Dynamic stress analysis for fatigue damage prognosis of long-span bridges

For fatigue damage prognosis of a long-span steel bridge, the dynamic stress analysis of critical structural components of the bridge under the future dynamic vehicle loading is essential. This paper thus presents a framework of dynamic stress analysis for fatigue damage prognosis of long-span steel bridges under the future dynamic vehicle loading. The multi-scale finite element (FE) model of the bridge is first developed using shell/plate elements to simulate the critical structural components (local models) and using beam/truss elements to simulate the rest part of the bridge (global model). With the appropriate coupling of the global and local models, the multi-scale FE model can accurately capture simultaneously not only the global behavior in terms of displacement and acceleration but also the local behavior in terms of stress and strain. A vehicle traffic load model is then developed for forecasting the future vehicle loading based on the recorded weigh-in-motion (WIM) data and using the agent-based traffic flow microsimulation. The forecasted future vehicle loading is finally applied on the multi-scale model of a real long-span cable-stayed bridge for dynamic stress analysis and fatigue damage prognosis. The obtained results show that the proposed framework is effective and accurate for dynamic stress analysis and fatigue damage prognosis.     

考虑局部细节特性的结构多尺度模拟方法研究

本文的目的是研究如何考虑局部细节特性如焊连接部位的应力集中影响来进行结构动力特性和静力响应模拟和分析。为此,采用子结构和约束方程的方法分别建立含局部焊接细节的桥梁结构钢箱梁纵向加劲桁架的不同尺度的有限元模型,并用此有限元模型进行该结构动力特性和静力响应分析,然后与传统有限元模型的分析结果及加劲桁架缩尺实验模型的实测结果进行对比。研究结果表明,采用子结构方法能有效地利用大型商用软件建立该类结构的有限元模型并进行非线性分析,对于大型复杂结构如一个主跨达到千米以上的大跨桥梁结构,如果采用本文提出的建模方法,在桥梁结构的局部焊接细节部分的模拟达到有限元单元特征尺寸为毫米级,则建立的有限元模型实际上已经是一个结构多尺度有限元模型。这样的模型就可用于不同尺度下的结构整体特性分析和局部热点应力分析。     

大跨斜拉桥钢箱梁空间有限元分析

为了研究大跨斜拉桥扁平钢箱梁在车辆荷载作用下的受力特点,本文以一斜拉桥为工程背景,建立了整体有限元模型和局部模型。在对整体模型分析的基础上,应用子模型法对该斜拉桥扁平钢箱梁各关键截面进行了有限元受力分析,研究了其应力水平及其分布特点,并总结了大跨斜拉桥扁平钢箱梁的受力特性。其结论可以为同类型桥扁平钢箱梁的设计提供参考。     

Multi-scale fatigue damage prognosis for long-span steel bridges under vehicle loading

Fatigue damage prognosis for long-span steel bridges is of the utmost importance in bridge maintenance and management. In this study, a multi-scale fatigue damage prognosis algorithm is developed to calculate the trans-scale fatigue damage accumulation of newly-built long-span steel bridges under vehicle loading. The necessity and procedure of establishing a multi-scale finite element (FE) model of a newly-built long-span bridge for fatigue damage prognosis are first introduced. The future vehicle loading on the bridge is forecasted using the recorded weigh-in-motion (WIM) data and the agent-based traffic flow micro-simulation method. Then, the multi-scale fatigue damage prognosis algorithm is developed based on the multi-scale FE model and using the future vehicle loading. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to a newly-built long-span cable-stayed bridge for the time period from 2010 to 2020. The results show that the macro-scale fatigue damage accumulation and micro-scale short crack evolution of the critical components of the bridge can be simultaneously predicted and visualized. The proposed algorithm can be used as a numerical tool for fatigue damage prognosis of steel bridges where (or near where) WIM station is installed.     

扁平钢箱梁U肋焊接残余应力数值模拟分析

已建成的扁平钢箱梁桥在运营过程中发现一些与结构、构造和制造相关的病害,并且随着服役时间的增长越来越突出。其原因是扁平钢箱梁结构采用薄板组焊而成,因此,扁平钢箱梁在未受力之前,便已存在着由于焊接所产生的应力场和变形场,导致扁平钢箱梁普遍出现裂纹等病害。运用热结构耦合法对扁平钢箱梁U肋与桥面板交接处焊接的温度场和应力场进行数值模拟计算分析,并得到焊接残余应力的分布规律,为进一步分析结构病害与加固设计提供依据。     

Research on reasonable value of target reliability index for steel main girder of cable-stayed bridge considering durability

Abstract

This article studies the relationship between the target reliability index and the design life of the main girder of a long-span cable-stayed bridge to provide a theoretical basis for the design of steel girders for such an application. The changes of the bending section modulus under atmospheric corrosion and the residual ultimate stress of the section of a steel box girder under alternating loads are discussed. A resistance attenuation function for a steel girder of a cable-stayed bridge to predict the resistance change of a steel box girder over the service period is proposed, and the change characteristics of the time-varying reliability index of a steel box girder of a cable-stayed bridge are studied. By analysing the relationship between the time-varying reliability index and the evaluating benchmark value of the reliability index, the time point of maintenance and reinforcement is predicted. Based on the change over time of the difference between the time-varying reliability index and the evaluating benchmark value of the reliability index, the relation function between the target reliability index and the service lifetime of a bridge considering resistance attenuation are provided.     

大跨斜拉桥环境模态频率识别的最大熵法研究

大跨斜拉桥结构的振动特性随环境与运营条件的变化表现出时变的特征。本文对润扬大桥斜拉桥结构的实测加速度响应信号采用复模态指示函数法(CMIF法)进行了模态参数识别,在此基础上采用最大熵法对实测模态频率的不确定性进行了分析。分析结果表明,环境温度的变化对斜拉桥模态频率的影响是长期性的趋势,而交通荷载和风荷载对模态频率的影响则由于荷载的非平稳性呈现瞬时的颤动变化。采用最大熵法较好地改善了润扬大桥斜拉桥的环境模态频率识别效果,有效地减少了实测模态频率因车辆和风荷载随机因素影响的变异性。     

大跨度斜拉桥结构偏载效应研究

大跨度斜拉桥箱梁的几何构造对约束扭转正应力的影响沿桥的跨度是变化的,使得荷载的内力影响面的形状较为复杂,同时沿桥纵向偏载系数也是变化的。通过偏载力学理论分析和实际斜拉桥的ANSYS有限元建模计算,研究了变截面预应力波形钢腹板部分斜拉桥偏载系数沿跨度的分布规律,提出实用的偏载系数取值建议,可为同类大跨度桥梁工程的设计提供参考。     

学府路斜拉桥结构设计与静力分析

学府路斜拉桥采用主跨160m的独塔空间双索面斜拉桥结构,主梁采用PK断面扁平钢箱梁,主塔采用钢筋混凝土桥塔,桥宽46.1~57.5m,是目前国内宽度最大的独塔钢箱梁斜拉桥。对学府路斜拉桥的结构设计和静力分析进行了总结,可为类似工程的设计提供参考。     

Three-dimensional finite element modelling of long-span cable-stayed bridges

Finite element (FE) modelling is a prominent way to simulate both static and dynamic characteristics of cable-stayed bridges to understand their structural complexities. Many initial FE models have not been successful in the analysis of the structural behaviour of cable-stayed bridges. This paper presents the details of an updated FE modelling procedure for long-span cable-stayed bridges. The design information of Tatara Bridge with an 850-m main span is considered for numerical studies. The dynamic properties of the FE model, including mode shapes and natural frequencies, are compared with field vibration test results to validate the presented modelling process. Sensitivity analysis of structural parameters is also applied to update effective parameters and understand the structural behaviour of the bridge. The new and beneficial aspects presented in this paper regarding FE modelling procedure and finding effective material and structural parameters will be useful for future design and analysis of cable-stayed bridges.     

大跨度斜拉桥扁平钢箱梁的多尺度可靠度分析研究

以润扬大桥斜拉桥为分析对象,提出了扁平钢箱梁结构的多尺度可靠度分析方法。采用子结构方法将扁平钢箱梁整体结构尺度模型和局部构件尺度模型相互衔接,在此基础上采用改进响应面法分析了扁平钢箱梁结构的静力可靠度。分析结果表明：①采用改进响应面法能有效地解决传统响应面法存在的收敛失败和计算误差大的缺点;②采用钢箱梁多尺度模型可以较准确地计算斜拉桥在活荷载作用下的静力可靠指标;③钢箱梁活荷载的分布方式和斜拉桥的几何非线性对斜拉桥静力可靠度具有较大的影响;④采用钢箱梁多尺度模型,可以较真实地研究钢箱梁局部构件损伤对斜拉桥静力可靠度的影响。钢箱梁局部构件损伤对斜拉桥静力可靠指标的影响程度要明显大于对斜拉桥静力特性的影响。因此,在斜拉桥钢箱梁的可靠度设计与状态评估中需要计入结构多尺度效应的影响。     

斜拉-悬索体系转换中缆索共存状态结构力学研究

针对超大跨度自锚式悬索桥跨越通航流域时不能采用常规支架法施工主跨钢箱梁的问题,提出“先斜拉,后悬索”的总体施工方案,即利用钢塔和斜拉索辅助安装钢箱加劲梁,形成斜拉桥,然后再安装主缆、张拉吊索,进行斜拉桥-悬索桥的体系转换。完整的体系转换数值分析模型需要考虑斜拉桥和自锚式悬索桥两种独立缆索支撑体系共存,采用无应力状态控制法将两种模型全部缆索单元以无应力长度为基础重新建模迭代计算,获得耦合状态分析模型。推荐方案计算结果表明斜拉桥成桥后可充分利用斜拉索的材料强度进行补张拉工作后再进行体系转换工作,可使主梁线形大幅度提高,降低吊索张拉的接长杆长度和张拉次数,优化体系转换过程。通过数值模拟计算,分析得出两种缆索支撑体系共存状态下,体系转换过程中吊索和斜拉索的变化规律,研究了张拉吊索对相邻吊索、非相邻吊索索力的影响,以及成桥后吊索索力的来源比例。     

上海长江大桥主桥桥面钢箱梁架设测量

以上海长江大桥为例,分析了远离堤岸大跨径斜拉桥桥面钢箱梁架设测量中存在的难点,详细地介绍了施工控制网的布设和具体架设测量的过程以及解决难点的方法。     

Temperature-induced variations of measured modal frequencies of steel box girder for a long-span suspension bridge

This paper addresses the temperature-induced variations of measured modal frequencies of steel box girder for a suspension bridge using long-tem monitoring data. The output-only modal frequency identification of the bridge is effectively carried out using the Iterative Windowed Curve-fitting Method (IWCM) in the frequency-domain. The daily and seasonal correlations of frequency-temperature are investigated in detail and the analysis results reveal that: (i) the identified modal frequencies using IWCM provide an effective indication for changes of the bridge due to the ambient temperature variations; (ii) temperature is the critical source causing modal variability, and there is an overall decrease in modal frequency with temperature for all the identified modes; (iii) the random variations in measured modal frequencies mainly arise from the identification algorithm due to the nonstationary loadings, which can be effectively eliminated using multi-sample averaging technique; (iv) the daily averaged modal frequencies of vibration modes have remarkable seasonal correlations with the daily averaged temperature and the seasonal correlation models of frequency-temperature are suitable for structural damage warning if future seasonal correlation models deviate from these normal models.     

Thermal field characteristic analysis of steel box girder based on long-term measurement data

Thermal loads are important factors that affect the serviceability of long-span bridges. In this paper, the distribution characteristics and statistical features of thermal field in flat steel box girder are presented based on long-term field measurement data collected by the structural health monitoring system (SHMS) permanently installed on the Runyang Suspension Bridge (RSB). Firstly, the daily variations as well as seasonal ones of measurement temperature and temperature differences in the box girder cross-section are summarized. Secondly, employing a combined probability distribution model defined by the weighted sum of one Weibull distribution and one normal distribution, the probability density function (PDF) of each temperature difference is formulated. Thirdly, making use of the extreme value analysis, the extreme temperature differences are predicted with a return period of bridge design working life and compared with the expected values in British standard (BS EN 1991-1-5, 2003). Finally, the critical temperature difference models in cross-section are proposed for thermal stresses calculation according to correlation analysis. The results provide a clear understanding of thermal field in flat steel box girder bridges and have reference values for structural design and evaluation.     

基于长期实测数据的大跨悬索桥扁平钢箱梁温差特性研究

温度应力是影响大跨桥梁结构全寿命性能的主要因素之一,合理的温度场分布模型是准确计算结构温度应力的基础。基于润扬大桥悬索桥结构健康监测系统的监测数据,详细分析润扬大桥悬索桥扁平钢箱梁为期一年的实测温度结果,得出横截面不同位置温度随时间的变化规律,提出扁平钢箱梁同一横截面上不同测点之间温差的概率分布模型,确定不同横截面具有一定重现期的温差标准值,总结用于温度应力计算的横截面温差模式。分析结果表明:①扁平钢箱梁的温度场具有明显的季节特征;②横截面各个测点之间的正温差和负温差均可以通过Weibull分布函数和正态分布函数的加权和来描述其概率分布;③同一横截面上不同测点之间有不同的温差标准值,但不同截面对应位置的温差标准值十分接近;④扁平钢箱梁顶板存在三种不同的横向温差模式。研究结果可为大跨悬索桥全寿命评估提供参考。     

斜拉桥宽幅扁平钢箱梁有效宽度的探讨

针对斜拉桥宽幅扁平钢箱梁,研究其受力特性对剪力滞效应的影响,通过计算某钢斜拉桥主梁翼缘的有效宽度,探讨考虑翼缘有效宽度的必要性,为斜拉桥宽幅扁平钢箱梁断面的设计提供了指导。     

大跨度混凝土斜拉桥模态试验技术研究

随着大跨度斜拉桥建设的迅速发展,试验模态分析对于验证设计、建立结构动力学模型以及桥梁安全运行的状态评估具有重要意义。斜拉桥是由索、梁和塔三种受力特点完全不同的构件组成的组合体系,尤其是混凝土斜拉桥由于恒载内力较钢斜拉桥大很多,且振动信号衰减更明显,其模态试验比其它桥型更加困难。本文通过研究混凝土斜拉桥的模态参数特点,发展了一种包含两种方式基于环境激励的桥梁模态试验方法(UINO法),提出了利用互功率谱法进行模态参数识别的分析技术,并以此为基础开发了桥梁模态试验专用软件系统QL-SYMT。通过多座大跨度混凝土斜拉桥的模态试验证明,该系统不仅能有效识别出桥梁的模态参数而且方便易行。     

土-桩-结构相互作用对大跨悬索桥动力特性的影响研究

本文以国内第一大跨桥梁———润扬长江公路大桥南汊悬索桥为研究对象,基于大型有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了该桥的三维有限元模型,其中采用质量-弹簧体系模拟了土-桩-结构的相互作用。以此为基础对润扬悬索桥的自振特性进行了分析,重点研究了土-桩-结构相互作用因素对大跨悬索桥动力特性的影响,与现场动力测试结果的良好吻合表明了有限元分析结果的可靠性。研究结果为大桥的损伤预警和状态评估奠定了研究基础。     

Reliability assessment of cable-stayed bridges based on structural health monitoring techniques

This paper presents the reliability analysis approach of long-span cable-stayed bridges based on structural health monitoring (SHM) technology. First, the framework of structural reliability analysis is recognised based on SHM. The modelling approach of vehicle loads and environmental actions and the extreme value of responses based on SHM are proposed, and then models of vehicle and environmental actions and the extreme value of inner force are statistically obtained using the monitored data of a cable-stayed bridge. For the components without FBG strain sensors, the effects and models (extreme values) of dead load, unit temperature load, and wind load of the bridge can be calculated by the updated finite element model and monitored load models. The bearing capacity of a deteriorated structure can be obtained by the updated finite element model or durability analysis. The reliability index of the bridge's critical components (stiffening girder in this study) can be estimated by using a reliability analysis method, e.g. first order reliability method (FORM) based on the models of extreme value of response and ultimate capacity of the structure. Finally, the proposed approach is validated by a practical long-span cable-stayed bridge with the SHM system. In the example, reliability indices of the bridge's stiffening girder at the stage after repair and replacement after 18 years of operation, and the damaged stage are evaluated.