors (MLFs) a critical component of the traffic load model. Measured multi-lane traffic data generally exhibit significant lane disparities in traffic loads over multiple lanes. However, these disparities are not considered in current specifications. To address this drawback, a multi-coefficient MLF model was developed based on an improved probabilistic statistical approach that considers the presence of multiple trucks. The proposed MLF model and approach were calibrated and demonstrated through an example site. The model sensitivity analysis demonstrated the significant influence of lane disparity of truck traffic volume and truck weight distribution on the MLF. Using the proposed approach, the experimental site study yielded MLFs comparable with those directly calculated using traffic load effects. The exclusion of overloaded trucks caused the proposed approach, existing design specifications, and conventional approach of ignoring lane load disparity to generate comparable MLFs, while the MLFs based on the proposed approach were the most comprehensive. The inclusion of overloaded trucks caused the conventional approach and design specifications to overestimate the MLFs significantly. Finally, the benefits of the research results to bridge practitioners were discussed.     

达成线红层泥岩路基循环加载试验研究

我国西南、西北、中南及东南等地区均有较广泛的红层泥岩分布。为研究红层泥岩用作客运专线或客货共线铁路基床底层及路堤本体填料的适应性,进一步扩展红层泥岩在铁路路基工程中的应用,在掌握了达成线红层泥岩物理力学性质的基础上,使用ZSS50循环加载设备对达成线红层泥岩基床及路堤进行了现场循环加载试验研究,模拟分析了不同轴重列车荷载作用下降雨前、后红层泥岩路基的动态特性及沉降规律。试验结果表明,红层泥岩路基的动态指标及工后沉降等均满足设计要求,红层泥岩可以用作客运专线或客货共线铁路的基床底层及路堤本体填料。     

栏杆结构的受力性能及设计方法研究

栏杆结构是房屋、桥梁等结构的重要附属构件，虽然并不影响主体结构的受力性能，但却对保障使用者的生命财产安全具有非常重要的作用。目前，对于栏杆结构受力性能和安全性的研究还较少，各国对于栏杆结构的设计指标和设计荷载也并不统一，我国规范中主要考虑均布荷载作用下的承载力，对于集中荷载和变形限值均未有规定。归纳比较了国内外相关规范...     

考虑极值风速方向性的围护结构设计风荷载概率估计方法研究

对于围护结构的设计风荷载（一定重现期的极值风压）,目前工程上普遍采用最不利值方法进行估算,这类方法不符合概率统计意义。只有统筹考虑极值风速和极值风压系数的随机性、方向性及相关性才能给出较为准确的设计风荷载。为此,提出一种全面考虑极值风速和极值风压系数随机性和方向性的围护结构设计风荷载概率估计方法。首先,提出了极值风压计算所需的三个要素,即各风向的极值风速分布、Cook-Mayne极值风压系数和风向相关性;然后,通过极值风压的概率分布理论分析,给出一个以上述三要素为输入的计算过程简便实用的围护结构风荷载估算公式;最后,以上海地区一栋高层建筑为例,通过与工程上常用最不利值方法相比,验证了本文方法的精确性和实用性。     

工程振动多振源叠加分析

为了解决工业建筑中的振动影响,有必要清楚地了解振动荷载条件。特别是对于多振源振动荷载叠加问题,需要建立合理的振动合成方法。考虑多振源振动相遇时具有的随机特性,依据《建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准》对荷载效应的技术要求,提出一种简单、合理、有效的＂等效幅值公式＂,并与＂茅氏公式＂进行比较。论文提出的等效幅值公式对工程应用具有更广泛的指导意义。     

建筑结构抗倒塌分析方法

建筑结构的倒塌可分为两种模式:建筑物侧向增量倒塌与竖向连续倒塌。本文论述了建筑物结构失效模式的如何辨识以及侧向倒塌能力点确定准则的相关研究进展。介绍了现有的连续倒塌研究方法,尤其是基于备用荷载路径的竖向非线性动力分析方法。为建筑结构整体抗震可靠度研究以及结构抗震性能评定与设计提供参考。