Rejection of narrowband interference in DS spread spectrum systemsemploying minimum redundant nonlinear filters

A new nonlinear filter structure, the minimum redundant nonlinear filter (MRNF), for combating narrowband interference in direct sequence spread spectrum systems is proposed. Analytical expressions for the signal-to-noise ratio improvement factors are derived under the condition of single tone interference. The results show that the MRNF provides significantly better performance than the minimum redundant transversal filter     

All-fibre multichannel flattop filter based on coherent fibre delayline structure

A technique for implementing an all-fibre multichannel flattop filter based on an optically coherent fibre delay line structure is demonstrated. Using a cascaded high birefringence fibre structure, negative tap weighting is realised in the transversal filter with suppression of optical interference noise. Flattened passbands ~0.35 nm and 0.87 nm with ripples <0.15 dB are obtained     

A linearly constrained fast transversal filter for direct-sequencespread spectrum interference rejection

This paper introduces an improved direct-sequence spread spectrum interference rejection filter using the fast transversal filter (FTF) adaptive algorithm. A constraint is imposed on the FTF update, resulting in a balance of interference rejection and signal fidelity at the filter output. The constraint is controlled by a single parameter     

The optimal linear receiving filter for digital transmission overnonlinear channels

The filter minimizes the mean-square error between the sampled input to the decision device and the corresponding transmitted symbols. It is shown that the structure of this optimal receiving filter corresponds to a bank of matched filters, each followed by a linear transversal filter. Applications of this theory cover nonlinear channels with memory, linearly or nonlinearly modulated signals, and disturbances other than Gaussian noise (e.g. interference from other data sources)     

New Spectrum-Sliced Microwave Photonic Filter for High-Frequency Signal Processing

A new spectrum-sliced microwave photonic filter exhibiting multitap characteristics, high-frequency operation, and insensitivity to the operating optical wavelength, is presented. It is based on an amplitude-modulated single sliced source and a novel sinusoidal group delay line structure, integrating tap weights and delays in one unit, and enabling multiple-tap signal processing without coherence interference limitations. Experimental results demonstrate the realization of a transversal filter response with 7.8-GHz free spectral range and 40-dB out-of-band rejection ratio.      

Rejection of Pulsed CW Interference in PN Spread-Spectrum Systems Using Complex Adaptive Filters

In this paper, the performance of direct sequence QPSK spread-spectrum systems using complex adaptive filters in the presence of pulsed CW interference is analyzed. Both adaptive prediction error filters and adaptive transversal filters with two-sided taps are considered. It is shown that the time constant of the tap weight adaptation in the interference off-interval is usually much greater than the time constant in the on-interval, and that this is beneficial for the system since it results in retaining the rejection property of the filter. Under steady-state conditions, the tap weights are calculated. Analytical expressions for the signal-to-noise ratio improvement under the least favorable interference condition are given. It is shown that the performance of the two-sided transversal filter is better than that of the prediction error filter.     

The gamma-filter-a new class of adaptive IIR filters withrestricted feedback

Generalized feedforward filters, a class of adaptive filters that combines attractive properties of finite impulse response (FIR) filters with some of the power of infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, are described. A particular case, the gamma filter, generalizes Widrow's adaptive transversal filter (adaline) to an infinite impulse response filter. Yet, the stability condition for the gamma filter is trivial, and LMS adaptation is of the same computational complexity as the conventional transversal filter structure. Preliminary results indicate that the gamma filter is more efficient than the adaptive transversal filter. The authors extend the Wiener-Kopf equation to the gamma filter and develop some analysis tools     

Narrow-band interference rejection in DS/CDMA systems using adaptive (QRD-LSL)-based nonlinear ACM interpolators

An Mth order adaptive lattice filter automatically generates all M of the outputs that would be provided by M separate transversal filters. This feature may effectively suppress narrow-band interference (NBI) of either unknown or time-varying bandwidth (or number of frequency bands) in direct-sequence code-division multiple access systems for which the order of the interference rejection filter that achieves the optimal performance is unknown or constantly changing. Moreover, a lattice filter may significantly outperform its transversal counterpart in complex jamming environments in which the adaptive lattice filter must suppress multiple jammers, since each stage of a lattice filter adapts to suppress an orthogonal component of the NBI. The paper develops a computationally efficient and numerically stable adaptive QR-decomposition-based least squares lattice (QRD-LSL)-based nonlinear approximate conditional mean interpolator to suppress NBI effectively. Simulation results demonstrate that both the signal-to-noise ratio improvement and the convergence rate achieved by the proposed interpolators outperform those of other existing prediction-based techniques.     

Rejection of CW Interference in QPSK Systems Using Decision-Feedback Filters

In this paper, the performance of QPSK systems using complex transversal filters with additional decision-feedback taps, in the presence of Gaussian noise and a single CW interferer, is analyzed. Both one-sided (with lagging taps) and two-sided transversal filters with additional decision-feedback taps are considered. Analytic expressions for the tap weights and the minimum mean square errors are obtained. The effect of error propagation on the error probability is discussed and an approximate solution for the error probability is obtained. The transient behavior of the filters using the LMS adaptation algorithm is analyzed. It is shown that if the filter is used for rejecting CW interference only, the one-sided decision-feedback filter is preferred.     

Design of an MMIC Transversal Filter in MM-Wave Bands

A novel MMIC transversal filter structure using multiple-coupled-line directional couplers and its design method are proposed. There is a critical drawback in fabricating MMIC transversal filters because the length of the conventional transversal filter is much longer than the width. In order to solve this structural problem, a novel transversal filter which can easily be realized in MMIC type is proposed. The usefulness of the proposed transversal filter for MMIC applications is verified by the 3D full-wave analysis. The analysis results show the characteristics of low insertion loss, improved selectivity, and little bandwidth shrinkage.     

Meander channel c.c.d. (m.c.c.d.) transversal filter

A simple and compact m.c.c.d. transversal filter is presented. The device features (a) an input-weight technique to achieve a large output voltage, (b) a new `split-input-gate? weighting to provide accurate filter coefficients, and (c) a simplified electrode structure by using the m.c.c.d. as a summing register.     

Ds Signal Data Detection Using Matched Filter with Median Filter and with Transversal Filter in CW Jamming

Analysis and simulation results of a DS spread spectrum system in which data detection is based on a matched filter and a median filter are introduced. The results are compared with a simple linear interference cancellation method using a transversal filter. The probability of bit error is calculated in the AWGN channel and with continuous tone jamming when ideal autocorrelation function of the spreading code is assumed. The effect of CW jamming can be eliminated by both methods, so the comparisons are made in the AWGN channel. It is concluded that the median filter causes a loss compared with the transversal filter. The loss is about 1.2 dB when the window length is the minimum. The loss decreases as the window length increases, being, e.g., about 0.35 dB with window length 7 and 0.1 dB with length 19. Therefore, no other cancellation method is needed in data detection when the median filter is already used as an aiding device in the code acquisition process.     

Performance of direct-sequence spread-spectrum receiver usingdecision feedback and transversal filters for combatting narrowbandinterference

A direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) receiver using both decision feedback (DFB) and two-sided transversal filters for combatting narrowband interference (NBI) is proposed. The receiver is made up of two branches. In the first branch, the conventional demodulator is followed by a DFB filter, while in the second, auxiliary branch, a demodulator with the carrier in quadrature is followed by a two-sided adaptive transversal (AT) filter. Performance of this receiver was analyzed on the basis of the calculated mean-square error and the probability of error at the output of the receiver. Special attention was paid to the effects caused by the propagation of errors in the DFB filter. The results obtained show that NBI rejection is fairly high and practically does not depend upon the difference of frequencies of the desired and interfering carriers or upon the interfering carrier level     

Using the branch-line directional coupler in the design of microwave bandpass filters

This paper addresses the application of the branch-line directional coupler to the design of microwave bandpass filters. The basic idea consists of using the branch-line coupler as a transversal filtering section by loading the coupled ports of the coupler with suitable transmission-line segments ending in an open circuit and taking the isolated port as the output node. Thus, under the signal interference philosophy involved in classic transversal filter schemes, bandpass transfer functions with perceptible stopbands and sharp cutoff slopes are derived. Furthermore, the main characteristics of the synthesized filtering response, such as the bandwidth or the position of the out-of-band power transmission zeros, can be easily controlled by means of the design parameters of the transversal section. Hence, a large variety of bandpass filtering profiles different from those offered by classical filter schemes can be realized. Finally, the experimental usefulness of the transversal filtering section based on the branch-line coupler is proven with the design and construction in microstrip technology of two microwave bandpass filter prototypes at 5 GHz.     

The structure of least-mean-square linear estimators for synchronousM-ary signals (Corresp.)

Several authors have shown that the structure of the least-mean-square linear estimator of the sequence of random amplitudes in a synchronous pulse-amplitude-modulated signal that suffers intersymbol interference and additive noise is a matched filter whose output is periodically sampled and passed through a transversal filter (tapped delay line). It is our purpose in this paper to generalize this result to synchronousm-ary signals (e.g., FSK, PSK, PPM signals). We prove that the structure of the least-mean-square linear estimator of the sequence of random parameters in a synchronousm-ary signal, which suffers intersymbol interference and additive noise, is a parallel connection ofmmatched filters followed by tapped delay lines. A similar structure is derived for the continuous waveform estimator of a synchronousm-ary signal. Finally, we present a structure for estimation-decision detection of synchronousm-ary signals, which is based on least-mean-suare linear estimates of aposterioriprobabilities.     

应用于窄脉冲超宽带通信的均衡算法及其实现

由于高传输速率及多径效应的影响,在窄脉冲超宽带(IR-UWB)通信系统中,基于传统横向滤波器的时域均衡技术已无法对抗严重的码间干扰。通过收发两端联合设计,提出了一种以数据块为基础的基于码元的频域均衡技术,同时介绍了其应用前提和算法实现。仿真结果表明,所提方法能有效对抗超宽带通信系统中存在的码间干扰,是窄脉冲超宽带通信系统中更为现实的技术选择。     

Rejection of an FH signal in a DS spread-spectrum system usingcomplex adaptive filters

The performance of a direct sequence QPSK spread-spectrum receiver using adaptive filters in the presence of frequency hopped interference is analyzed. The analysis includes both the adaptive prediction error filters and the adaptive transversal filters with two-sided taps. If the product of the instantaneous frequency offset Ω_l, between the jamming signal and the carrier of the spread-spectrum signal, and the sampling period Δ is 360° (Ω_l·Δ=360°), the filter gain is reduced to zero. The filter gain G highly depends on the filter adaptation rate μ. Depending on μ, G can vary from zero to more than 20 dB for a jammer/signal power ratio (J/S) of 20 dB. If Ω _l·Δ is small enough (⩽10°), the performance of the transversal filter is better than that of the prediction error filter, in the case when μ is small. For larger values of μ or Ω_l·Δ, these performances are approximately the same. Numerical results for the hopping sequence of the jamming signal are also presented. Besides the filter gain the analysis of the adaptation rate (time constant) filter misadjustment and the system bit error probability is also included     

Bucket-Brigade Transversal Filters

The bucket-brigade delay line (BBDL) is a sampled data circuit in which signal samples are stored and manipulated as packets of charge under the control of a digitally generated clock. The clock-controllable time delay function that is realized by the BBDL may be used to implement a number of signal processing functions. The tapped delay line or transversal filter structure is of particular interest, however, since it has wide application in the field of signal processing. The implementation of transversal filters via BBDL's is examined. The impact of nonideal delay line parameters on filter performance is considered and the results of computer simulations are presented. The practicability of monolithic transversal filters is demonstrated and the performance of experimental filters is described.     

On the synthesis of digital transmit filters

A simple method for calculating the coefficients of a digital transversal filter when cascaded with analog filters is proposed. The optimization criterion takes into account both the spectral characteristics of the signal and the residual amount of intersymbol interference at the decision device input. In contrast with standard methods no a priori constraints are applied to the filter in the time or in the frequency domain     

Adaptive decision feedback equalization: can you skip the trainingperiod?

This paper presents a novel unsupervised (blind) adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE). It can be thought of as the cascade of four devices, whose main components are a purely recursive filter (ℛ) and a transversal filter (𝒯). Its major feature is the ability to deal with severe quickly time-varying channels, unlike the conventional adaptive DFE. This result is obtained by allowing the new equalizer to modify, in a reversible way, both its structure and its adaptation according to some measure of performance such as the mean-square error (MSE). In the starting mode, ℛ comes first and whitens its own output by means of a prediction principle, while 𝒯 removes the remaining intersymbol interference (ISI) thanks to the Godard (1980) (or Shalvi-Weinstein (1990)) algorithm. In the tracking mode the equalizer becomes the classical DFE controlled by the decision-directed (DD) least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm. With the same computational complexity, the new unsupervised equalizer exhibits the same convergence speed, steady-state MSE, and bit-error rate (BER) as the trained conventional DFE, but it requires no training. It has been implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP) and tested on underwater communications signals-its performances are really convincing