Numerical investigation and design of reinforced concrete beams with non-uniform frost damage on the compression and tension sides

This paper aims to investigate the bending behaviour of a reinforced concrete (RC) beam with different non-uniform frost damages. A multi-scale poromechanical approach is developed to build a bridge between the material deterioration process and the structural mechanical performance by considering the global heat and moisture transport and rebar confinement, as well as the local phase changes and poromechanical deformation. The real-time frost damage process is first simulated and experimentally validated for different depths of exposure on both the compression and tension sides and then used for testing the residual bending behaviour. The failure modes, load-carrying capacity and strain distribution of the reinforcement are fairly consistent with the experimental results. The bearing capacity decreases with the increment of the freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) and the frost exposure depth. Reinforcing bars can restrain not only crack propagation but also frost damage. Thus, the bearing capacity of the damaged beam on the compression side drops more than that on the tension side for the same exposure depth. Finally, an indirect method for the use of the equivalent deteriorated mechanical properties is compared with the detailed real-time simulation, and a simple design method is proposed for RC beams with partial frost damage.     

冻融损伤对混凝土疲劳性能的影响

采用快冻法将混凝土盐冻或水冻至不同损伤程度后进行弯曲疲劳试验。以相对动弹性模量为损伤变量,从损伤的角度分析冻融循环作用对混凝土疲劳寿命的影响,对疲劳试验数据进行威布尔分布检验,建立冻融损伤混凝土的疲劳方程。结果表明,在疲劳荷载相同的情况下,混凝土的真实应力水平随冻融损伤的增加而显著变大,疲劳寿命则急剧降低;在损伤度相同的情况下,盐冻对混凝土疲劳寿命的影响比水冻大;冻融损伤混凝土的疲劳寿命服从两参数威布尔分布,但其离散性要大于未损伤混凝土的离散性;当损伤混凝土与未损伤混凝土的真实应力水平相同时,两者的疲劳寿命基本接近;冻融损伤后混凝土的疲劳寿命与真实应力水平之间的关系可用未损伤混凝土的疲劳方程进行表示。     

Effect of bond and corrosion within partial length on shear behaviour and load capacity of RC beam

This paper describes an experimental investigation into the effect of corrosion damaged partial length in one shear span on the shear behaviour and load capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, where 14 RC beams were tested in four-point bending. Two shear span-to-effective depth ratios 2.0 and 3.0, two different partial lengths and three bond characteristics within the designed partial length were considered. Test results of the RC specimens were compared with theoretical results of the corresponding noncorroded bond-perfect RC beams, and the differences were analyzed to deduce the influence of the bond and corrosion within partial length on behaviour and load capacity of RC beams. The results indicate that the mechanical behaviour and load capacity of the test specimens are greatly influenced by the bond characteristics and high corrosion-induced damage within the partial length. Artificial elimination of the bond and neglecting of the corrosion-induced damage in the longitudinal bars and the connected stirrups within the partial length may lead to overestimate the residual capacity of the corrosion damaged RC beam. In assessing the residual life span and reliability of the in-service RC structures, it is very important to consider the severe corrosion damage within certain length of the RC elements.     

输气盾构隧道原型管片接缝弯压破坏试验

长距离输气盾构隧道常需穿越复杂地层，接缝作为衬砌结构的薄弱环节，构造复杂，在大弯压荷载下变形易超出设计要求而导致破损。为探明接缝的压弯力学特性和破坏机理，选取原型弧形接缝结构进行加载试验。详述接缝影响范围内管片受力、变形、破坏的全过程，定量分析破坏程度与结构内力、形变的关联。结果表明：偏心距可影响接缝变形的挤压、隆起趋势从而影响结构的弯矩分布。在压弯作用下，接缝经历了螺栓屈服前缓慢变形阶段、屈服时突变阶段和屈服后快速变形破坏阶段。接缝破坏时变形量较小，两侧被压溃的混凝土范围约等于管片厚度。破坏机理可归纳为：螺栓屈服导致接缝张开，致使弹性密封垫下部接触受压区面积减小、压强增大造成混凝土压溃，进而外弧边沿嵌缝槽处混凝土受压接触并最终压溃，导致接缝破坏。     

Cyclic response of concrete members with bond-damaged zones repaired using concrete confinement

This paper presents the results of experimental investigation undertaken for evaluating the cyclic response of concrete members which have already experienced structural damage and total loss of load resistance due to splitting bond failure of the tensile reinforcement, and then repaired for upgrading their bond strength and flexural capacity. The original (intact) specimens consisted of beams reinforced with identical top and bottom spliced reinforcement and subjected to inelastic cyclic load reversals until total bond degradation and complete loss of flexural strength. The repair procedure consisted of removing the deteriorated concrete within the damaged splice zone, adding concrete confinement and casting new concrete. Three types of concrete confinement were investigated, namely, internal confinement by steel ties or wire mesh reinforcement, and external confinement by FRP laminates. It was found that repairing the bond-damaged zone through concrete confinement leads to substantial regain of flexural stiffness and strength up to or exceeding those for the original specimens, reduces the structural damage, and results in considerable improvement of the energy absorption and dissipation capacity under cyclic loading. The experimental results were discussed, and comparison between the experimental data and analytical predictions is undertaken.     

Use of Ritz method for damage detection of reinforced and post-tensioned concrete beams

Damage-induced changes in modal characteristics can be detected using experimental modal analysis. In this article, based on changes in natural frequency, mode shapes, and damping ratios, a methodology for detecting damage location and severity is presented. The damage was induced by application of point load at half span location on the reinforced and post-tensioned concrete beams. The load was gradually increased to obtain different crack patterns to be used in simulation of damage scenarios. Experimental modal analysis was performed on the undamaged and damaged beams. The natural frequency and mode shapes were used to determine the location of damage. The approach is developed at an element level with a conventional finite element (FE) model by Ritz method, which is called Ritz damage detection method (RDDM). The mathematical model for both damped and undamped damaged structures have been established through the eigenvalue equations. The singular value decomposition (SVD) technique is used for determination of damage or sound index. These indexes are sensitive to the change of dynamic characteristics due to damages. This approach is applied to five simply supported post-tensioned concrete beams. The numerical results show that the exact location and severity of damage for different simulated damage scenarios could be efficiency found by the present methodology.     

Minimum curing time prediction of early-age concrete to prevent frost damage

The purpose of this study is to propose a method that predicts the minimum curing time required for early-age concrete to prevent frost damage. Tests were performed to examine the primary factors that affect the compressive strength of concrete frozen at early ages and to investigate the source of frost damage in early-age concrete. The test results showed that the rate of the decrease in the compressive strength decreases as the start of the frost damage is delayed and when the water–cement ratio is lower. In addition, the results showed that concrete made with Type III cement was less susceptible to frost damage compared with concrete made with ordinary Portland cement. Furthermore, it was found that frost damage occurred through the formation of ice lenses.When early-age concrete is being damaged as a result of freezing, a phase transition of free water into ice appears in the capillary pores of the concrete and leads to a decrease in the compressive strength. Accordingly, the frost resistance of fresh concrete can be determined based on the saturation degree of the capillary pores. A method for predicting the minimum curing time is suggested using the concept of the critical saturation degree of capillary pores.     

荷载损伤后混凝土劣化机理和试验研究

在分析混凝土荷载损伤后混凝土劣化机理的基础上,通过短期轴拉和短期轴压静载后混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀和抗冻性性能试验,研究荷载损伤对混凝土长期耐久性能的影响。结果表明:受压荷载作用下混凝土依次经历可逆、不可逆和加速劣化三个劣化阶段,受拉荷载下混凝土表现为耐久性持续劣化。在65%和75%轴拉荷载水平,混凝土表观氯离子扩散系数分别增加了6.4%和34%,表面氯离子浓度分别增大了10%和40%,显现出轴拉荷载的"负效应";随着轴压荷载水平的增加,混凝土抗冻性能经历一个"正效应"到"负效应"的转变。     

Studies on damage and FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete beams by vibration monitoring

In this paper, modal characteristics of reinforced concrete beam specimens are identified using experimental test data. Nine concrete beam specimens were gradually damaged and the changes of dynamic parameters were monitored from initial to the failure state. Six of the specimens were strengthened with externally bonded CFRP sheets when the load reached approximately half of the predicted failure load. The identification methods based on measured modal parameters were utilized and the efficiencies of these methods were investigated. These methods include frequency changes, Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC), Coordinate Modal Assurance Criterion (COMAC) and modal curvatures. The comparison of the methods shows that the frequency changes are not fully capable of detecting damage and predicting the potency of strengthening. The MAC values can reveal the changes of overall stiffness of the beams during the load steps. The change of stiffness at each degree of freedom of beams evaluated by COMAC and modal curvatures show that the damage identification of the beam specimens is best described by modal curvature method.     

早期受冻混凝土服役期黏结性能研究

为准确评估混凝土早期受冻对其与钢筋间服役期黏结性能的影响,考虑受冻环境(起冻时刻、受冻温度、受冻时长)、混凝土强度、钢筋直径等因素,采用中心拉拔试验方法研究早期受冻混凝土试件的服役期黏结性能,给出了试件的典型破坏形态及钢筋与混凝土间黏结强度、黏结应力-滑移关系曲线。研究结果表明：早期受冻拉拔试件服役期黏结破坏形态为钢筋拔出破坏或混凝土劈裂破坏;起冻时刻造成的黏结强度损失程度从大到小依次为2h、0.5h、8h、1d、3d;受冻温度为-5℃和-9℃的试件黏结强度损失接近,受冻温度为-1℃的试件黏结强度损失较小;受冻时长越长,早期受冻造成的黏结强度损失越大,自由端出现滑移时的黏结应力越小;混凝土强度等级越高,早期受冻造成的黏结强度损失程度越小,自由端出现滑移时的黏结应力越大,不同起冻时刻的曲线越靠近;钢筋直径越小,早期受冻造成的黏结强度损失程度越大,黏结应力-滑移曲线降低越明显。     

Modelling of unbonded post-tensioned concrete slabs under fire conditions

This paper investigates the structural behaviour of unbonded post-tensioned one-way spanning concrete slabs in fire conditions. The slabs were simply supported and reinforced with 15.7 mm nominal diameter seven-wire mono-strand tendons. A nonlinear finite element model for the analysis of post-tensioned unbonded concrete slabs at elevated temperatures was developed. The mechanical and thermal material nonlinearities of the concrete, prestressing tendon and anchorages have been carefully inserted into the model. The interface between the tendon and surrounding concrete was also modelled, allowing the tendon to retain its profile shape during the deformation of the slab. The temperature distribution throughout the slab, time–deflection behaviour, time–longitudinal expansion, time–stress behaviour in the tendon, and the failure modes were predicted by the model and verified against test data. The study has shown that the coefficients of thermal expansion currently used in the European Code for calcareous and siliceous concrete can lead to inaccurate predictions of the structural behaviour. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects on the global structural behaviour due to the change in the aggregate type, load ratio and boundary conditions. It was shown that by varying the boundary conditions the fire resistance was greatly affected. Although changing the aggregate type and load ratio affected the time-displacement response, the fire resistance defined by failure of the slab was not affected due to the splitting mode of failure above the tendon locations not being affected by these parameters. Comparison with the codes shows that the UK code BS8110 is generally unconservative, whereas the Eurocode EN1992-1-2 provides reasonable design rules.     

基于唯象损伤观点的混凝土冻害模型研究

对混凝土冻害机理的认识大多是从材料学角度出发,集中在孔溶液对孔结构的作用上,是从原因学观点出发的物理解释。但鉴于混凝土冻害的复杂性,现在还未统一对混凝土冻害机理的物理认识。从混凝土受冻后宏观性能衰退的表现出发,结合已有的对混凝土冻害在细观上的认识,应用疲劳损伤观点在唯象学层面上理解混凝土冻害的机理是一个新的探索,也为解决现实冻害评估问题提供了定量化手段。本文在综述已有冻害机理的基础上,结合冻融试验及现场检测结果,从细观上分析冻害发展的过程,从宏观材料性能衰退的角度认识混凝土冻害机理,认为混凝土冻害是一个疲劳损伤的过程。最后给出了作者应用疲劳损伤机理建立的混凝土冻害模型,并与已有试验数据比较,验证了模型的合理性。     

冻融循环下CFRP—高性能混凝土的粘结性能

通过双面剪切试验,研究了冻融环境下CFRP-高性能混凝土界面粘结性能的发展规律。对比分析了未经冻融和经历25、50、100、150、200及300次冻融循环作用试件的破坏特征、剪应变分布、荷载滑移曲线、粘结承载力以及粘结破坏机理。结果表明,所有试件的界面破坏均发生在混凝土表层内,但随着冻融循环次数的增加,破坏界面有向胶层发展的趋势;经受冻融循环次数较少时(25、50次),界面的粘结强度、刚度及开裂荷载的变化不明显,甚至略微提高;但随着冻融循环次数的进一步增加,界面粘结性能有明显的变化,界面粘结强度、端部滑移量减小,刚度退化,初始开裂荷载水平降低,非线性特征增强。粘结极限承载力与混凝土立方体抗压强度均随冻融循环次数的增长存在先提高后下降的趋势,混凝土强度变化是界面粘结性能变化的最重要因素。     

悬链线效应下钢筋与混凝土黏结锚固性能试验研究

为研究悬链线效应下锚固钢筋与混凝土之间的黏结破坏,以及在RC框架结构连续性倒塌过程中钢筋拉断和黏结失效的先后顺序,分析锚固长度、钢筋布置方式对黏结锚固性能的影响。将钢筋锚固于钢筋混凝土柱中,通过自制的自平衡加载装置,实现对框架结构梁端破坏而钢筋未拉断时形成悬链线受力机制的钢筋进行加载。试验结果表明：锚固钢筋与混凝土之间发生劈裂破坏,而锚固钢筋并没有被拉断,所以在RC框架结构抗倒塌设计中不宜采用直锚的锚固形式,而应该采用其他有效的锚固形式。此外,单排钢筋布置有利于提高锚固钢筋与混凝土之间的平均黏结应力,较双排钢筋布置下的约提高15%。     

相对法评价涂层混凝土冻融损伤

利用相对法分别计算了环氧砂浆涂层、聚氨酯涂层和聚脲涂层的动弹性模量及涂层混凝土内部的逐层动弹性模量,分析了混凝土内部结构损伤层的损伤演变规律,同时辅以扫描电镜(SEM)与压汞试验结果对相对法所得结论进行了验证.结果表明:3种涂层的抗冻防护效果为环氧砂浆涂层聚氨酯涂层聚脲涂层;混凝土构件表层的动弹性模量最低,冻融侵蚀最严重,混凝土构件内层的动弹性模量最大,基本未受侵蚀,混凝土构件损伤层动弹性模量由表及里的呈现递增至平缓的变化趋势;混凝土损伤层动弹性模量降低是由于多害孔的比例增大而引起的.     

盐冻融环境下钢筋混凝土黏结-滑移本构模型

为了探索盐冻融环境下钢筋混凝土的黏结-滑移性能及其本构模型,通过自主研制的双向受压型钢筋混凝土拉拔装置和钢筋铣槽内贴应变片的测试方法,对经历了盐冻融循环作用的钢筋混凝土试件进行中心拉拔试验.结果表明:随着盐冻融循环次数的增加,试件的极限黏结强度呈线性下降趋势,自由端起滑荷载逐渐减小,劈裂破坏时的自由端滑移量先减小后增大;加载初期黏结应力峰值靠近加载端,随着荷载的增加,黏结应力峰值向自由端移动,且随试件盐冻融损伤程度的增加,峰值移动趋势愈趋明显.结合理论分析,获得了试件的黏结应力和滑移量沿锚固长度分布规律,并在此基础上构建了盐冻融环境下考虑位置函数的钢筋混凝土黏结-滑移本构模型.所得结果可为寒区氯盐环境下钢筋混凝土构件的有限元分析和耐久性评估提供理论依据.     

Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams in shear by the use of externally bonded steel plates: Part 1 – Experimental programme

This paper describes a programme of research to investigate the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear by means of externally bonded steel plates and hence to provide engineers with appropriate design guidance. The shear strengthening and testing to failure of 15 rectangular section reinforced concrete beams was conducted. To account for the different potential types of shear failure (diagonal tension, shear compression and deep beam failure) three shear span to depth ratios were used. A further 15 experiments were then conducted using ‘T’section beams. In most cases the addition of externally bonded shear plate reinforcement provided enhancement in shear capacity comparable with that provided by conventional internal shear links designed to BS8110 [British Standards Institute (BSI). Structural use of concrete, Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction. BS 8110: Part 1: BSI. London; 1997]. Measurement of the principal strains in the plated beams showed that as well as tensile and compressive strains due to bending, strains arising from an underlying shear crack are evident. Hence the plates serve to control crack opening and catastrophic shear failure up to a certain load level, when bond failure occurs in the concrete. The use of partial depth plates with T section beams does not appear to be as successful as the use of full depth plates on rectangular section beams.     

不同程度损伤混凝土梁加固后抗弯性能试验研究

将已受损的9根钢筋混凝土梁按其初荷载的大小划分为三种损伤程度,对每种损伤程度分别用粘钢板法、粘碳纤维布法和钢绞线进行加固,使其提高到相同的承载力水平,研究在每一种损伤程度下,采用不同方法加固的钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯性能提高程度。研究表明:与对比梁相比加固梁的极限承载力提高了34%~68%,其中采用钢板加固效果最明显;粘钢板和粘碳纤维的加固效果随着损伤程度的增加而降低,而钢绞线的加固效果并不明显。     

型钢-钢纤维混凝土组合结构的黏结破坏及传力机理研究

为了解决型钢混凝土组合结构的施工难题,利用离散的钢纤维代替传统钢筋笼,提出了型钢-钢纤维混凝土组合结构。以截面类型、钢纤维掺量、界面锚固长度和钢纤维混凝土保护层厚度为设计参数,进行了36个型钢-钢纤维混凝土试件的标准推出试验,研究了试件的受力性能,对破坏形态进行了统计归类,完成了损伤破坏全过程分析。试验结果表明：自由端与加载端的荷载-滑移关系并不同步,自由端先于加载端达到屈服;黏结劈裂裂缝首先出现在保护层厚度最小的钢纤维混凝土表面,然后由外向内发展,而黏结裂缝以型钢翼缘肢尖处为起点,沿45°斜向由内向外发展,直至达到钢纤维混凝土外表面;试件的破坏形态可分为黏结劈裂破坏、黏结锚固破坏、过渡破坏和型钢屈服破坏4种类型;型钢与钢纤维混凝土之间的黏结作用主要依靠化学胶结力、摩擦力和机械咬合力,推出试验的黏结滑移全过程可精细化地分为5个阶段和5个极限状态。     

Investigation of concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures

This paper presents a nonlinear 3-D finite element model investigating the behaviour of concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures. The composite columns were pin-ended axially loaded columns having different cross-sectional dimensions, different structural steel sections, different coarse aggregates and different load ratios during fire. The nonlinear material properties of steel, concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars as well as the effect of concrete confinement at ambient and elevated temperatures were considered in the finite element models. The interface between the steel section and concrete, the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars, and the reinforcement bars and concrete were also considered allowing the bond behaviour to be modelled and the different components to retain its profile during the deformation of the column. The initial overall (out-of-straightness) geometric imperfection was carefully included in the model. The finite element model has been validated against published tests conducted at elevated temperatures. The time–temperature relationships, deformed shapes at failure, time–axial displacement relationships, failure modes and fire resistances of the columns were evaluated by the finite element model. It has been shown that the finite element model can accurately predict the behaviour of the columns at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the variables that influence the fire resistance and behaviour of the composite columns comprising different load ratios during fire, different coarse aggregates and different slenderness ratios were investigated in parametric studies. It is shown that the fire resistance of the columns generally increases with the decrease in the column slenderness ratio as well as the increase in the structural steel ratio. It is also shown that the time–axial displacement relationship is considerably affected by the coarse aggregate. The fire resistances of the composite columns obtained from the finite element analyses were compared with the design values obtained from the Eurocode 4 for composite columns at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the EC4 is conservative for all the concrete encased steel composite columns, except for the columns having a load ratio of 0.5 as well as the columns having a slenderness ratio of 0.69 and a load ratio of 0.4.