酱油生产中应用米曲霉和黑曲霉混合制曲的探索

该文考察了米曲霉和黑曲霉在单独制曲及混合制曲条件下,成曲的中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、糖化酶及孢子数,探讨了酱油多菌种制曲的可行性.实验以豆粕、麸皮为原料,以AS3.042米曲霉、AS3.350黑曲霉为菌种,探讨了2种制曲方式及不同配比制曲效果的影响.结果表明,米、黑曲霉分开制曲比混合接种制曲所得成曲效果好,米、黑曲霉分别以33℃制曲42h、48h得成品曲,再以2∶1混合所得成曲可获得较佳的酶活力,曲料总蛋白酶活力2748U/g与对照值相当,而酸性蛋白酶及糖化酶活力分别达712U/g、1090U/g,较对照分别提高55.8％、25.4％.     

以南瓜籽粕为主要原料制曲多菌种的筛选

以南瓜籽粕为氮源,麸皮为碳源,用6种米曲霉进行单菌和混菌制曲,以成曲的中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、糖化酶活力、氨基态氮的含量和发酵液的感观评定为指标,筛选出制曲所用的菌种.结果表明,当以沪酿As3.042、宇佐美曲霉为菌种、比例为3:1混菌制曲时,成曲的中性蛋白酶活力为5859.78U/g(干基),酸性蛋白酶活力为481.5U/g(干基),糖化酶活力为496U/g,氨基酸态氮的含量为0.685g/100g,且发酵液的风味最佳.     

河溪香醋混合制曲工艺的研究

从河溪香醋醋醅中分离黑曲霉、米曲霉等糖化菌，并通过不同条件下黑曲霉与米曲霉混合制曲的糖化酶活力变化分析，探讨了接种比例、曲料含水量、培养温度、培养时间等因素对制曲效果的影响。结果表明：接种比例为1：1，制曲温度33℃，曲料含水量90％，制曲时间48h时，糖化酶活力高达1849U／g，比自然制曲提高了约74％。     

花生粕酱油制曲工艺条件优化

以花生粕、小麦麸皮为原料制备花生酱油成曲,研究花生粕与小麦麸皮质量比、米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）As3.042接种量、制曲温度和制曲时间4个因素对花生粕酱油成曲中性蛋白酶酶活的影响,并通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化制曲工艺。结果表明,对中性蛋白酶活影响程度从大到小依次为制曲温度＞接种量＞原料质量比＞制曲时间。花生酱油成曲的最佳制曲工艺条件为：花生粕与小麦麸皮质量比8∶2,米曲霉接种量0.65%,制曲温度32 ℃、制曲时间24 h。在此优化条件下,成曲中性蛋白酶活为（2 493.67±7.70） U/g,酸性蛋白酶活为（596.84±23.12） U/g、糖化酶活为（29.91±2.63） U/g、淀粉酶活为（882.85±32.63） U/g、纤维素酶活为（11.72±3.69） U/g。     

鱼酱油制曲菌种筛选及制曲条件研究

以以低值鱼为氮源,麸皮为碳源,用4种霉菌进行单菌和混菌制曲。以成曲的中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、糖化酶活力、氨基念氮的含量和发酵液的感观评定为指标,筛选出制曲所选用的菌种。结果表明：经过菌种的筛选,选用As3．042：As3．350=3：1,物料配比为7：3。此时获得的中性蛋白酶活力为1971．28U／g（干基）,酸性蛋白酶活力为896．92U／g（干基）,氨基酸态氮含晕为2．98g／100g,糖化酶活jj为84．05U／g。     

响应面法优化曲霉型豆豉的双菌种制曲工艺

为了提高豆豉成曲的蛋白酶活力,根据单因素试验结果,通过Box-Behnken响应面法优化豆豉双菌种制曲工艺。结果表明:在制曲温度29.9℃、制曲时间65.9h、接种量0.24%、米曲霉与黑曲霉菌种配比(质量比)1.40:1的条件下,中性蛋白酶酶活力为358.6U/g,酸性蛋白酶酶活力为105.5U/g,多项验证实验值在95%的置信区间内符合了预测值,说明双菌种制曲能有效提高豆豉成曲中的蛋白酶活力。     

鸭蛋酱的双菌种制曲工艺

将鸭蛋蛋液用动物蛋白水解酶酶解后,添加黄豆、面粉制作鸭蛋酱,并通过正交试验对鸭蛋酱制曲的条件进行优化。采用米曲霉与黑曲霉混合菌种制曲,并通过对制曲过程中蛋白酶活力变化的分析,确定混合菌种发酵鸭蛋酱的最佳制曲温度、制曲时间、鸭蛋添加量及米曲霉与黑曲霉的配比。结果表明：最佳制曲条件是制曲温度30℃,鸭蛋添加量30%,米曲霉与黑曲霉的质量比为3:1,制曲时间48h,在此条件下,蛋白酶的活力最高,达到1465.81U/g。     

酱油多菌种制曲工艺条件研究

研究不同条件对黑曲霉制曲效果的影响，确定黑曲霉制曲的最适条件，以利于与米曲霉分别制曲后混合发酵，提高曲料蛋白酶活力。结果显示：黑曲霉制曲的最适原料配比为膨化大豆粉67％，小麦粉26％，麸皮7％，膨化大豆：水=1：1．3；采用固态培养法，接种黑曲霉量为0．3％，制曲温度控制在30℃～33℃，培养36h出曲。     

酱油发酵中制曲条件对双菌种制曲的蛋白酶活力和孢子数的影响

通过对米曲霉和黑曲霉在不同作用条件下混合制曲的曲料蛋白酶活力和曲酶孢子数的变化分析,探讨了制曲温度、制曲时间和曲霉的不同配比对米、黑曲霉混合制曲效果的影响。结果表明,制曲温度为30℃、制曲时间为35h、米曲霉和黑曲霉配比为3∶1时作用效果最佳,此时,曲料的曲酶孢子数为8.66×109cfu/g,蛋白酶活力可达2588U/g。     

基于肉品调料的甜面酱米曲霉菌种制曲条件与酶活力研究

近年来,基于甜面酱基料的酱肉调料、烤肉调料、炒肉调料的产业化,对甜面酱的感官品质和发酵菌种提出了更高的要求,生产急需制备糖化酶活力更高的成曲。以从酱油园选育的菌株米曲霉A3-U8为制曲菌种,采用响应面试验设计方案,研究了制曲时间、制曲温度、制曲湿度、菌粉接种量等因素对成曲酶活的影响。结果表明,米曲霉A3-U8的最优培养条件为制曲时间47.5 h、制曲温度32.2℃、制曲湿度90.0%、菌粉接种量4.9×10⁶个/g。此条件下曲料糖化酶活为972 U/g干基,中性蛋白酶活为232 U/g干基。该种曲在实践中应用,显著缩短了甜面酱生产的水解时间,为开发浓香型高色度甜面酱提供了前期酶解成曲保障。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press