Air-water flows in circular drop manholes

Drop manholes, a typical element of urban drainage networks in steep catchments and in reaches of supercritical flow, enhance air entrainment and entrapment. The air flow across drop shafts can be remarkably high.

This paper discusses the air transport phenomena and the effects of ventilation absence in drop manholes. Based on an extensive experimental study, air entrainment mechanisms have been accurately described and air demand has been evaluated in different flow regimes. In addition, the effects of ventilation absence on the hydraulics of circular drop manholes, with emphasis on sub-atmospheric pressure onset and pool depth raising, have been investigated. The effects of a possible air flow recirculation have also been evaluated. Issues regarding any scale effects have been discussed.

The influence of the main hydraulic and geometric parameters on drop manhole performance was contemplated to provide improved design concepts for sewer systems.     

Numerical simulations of morphological changes in barrier islands induced by storm surges and waves using a supercritical flow model

In this paper, an advanced explicit finite volume flow model in two-dimensions is presented for simulating supercritical coastal flows and morphological changes in a tidal/coastal inlet and barrier islands due to storm surges and waves. This flow model is coupled with existing wave-action model and sediment transport model. The resulting integrated coastal process model is capable of simulating flows induced by extreme conditions such as waves, surge tides, river flood flows, etc., and morphological changes induced by rapid coastal currents and waves. This developed supercritical flow model is based on the solution of the conservative form of the nonlinear shallow water equations with the effects of the Coriolis force, uneven bathymetry, wind stress, and wave radiation stresses. The forward Euler scheme is used for the unsteady term; and the convective term is discretized using the Godunov-type shockcapturing scheme along with the HLL Riemann solver on non-uniform rectilinear grids. The accuracy of the developed model is investigated by solving an experimental dam-break test case. Barrier island breaching, overflow and overwash due to severe storm attack are simulated and the predicted morphological changes associated to the events are analyzed to investigate the applicability of the model in a coast where all the physical forces are present.     

Maximum temperature of smoke beneath ceiling in tunnel fire with vertical shafts

To assess the impact of heat smoke in tunnel with vertical shafts, the maximum temperature of smoke beneath ceiling is researched theoretically and experimentally in this paper. A theoretical prediction model for maximum temperature of smoke beneath ceiling is built using dimensional analysis. A numerical model is built and calibrated with the full-scale experiment data. The calibrated numerical model is used to simulate the maximum temperature of smoke under different conditions with different shaft geometry. At last, the proposed theoretical model was formulated and compared with Kurioka model, experimental data and simulation data. The results show that the proposed theoretical model can give a better prediction for the tendency. It can be used to predict the maximum temperature of smoke beneath ceiling of tunnel with vertical shafts by taking the shaft geometry and arrangements effect into account.     

两相近隧道竖井爆破振动监测与分析

为保证秦岭天台山隧道两通风竖井的安全,开展竖井爆破振动监测试验,在两竖井内分别布置测点,研究开挖爆破对两竖井井壁结构的振动效应.通过对典型装药段爆破引起的三向振动速度分量分析,得到了大直径竖井全断面爆破引起井壁振动的传播规律与分布特征.结果 表明:先行井掏槽爆破由于仅存在一个自由面,引起爆破井内振动最大,临近井迎爆侧振...     

Analysis of unlined pressure shafts and tunnels of selected Norwegian hydropower projects

Norwegian hydropower industry has more than 100 years of experiences in constructing more than 4000 km-long unlined pressure shafts and tunnels with maximum static head of 1047 m (equivalent to almost 10.5 MPa) reached at unlined pressure tunnel of Nye Tyin project. Experiences gained from construction and operation of these unlined pressure shafts and tunnels were the foundation to develop design criteria and principles applied in Norway and some other countries. In addition to the confinement criteria, Norwegian state-of-the-art design principle for unlined pressure shaft and tunnel is that the minor principal stress at the location of unlined pressure shaft or tunnel should be more than the water pressure in the shaft or tunnel. This condition of the minor principal stress is prerequisite for the hydraulic jacking/splitting not to occur through joints and fractures in rock mass. Another common problem in unlined pressure shafts and tunnels is water leakage through hydraulically splitted joints or pre-existing open joints. This article reviews some of the first attempts of the use of unlined pressure shaft and tunnel concepts in Norway, highlights major failure cases and two successful cases of significance, applies Norwegian criteria to the cases and reviews and evaluates triggering factors for failure. This article further evaluates detailed engineering geology of failure cases and also assesses common geological features that could have aggravated the failure. The minor principal stress is investigated and quantified along unlined shaft and tunnel alignment of six selected project cases by using three-dimensional numerical model. Furthermore, conditions of failure through pre-existing open joints by hydraulic jacking and leakage are assessed by using two-dimensional fluid flow analysis. Finally, both favorable and unfavorable ground conditions required for the applicability of Norwegian confinement criteria in locating the unlined pressure shafts and tunnels for geotectonic environment different from that of Norway are highlighted.     

Elastodynamic Model for Large-Diameter End-Bearing Shafts

The dynamic response of large-diameter end-bearing cylindrical shafts is studied. First, the popular plane-strain model of Novak is reviewed and its limitations are discussed. An improved model is then developed which, while retaining the simplicity of the original model, accounts for the third dimension by considering the normal and shear stresses acting on the upper and lower faces of a horizontal soil slice. These stresses are incorporated in the analysis by implementing a dynamic Vlasov-Leontiev approximation based on integrating the governing equations over the thickness of the soil layer. It is shown that this operation leads to a set of elastodynamic equations which are similar to those in the plane-strain model, yet properly incorporate the salient 3-D effects. Explicit closed-form solutions are obtained for: (i) the dynamic soil reaction along the shaft; (ii) the dynamic impedance of the shaft; (iii) the displacement field in the soil; and (iv) the dynamic interaction factors between neighboring shafts. Both vertical and lateral oscillations are analyzed for single and grouped shafts. Results are presented in terms of dimensionless graphs which highlight the importance of soil-foundation interaction on the response. It is shown that the proposed model avoids the limitations of the plane strain model.     

Comparative evaluation of methods to determine the earth pressure distribution on cylindrical shafts: A review

Various methods used for calculating and measuring the earth pressure distribution on cylindrical shafts constructed in sand are evaluated. Emphasis is placed on a comparison between the calculated earth pressure using different methods for given sand and wall conditions. The effects of the assumptions made in developing these solutions on the pressure distribution are discussed. Physical modeling techniques used to simulate the interaction between vertical shafts and the surrounding soil are presented. The earth pressure measured and the wall movements required to establish active condition are assessed. Depending on the adopted method of analysis, the calculated earth pressure distribution on a vertical shaft lining may vary considerably. For shallow shafts, the theoretical solutions discussed in this study provide consistent estimates of the active earth pressure. As the shaft depth exceeds its diameter, the solutions become more sensitive to the ratio between the vertical and horizontal arching and only a range of earth pressure values can be obtained. No agreement has been reached among researchers as to the magnitude of wall movement required to establish active conditions around shafts and further investigations are therefore needed.     

Analysis of lateral earth pressure on a vertical circular shaft considering the 3D arching effect

The lateral earth pressure on a vertical circular shaft is investigated using both experiments and numerical analyses. The study focused on quantifying the magnitude and distribution of the lateral earth pressure, which was measured by considering the three-dimensional arching effect. A framework for determining distribution of the earth pressure based on centrifuge model tests and 2D FE analysis is introduced. The FE modelling techniques and the constitutive relationships of the soil are presented in detail. Parametric analyses showed that the arching effect on the lateral earth pressure is highly dependent on the diameter and height of the shaft, the internal friction angle and the cohesion value of the soil, the end-bearing conditions and the flexural modulus of the shaft. The study found that when the arching effect is considered, the lateral earth pressure on a vertical circular shaft is approximately 80% less than that calculated using Rankine’s theory. The study also found that the arching effect of the soil is more significant for flexible vertical shafts than for rigid vertical shafts embedded in weathered soil.     

室外风对高层建筑竖井内烟气运动影响的数值模拟

采用火灾模拟专业软件FDS对不同火源位置、不同风向条件下火灾烟气的运动进行模拟,测定典型位置处温度、速度、CO及CO2体积分数变化情况。实验结果表明:在近地风场中,风向对竖井内烟气蔓延的影响大小顺序为迎风>背风>侧风,竖井开口位于迎风面时,外界风对竖井内烟气运动影响最大:火源位于中性面以上时,烟气通过竖井与前室的开口向竖井内蔓延,并向下运动;而火源位于中性面以下时,前室内烟气向外部运动,竖井内无烟气流入。     

Dimensionless analytical solutions for steady-state fire smoke spread through high-rise shaft

Analytical solutions in terms of dimensionless numbers for the smoke spread through high-rise shafts during fires are essential to provide a fundamental understanding of smoke transport physics, which is a complex coupled heat and mass transfer problem. Existing solutions are often dimensional based on simplification of the problem such as assuming adiabatic conditions. In order to obtain the dimensionless analytical solutions, energy balance equation, mechanical energy equation and mass balance equation were established for smoke spread in high-rise buildings under both mechanical and natural venting conditions. Experiments were designed and conducted on two scaled shafts with different sizes and materials, and the measured results were compared to the dimensionless analytical solutions. It was found that the dimensionless analytical solutions could predict temperature profiles, mass flow rate and neutral plane level accurately. The effect of the adiabatic assumption on the accuracy was also discussed. For example, due to the adiabatic assumption, the error of the calculated mass flow rate required during mechanical venting to maintain a high-rise shaft smoke free was found to increase with a dimensionless number, ω, defined by the geometrical and thermal properties of the shaft.     

基岩冻结新型单层井壁施工技术与监测分析

 以鄂尔多斯市呼吉尔特矿区葫芦素副立井为工程实例,详细阐述国内首个基岩冻结新型单层井壁的施工工艺和监测方法,对井壁施工过程中的技术难点进行分析,给出井壁混凝土的质量控制指标。现场实测表明：(1) 凿井期新型单层井壁的钢筋应力和混凝土应变同时受基岩冻结压力与井壁温度的影响;(2) 井壁钢筋应力、混凝土应变的变化过程可分为OA,AB,BC,CD共4个阶段;(3) 凿井期葫芦素副立井竖向钢筋拉、压应力极值分别为35.5～70.8和－7.0～－45.0 MPa,环向钢筋则始终处于受压状态,其压应力极值为－41.7～－101.0 MPa;(4) 凿井期混凝土竖向、环向压应变极值分别为－190.5～－458.0和－590.4～－799.1 με,环向压应变极值为竖向的1.3～4.2倍;(5) 建议将竖筋悬吊的井壁高度取为12 m;(6) 葫芦素副立井井壁配筋于凿井期具有足够的安全储备,混凝土压应变处于安全范围。     

公路隧道送排风短道流场数值分析及优化研究

在竖井送排式通风时,排风口和送风口之间可能产生短道流动,这种短道流动会阻碍隧道内的空气交换.文章利用有限元方法对送排风短道流场进行三维数值分析,研究表明:采用竖井送排式纵向通风时,短道内风流回流区总是存在的;回流区的范围L随短道长度的增加而显著减小;考虑到降低通风能耗和满足空气质量两方面的因素,短道的长度一般适宜取65m～80m.     

Correlations of control parameters determining pressure distributions in a vertical exhaust shaft

The pressure distribution in a vertical exhaust shaft is important in determining the ventilation performances of local exhaust hoods in high-rise buildings. Uneven pressure distribution can cause insufficient exhaust airflows from hood fans, and can cause excessive exfiltration resulting in unwanted noise through any gap openings. There are various system parameters that affect the pressure distribution in a vertical shaft, such as building height, shaft size, roof fan characteristics, concurrent hood fan usage, and outdoor temperature. The objective of this study is to quantify and investigate the effects of these parameters numerically on the overall ventilation performance of a vertical shaft. In order to achieve this goal, specialized simulation software has been developed, which implements the principles of fluid dynamics in vertical air columns with horizontal branches. Simulation results have been obtained based on a model of a 25-story apartment building, according to the experimental design method. Analysis of the variance has been conducted to investigate any correlations between the parameters. The results show that the deviation of the pressure distribution based on a slight negative value (i.e. −30 Pa or −40 Pa) has a strong correlation with the maximum pressure in the shaft. This indicates the possibility of using the pressure deviation as a single objective parameter, which represents both the insufficiency and unevenness of the pressure distribution throughout the shaft. Roof fan rpm and inlet damper opening can be used as operational parameters, and the pressure and pressure gradient at the top-most level, and outside temperature can be used as sensing parameters for pressure control in a vertical shaft.     

A Comparative Study on the Influence of Ventilation on Weather- and Fire-Induced Stack Effect in the Elevator Shafts of a High-Rise Building

This work assessed the impact of ventilation on both weather- and fire-induced stack effect in an 18-story high-rise office building. Elevator shafts are considered the main route of vertical air movement. Pressure distribution induced by cold weather within the elevator shafts was calculated theoretically. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of fire in the same high-rise building under different ventilation conditions were carried out with a fire dynamics simulator. It was found that ventilation exerted a more complex impact on fire than the weather-induced stack effect. For the weather-induced stack effect, the ventilation condition of the building only affected the height of the neutral pressure plane; in fire situations, it did not only affect the height of the neutral pressure plane in a similar manner to the weather-induced stack effect, but also influenced temperature and pressure distributions in the elevator shafts. The smoke movement and the distributions of temperature and pressure in elevator shafts are also learned. The smoke movement in high rises experienced four typical stages after ignition. The ventilation condition of the fire floor influences gas flow into elevator shafts, while that of the upper floors impacts the smoke rise speed in vertical shafts. When the stack effect finally reaches steady state, the gas temperature in the shaft decreases exponentially with height. Based on this assumption, a theoretical model was presented to characterize the fire-induced stack effect in typical high rises. Results showed that the model successfully predicts the pressure distribution in high-rise buildings.     

The Effects of Non-uniform Temperature Distribution on Neutral Plane Level in Non-adiabatic High-Rise Shafts During Fires

The location of neutral plane level (NPL) of a high-rise shaft is an important factor for the evaluation of risks of smoke spreads in high-rise buildings, where the shaft internal pressure is equal to that of the building floor at the same height. The current method to determine the location of NPL assumes uniform temperature distribution inside a shaft, which causes concerns over accuracy of the predicted NPL for high-rise shafts with non-uniformly distributed temperatures during fires. To address the effect of temperature distribution on NPL location, this paper introduces a method to calculate temperature distribution and its associated NPL location based on a coupled model of smoke temperature profile, flow rate and pressure distribution inside a shaft. The measured data from a 1/3 scale experiment is used to validate the method and used to develop two empirical equations for NPL locations in terms of dimensionless numbers: one empirical equation based on shaft top temperature and the second based on shaft bottom temperature. A sensitivity study of the empirical equations is then conducted to evaluate the applicability of the developed equations when compared to the existing NPL method. It was found that for the existing NPL equation based on uniform temperature assumption may under-/overestimate the NPL locations, and the NRMSE would be over 50%, while the NRMSE of the empirical equation is only around 6% based on the results of coupled equations. For non-adiabatic shafts, the effects of non-uniform temperature distribution on NPL should be considered and the suggested empirical equations can predict NPL locations with a reasonable accuracy.     

阻滞下的竖井型隧道自然通风试验与数值模拟

针对竖井型城市公路隧道自然通风的当前研究现状,分析阻滞工况下的流场特征与存在的问题。依据相似准则,搭建局部暗埋段小尺寸模型,设置车辆发热源,测试纯热压作用下的流动速度。采用三维非稳态流动模型,利用FLUENT软件,模拟热压作用下的温度场、速度场,采用试验验证了模拟的准确性。进一步的车速、竖井个数与暗埋段长度的敏感性分析表明:车辆阻滞时,交通风力对隧道内自然通风影响小,热压成为影响隧道流场的主导因素;同一暗埋段内流场不均匀分布,中部远离两端竖井,改变竖井个数对此处流场影响较弱;暗埋段各典型位置风速随暗埋段长度增加而增加。     

深部机头硐室锚注和底板卸压联合支护技术研究

新庄煤矿胶带暗斜井沿煤层布置,暗斜井内铺设强力胶带输送机,第二部机头硐室变形破坏明显。研究该硐室锚注加固和底板卸压技术,对于硐室围岩的长期稳定具有重要的现实意义。基于硐室工程地质条件,采用理论分析、数值计算和现场工业性试验进行系统研究,研究结果表明:(1)硐室围岩岩性差,受井筒保护煤柱固定支承压力的作用,硐室围岩应力高、围岩有效载荷系数较大,造成硐室底臌和围岩变形破坏严重。(2)与卸压前相比,硐室底板开挖卸压槽以后,明显降低了硐室底板围岩铅垂应力和两帮围岩水平应力,而硐室顶板围岩铅垂应力、两帮水平位移量基本保持不变,所以底板卸压槽有利于硐室围岩的长期稳定。变形严重的机头硐室采用锚(索)网喷联合支护翻修以后,底板开挖卸压槽,硐室顶板、两帮采用注浆锚杆注浆,且两帮、底板(含卸压槽)采用锚索束注浆。项目实施以后硐室围岩处于稳定状态,现场工业性试验取得了成功。     

Results of evaluation of the strength of concrete placed in the shafts of cast-in-place piles

Conclusions 1. Application of the method of underwater concreting with the use of a container is inexpedient in connection with the presence of a large number of flaws detected in the shafts of cast-in-place piles formed by this method; concreting of holes by the VAT method is preferable.2. The strength of concrete in the shafts of cast-in-place piles increases, reaching a maximum at a depth of 0.4–0.5 the length of the shaft. Variation in strength along the shaft is explained primarily by the percentage of coarse aggregate contained in the concrete.3. The quality of pile concrete should be monitored during all stages of pile installation, and, primarily during the stage of concreting, i.e., when there is a chance of correcting an observed defect.All-Union Institute for the Design and Planning of Health Resorts. Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 5, pp. 14–17, September–October, 1976.     

Thermal performance analysis of evacuated tubes solar air collector in Indian climate conditions

The thermal performance of one-ended evacuated tubes solar air collector is experimentally investigated during the winter season at NIT Kurukshetra, India [29 ° 58^′(latitude) North and 76 ° 53 ^′ (longitude) East]. The collector consists of 15 one-ended evacuated tubes with different lengths of directional inner aluminium tubes (inserted tubes) and a manifold channel, with air used as a working fluid. The inlet air flows through the directional inner aluminium tubes as a result of forced convection. In this experiment, evacuated tubes are used for producing hot air corresponding to different lengths of directional aluminium tubes without using any intermediate fluid. The temperature of the outlet air depends on the air flow rate, length of the directional aluminium tube and solar intensity. The maximum temperature difference between outlet air and inlet air at solar intensity 904 W/m² was found to be 72.7 °C with a flow rate of 5.06 kg/h and length of 0.83 m.     

A Novel Multiscale Methodology for Simulating Tunnel Ventilation Flows During Fires

This paper applies a novel and fast modelling approach to simulate tunnel ventilation flows during fires. The complexity and high cost of full CFD models and the inaccuracies of simplistic zone or analytical models are avoided by efficiently combining mono-dimensional (1D) and CFD (3D) modelling techniques. A simple 1D network approach is used to model tunnel regions where the flow is fully developed (far field), and a detailed CFD representation is used where flow conditions require 3D resolution (near field). This multi-scale method has previously been applied to simulate tunnel ventilation systems including jet fans, vertical shafts and portals (Colella et al., Build Environ 44(12): 2357–2367, 2009) and it is applied here to include the effect of fire. Both direct and indirect coupling strategies are investigated and compared for steady state conditions. The methodology has been applied to a modern tunnel of 7 m diameter and 1.2 km in length. Different fire scenarios ranging from 10 MW to 100 MW are investigated with a variable number of operating jet fans. Comparison of cold flow cases with fire cases provides a quantification of the fire throttling effect, which is seen to be large and to reduce the flow by more than 30% for a 100 MW fire. Emphasis has been given to the discussion of the different coupling procedures and the control of the numerical error. Compared to the full CFD solution, the maximum flow field error can be reduced to less than few percents, but providing a reduction of two orders of magnitude in computational time. The much lower computational cost is of great engineering value, especially for parametric and sensitivity studies required in the design or assessment of ventilation and fire safety systems.