利用偏振光实现空间方位角的快速测量

为了实现上下不同平面内仪器方位角的快速测量,基于磁光调制和偏振分束构建了一种角度测量系统.根据偏振光的琼斯矢量描述方法推导出了系统的测角模型,并采用“差除和”的办法消除光源波动以提高测角精度.分析了渥拉斯顿棱镜的两路光信号透射比与入射角、方位角的关系及其对测量结果的影响,讨论了由双光路光电器件的光信号衰减、器件漂移和电路性能的不同带来的增益差异与测量结果的相关性.最后,提出了采用磁光调制的方法来消除两路信号的透射比系数和增益系数的差,从而提高仪器测量精度.实际系统测量实验表明:系统完成测角时间为15 s,在+8°～-8°内测角精度优于5″.结果显示该系统具有稳定性高、测角速度快、精度高等特点.     

Quantitative characterization of carbon/carbon composites matrix texture based on image analysis using polarized light microscope

A quantitative characteristic method was proposed for characterizing the matrix texture of carbon/carbon(C/C) composites, which determined the mechanical and physical properties of C/C composites. Based on the cloud theory that was commonly used for uncertain reasoning and the transformation between quantitative and qualitative characterization, so the relationship between the extinction angle and texture types was built by the cloud models for describing the texture of microstructure, moreover, linguistic controllers were established to analyze the matrix texture in accordance with the features of the polarized light microscope (PLM) image. On this basis, the extinction angle could be calculated from the PLM image of the C/C composites. In contrast to the results of measurement, the errors between calculative values and measured values were maintained 1–2° in basically. Meanwhile, the PLM image of C/C composites was segmented by the component, in particular, the matrix with mixed textures was further segmented by the difference of texture. It means that the quantitative characterization of C/C composites matrix based on single PLM image has been realized. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:908–917, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

气溶胶浓度对偏振光传输特性的影响

采用双光路检测配置条件,结合Mie氏理论,运用斯托克斯矢量形式,以烟雾模拟特定气溶胶环境,探究偏振光经过不同烟雾环境的传输变化情况。考虑到大气气溶胶成分、质量浓度和颗粒大小以及光源的波长和偏振态等多因素的影响,主要在气溶胶质量浓度和光源配置方面进行研究。实验结果表明,不同烟雾质量浓度时,水平线偏振光的偏振特性基本不改变,右旋偏振光和45°线偏振光退偏程度随烟雾质量浓度的增加而增加,460nm和556nm波长的偏振光在变化趋势上保持一致。     

Mapping birefringence in three dimensions using polarized light field microscopy: the case of the juvenile clamshell

We report methods to generate three‐dimensional maps of birefringence, its position and orientation in juvenile shells of the Atlantic hard clamshell (Mercenaria mercenaria). For measuring the retardance and optic axis orientation of curved shell surfaces in three dimensions, we developed enhanced acquisition and processing algorithms and combined results from conventional and light field imaging approaches to reconstruct the three‐dimensional shell shape and its anisotropic optical properties. Our work represents the first successful attempt to generate such maps at a spatial resolution of about 2 μm and angular steps of about 9° in terms of the inclination angles of the optic axis. The maps of clamshell birefringence provide structural insights into the early mineralization during juvenile clamshell development.     

The use of polarized light microscopy in examining the structure of carbon fibres*

The structure of carbon fibres has been examined using the optical microscope. Three types of fibre structure have been identified which differ in the orientation of the graphite crystallites within the transverse plane, the type of precursor can be identified by the shape of the carbonized fibre. The particular type of structure is determined by the process conditions which the fibre has undergone. Subsequent heat treatment merely enhances the crystallite alignment of the structure without altering the direction of preferred orientation.     

The effect of detector size on the signal-to-noise ratio in confocal polarized light microscopy

We introduce a signal-to-noise ratio in an attempt to suggest an optimum pinhole size for confocal polarized light microscopes. We find that pinhole sizes which are typically 60% greater than those used in nonpolarized light confocal microscopy are appropriate.     

Demonstration of high lateral resolution in laser confocal microscopy using annular and radially polarized light

The authors present the experimental result of improved lateral resolution in laser confocal microscopy (LCM) by using annular and radially polarized light as the input illumination of an existing LCM. The authors examined the lateral resolution of the LCM by imaging a single fluorescent bead and measuring the lateral width of the single bead profile appearing in the optical image. Compared to no aperture and linearly polarized light, the central peak of the single bead profile narrowed by ∼40%, being as small as 122 nm in full width at half maximum using 405 nm laser excitation in a reflection imaging. In addition, the authors showed that radial polarization helps to preserve the circular shape of the single bead profile whereas linearly polarized light tends to induce an elongation along the polarization direction. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Practical considerations in the use of polarized light microscopy in the analysis of the collagen network in articular cartilage

Polarized light microscopy is a traditional method for visualizing the collagen network architecture of articular cartilage. Articular cartilage repair and tissue engineering studies have raised new demands for techniques capable of quantitative characterization of the scar and repair tissues, including properties of the collagen network. Modern polarized light microscopy can be used to measure collagen fibril orientation, parallelism, and birefringence. New commercial instruments are computer controlled and the measurements are easy to perform. However, often the interpretation of results causes difficulties, even errors, because the theoretical aspects of the technique are demanding. The aim of this study was to describe the instrumentation and properties of a modern polarized light microscope, to point out some sources of error in the interpretation of the results, and to recall the theoretical background of the polarized light microscopy.     

Straigtness measurement using a heterodyne moiré method

Optical heterodyne interferometry is a new interference technique, allowing quick and accurate measurements of dimension. A similar technique can determine the fringe phase of the moiré method as intensity is modulated by movement of the reference grating. The phase difference between certain points in the moiré pattern is detected automatically.The interference fringes generated by laser are used to measure straightness. Small displacement of fringes is detected with the heterodyne moiré method. Generally, beam flutter caused by air disturbance becomes a serious problem in systems using long beam paths, though it can be reduced by controlling the air flow.     

Numerical analysis of projection welding on auto-body sheet metal using a coupled finite element method

A comprehensive finite element method employing a subroutine to link up submodules of commercial code ANSYS is proposed to perform analysis of projection welding in quantitative detail. In order to solve the complexity due to dynamic changes in heat and electrical current flow paths, as well as temperature-dependent material properties, information about contact interfaces and the geometry of the projection areas have been taken into account. By updating parameter information among these submodules in an incremental manner, a truly thermal-electrical-mechanical coupled numerical analysis is realized for projection welding simulation. A case study of an automotive door assembly welding process is carried out and a series of experiments is conducted to confirm the validity of the newly developed method. The agreement between the experimental and numerical results is satisfactory, indicating that the incrementally coupled finite element method may be suitable for projection welding research. Finally, future work to extend this method in optimizing projection welding process design is also presented.     

基于光偏振特性测定烟雾浓度的新方法

基于光偏振特性 ,从理论上分析和实验上验证了载有物像信息的子弹光在烟雾介质中传播时强度的变化规律 ,提出了一种测定烟雾浓度的新方法     

动态线偏振光散射纳米颗粒粒度测量法的研究与分析

多重散射是传统动态光散射法测量纳米颗粒溶液浓度上限受到限制的主要原因。为此文中提出了动态线偏振光散射纳米颗粒粒度测量法,通过改变颗粒入射光和散射光的偏振状态,降低颗粒间多重散射的影响。现利用Mie散射理论分析了入射光与散射光偏振状态之间的关系,并通过实验方法探知偏振光在散射介质中的传输特性,揭示了在动态光散射中使用垂直偏振光作为入射光的实验依据。最后对动态线偏振光散射颗粒测量法和传统光子相关光谱测量法进行了实验及分析,通过两种方法的比较,验证了上述理论的正确性。     

Rapid surface reconstruction from a point cloud using the least-squares projection

A new approach for the rapid and robust surface reconstruction from a point cloud is presented based on the distance field and the least-squares projection (LSP) algorithm. This novel approach works directly on the point cloud without any explicit or implicit surface reconstruction procedure. First, a coarse base polygonal model was created directly from the distance field for the given point cloud through the iso-surface extraction. After acquiring a rough base polygonal model, we obtain a quality polygonal model through the iterative refinement and least-squares projection which projects current working polygonal model onto the point cloud in a least-squares sense. The main contribution of this work is the robust and fast surface reconstruction from randomly scattered 3D points only without any further information. We demonstrate the validity and efficiency of this new approach through a number of application examples.     

The application of Bayesian spectral analysis to optical sectioning using structured light imaging

We describe significant improvements to a well‐established method of obtaining optical sectioning in a conventional wide‐field microscope. This method relies on the projection of a single‐frequency grid pattern onto an object followed by mathematical manipulation of three images taken with the grid in different phases. Here, we present the use of Bayesian Spectral Analysis to determine accurate estimates of the phase of the grid pattern, permitting rapid and precise calibration of grid location. In common with previous algorithms, multiple images are combined to produce both an optical section and a wide‐field image. We describe innovations such as the use of non‐uniform phase or least‐squares solutions involving more than three images, in conjunction with direct phase estimates obtained using Bayesian Spectral Analysis, to yield images substantially free of artefacts. Auxiliary results, such as a method for determining the tilt of the grid, are also presented.     

The optimum projection angle of fringe projection for ball grid array inspection based on reflectance analysis

A solder bump is regarded as a specular-dominant shiny component that distorts the height profile and causes poor repeatability during the bump height measurement. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the projection angle and other factors based on the general reflectance mechanism of the specular surface. An optimum projection angle exists, such that can produce the best repeatability of the bump height measurement; therefore, we propose a convenient experimental system with a circular motion guide that can evaluate the optimum projection angle experimentally. The experimental results show that best repeatability is obtained with the optimum projection angle. The proposed method to find the optimum projection angle in this paper can therefore be applied to the many cases of measurement for ball grid array samples having specular-dominant shiny component.     

正入射角锥偏振光的失偏测量与纠偏

为解决角锥棱镜失偏效应,提出一种外加晶片的椭圆偏振光纠偏方案。总结角锥实棱倾斜时的修正公式,同时建立角锥在顺、逆时针反射次序下的纠偏模型。分析该模型表明利用两个半波片和一个延迟片可以使角锥的入/出射偏振态保持不变。根据上述模型,用1 064 nm波长的激光器,对实棱线竖直摆放的BK7玻璃角锥进行顺、逆时针纠偏实验。光波矢与水平方向的夹角在90°至0°之间变化,以获得不同的线偏振态,经纠偏后最大失偏椭圆率绝对值从35°纠正为5°。对于近圆偏振光,经纠偏后椭圆率从44°下降到40°。     

The polarized AB plot for the frequency‐domain analysis and representation of fluorophore rotation and resonance energy homotransfer

The graphical representation of single‐frequency phase‐modulation fluorescence lifetime imaging data, referred to as the AB plot, is extended to take into account measurements of the polarized components of the fluorescence. For a hindered rotator model (characterized with a single excited‐state lifetime, a single rotational correlation time and limiting initial and final anisotropies) the rotational correlation time and the excited lifetime can be determined from the AB plot of any two of the following emission components: parallel, perpendicular, total emission or combinations thereof. A strategy for resolving the component hindered rotations and lifetimes for mixtures of two hindered rotators from measurements of the total, parallel and perpendicular components of the emission is developed. The analysis does not require prior knowledge of the initial limiting anisotropy or of the steady‐state anisotropy or of the excited state lifetime. Plots in polarized AB space derived for heterogeneous systems are constructed to aid interpretation of frequency‐domain dynamic depolarization imaging microscopy experiments. These plots can be used to distinguish spatially dependent rotational correlation time heterogeneity from heterogeneity in limiting anisotropies. The effects of noise and aperture depolarization are discussed. It is anticipated that the polarized AB plot will provide a useful adjunct to existing methods for visualizing and analysing dynamic polarization phenomena arising from molecular dynamics and homo‐energy transfer in single‐frequency microscopy applications.