12MeV无损检测用电子直线加速器靶的验证计算

本文研究12MeV无损检测用电子直线加速器靶的验证计算。首先通过具体分析无损检测用电子直线加速器中电子与靶相互作用的物理机理,由经验公式计算推得最佳靶厚及对应的靶产额、剂量率分布、X光子的转换效率;其次运用MCNP对常用靶材W、Au、Ta产生的X光子剂量率分布和转换效率进行对比计算,确定最佳靶材及靶厚;最后与实验结果对比,验证了靶计算过程的正确性。     

在线同位素分离器靶-源中靶材料的放射性活度

用LCS+CBURN程序计算在线同位素分离器靶-源中铅、钨、铜、铝、石墨靶材料以及结构材料水、不锈钢在100MeV、200μA强流质子束照射下所产生的放射性核素活度以及γ射线强度随时间的变化,以便为靶的设计、更换以及后期处理提供一定的设计依据。所选靶材料在照射后会产生长寿命放射性核素氚,其中,铅靶材料中还会产生¹³¹I。     

加速器治疗乳腺癌时靶外组织剂量及防护措施的研究

研究医用电子直线加速器产生的9MeV电子束和6MV-X射线对乳腺癌放射治疗时靶外组织的受照剂量,探讨减少靶外组织受照剂量的方法,为临床优化治疗计划提供剂量学依据。借助非均匀组织等效拟人体模型,模拟乳腺癌放射治疗,处方剂量是胸壁照射总剂量50 Gy、淋巴引流区域照射总剂量60 Gy,每次照射2.0 Gy;采用GR-200A LiF(Mg,Cu,P)TLD,将TLD预置于照射野外所关心的组织或器官中作间接剂量测量。在胸壁照射区域,以9 MeV电子束单独照射时,靶外组织剂量从29.0cGy到295.5cGy;以6MV—X射线单独照射时,靶外组织剂量从32.0 cGy到206.7 cGy;在淋巴引流区域,6MV-X射线照射时靶外组织剂量从22.5 cGy到1650.9 cGy。阴影屏蔽可使电子束造成的靶外组织剂量下降9.4％～53.6％,使X射线造成的靶外组织剂量下降19.7％～56.6％;接触屏蔽可使X射线对靶外组织的剂量贡献下降44.2％～65.6％。胸壁照射采用电子束与X射线的混合比为2:3的照射比单纯用电子束或X射线照射可使靶外高剂量组的组织或器官的受照剂量明显下降。     

用于高能微焦点工业CT的旋转式辐射转换靶研究

转换效率高、散热性能优异的辐射转换靶是高能微焦点工业CT的关键部件,本文设计了一种适用于高能（6 MeV）微焦点(直径约100 μm)工业CT的先进旋转式辐射转换靶。通过模拟分析辐射转换靶X射线转换效率和热沉积,确定最优转换靶厚度,从而设计、加工出旋转式辐射转化靶,并成功应用于中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所高能微焦点工业CT验证装置。对比实验结果显示,在相同工况（电子束能量6 MeV,宏脉冲长度5 ms,宏脉冲流强15 mA,焦斑直径100 μm）下,固定靶被电子束熔融,而旋转靶则能够承受电子束的轰击,验证了旋转式辐射转换靶的有效性和可靠性。     

用于高能微焦点工业CT的旋转式辐射转换靶研究

转换效率高、散热性能优异的辐射转换靶是高能微焦点工业CT的关键部件,本文设计了一种适用于高能(6 MeV)微焦点(直径约100μm)工业CT的先进旋转式辐射转换靶。通过模拟分析辐射转换靶X射线转换效率和热沉积,确定最优转换靶厚度,从而设计、加工出旋转式辐射转化靶,并成功应用于中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所高能微焦点工业CT验证装置。对比实验结果显示,在相同工况(电子束能量6 MeV,宏脉冲长度5 ms,宏脉冲流强1.5 mA,焦斑直径100μm)下,固定靶被电子束熔融,而旋转靶则能够承受电子束的轰击,验证了旋转式辐射转换靶的有效性和可靠性。     

XG-Ⅲ装置ps激光束线所致感生放射性评估研究

利用PIC与蒙特卡罗模拟方法对XG-Ⅲ装置在ps激光束线驱动的X射线源和中子源等多种工作模式下进行了剂量学评估,使用PIC模拟确定了高能电子源项后,将其作为蒙特卡罗软件FLUKA的输入数据,通过模拟计算得到了不同靶材在实验结束后不同时刻的感生放射性核素活度及在靶周围所致的剂量。模拟结果表明,对于激光驱动的轫致辐射X射线源,在每次打靶完成并冷却10 min后,在距靶表面1 cm处的感生放射性剂量率约为4 mSv/h,而在距靶表面30 cm处的感生放射性剂量率则已降低到15 μSv/h。对于激光驱动的光核反应产生的光中子源,冷却10 min后在距靶表面1 cm处的感生放射性剂量率小于10 μSv/h。除了靶的材料,靶厚度也会对靶周围的感生放射性剂量率变化情况产生影响,因此有必要在不同的照射环境下,针对不同的靶材及靶厚采取不同的辐射防护方案。本文研究结果可为超短超强激光设施的辐射风险分析及辐射防护工作提供相关参考。     

一个用于束流脉宽压缩的Mobley型宽窗磁铁

本文描述的Mobley型宽窗磁铁是安装在我所2.5MeV质子静电加速器中,为获取1ns脉冲束装置的一个关键设备。在加速器电压为1.5～2.3MeV、粒子能散度0.5％左右时,对H~ 和D~ 束可分别将10～15ns脉冲束压缩或0.9～1.1ns和1.3～1.5ns,靶上最佳束斑3×4mm~2。     

X射线及电子束照射对非洲紫罗兰叶片外植体不定芽再生的影响

采用X射线（电子束能量8MeV）及9MeV电子束对两个品系（Mauve and Indikon）的非洲紫罗兰（Saintpaulia ionahta）组培苗叶片外植体进行辐照处理，研究其组织增殖、芽分化及叶片形态学变化。结果表明，40Gy的X射线照射能使Mauve及Indikon的外植体新鲜组织增殖倍数为27.3和26.3，相同剂量的电子束照射抑制组织增殖能力不如X射线照射，增殖倍数为49．7和27．4。低于20Gy的X射线和电子束照射诱发非洲紫罗兰叶片外植体增殖变化的规律不同于剂量高于20Gy的照射，呈先降低后升高趋势。100Gy的电子束辐照处理使Mauve及Indikon的芽形成率降为3．7％和11.3％，而100Gy的X射线辐照处理其芽形成率分别为7．5％和64．1％。就Mauve而言，60Gy的电子束辐照处理后畸形小苗百分比高达22．2％，相同剂量的X射线辐照处理后为14．8％；而对于Indikon，40Gy的电子束辐照可使畸形小苗百分比升至35．2％，该剂量条件下x射线的百分比仅为5．8％。因此，本研究发现非洲紫罗兰叶片的电子束辐照的诱变效果要优于X射线辐照。电子束辐照非洲紫罗兰Mauve及Indikon叶片组织的推荐最佳诱变剂量为40—60Gy。     

2.5MeV质子静电加速器lns宽度的脉冲束流测量

本文介绍了2.5MeV质子静电加速器1ns宽度的脉冲束流的一种测量方法和装置,给出了测量结果。该装置由同轴深筒接收靶、t_t≤0.4ns的亚毫微秒脉冲放大器和取样示波器(SQ10)组成。说明了同轴深筒靶的次级发射效应对靶上脉冲波形基本没有影响。     

辐射加工级电子束量热计设计

为设计一种可以用于测量辐射加工级电子束吸收剂量的量热计,采用高纯石墨为吸收体,发泡聚苯乙烯（EPS）为绝热层材料,结合MCNP吸收剂量模拟结果设计各个部分的结构,利用ANSYS模拟分析软件进行热分析,确定各个部分的具体尺寸。以此量热计为基础,在某公司的10 MeV电子加速器下进行实验,采用microK250高精密测温电桥测量电阻阻值,获得10 MeV标称能量下的电子束吸收剂量的测量结果,得到吸收体被照射时间变化与吸收剂量的比例关系。探讨量热计准确性的影响因素,在能量为10 MeV时测量电子束吸收剂量的总不确定度为1.43,本研究结果可为辐射加工级电子束的吸收剂量测量提供参考。     

Hydrodynamic response of converter target impacted by high-current relativistic electron beam

The typical response of the X-ray converter material impacted by an intense relativistic electron beam is vaporization and rapid expansion. For the Dragon-I accelerator (2.5 kA, 20 MeV, 60 ns), the slab target is replaced by a multi-foil target in order to reduce the unwanted debris ejected from the target. Comparisons of the output X-ray performance and the hydrodynamic response between the slab target and the multi-foil target are calculated by numerical methods. We found that vaporization and melt ejection dominate the hydrodynamic response in the multi-foil target while the mechanical effect plays an important role in the slab target. We also report the single-pulse experiments which measure the surface density decrease of the converter material after a specified delay. The experimental results show good agreement with the numerical prediction. Hydrodynamic response of the multi-foil target impacted by three successive pulses in 1 μs is also studied by simulation. The results indicate that although the surface density of the material decreases rapidly during the inter-pulse time scale, the X-ray dose produced by the second and the third pulse will nearly maintain the same as the first one.     

Micro-impulse and plasma plume produced by irradiating aluminum target with nanosecond laser pulses in double-pulse scheme

The micro-impulse generated by ablating an aluminum target in double-pulse laser bursts with different interpulse delays was investigated using a torsion pendulum. The plasma plume was simultaneously visualized using high-speed photography to analyze the coupling mechanism of the ablation impulse. The experiment was carried out using a pulsed laser with a pulse width of 8 ns and a wavelength of 1064 nm. The experimental results show that an impulse with an interpulse delay of 60 ns is roughly 60% higher than that with no delay between the two pulses, when the energy of both laser pulses is 50 mJ. Therefore, double-pulse schemes could enhance the ablation impulse under certain conditions. This is because the ablation of the first laser pulse changes the optical properties of the aluminum target surface, increasing the absorptivity. However, the ablation impulse is reduced with a time delay of 20 ns when the energy of both laser pulses is 100 mJ or 150 mJ. It can be concluded that the plasma produced by ablating the aluminum with the first pulse shields the second laser pulse. To summarize, the experimental results show that different delay times in a double-pulse scheme have a significant effect on the ablation impulse. The study provides a reference for the optimization of the parameters when laser ablation propulsion with a double-pulse scheme is applied in the fields of space debris removal, laser ablation thrusters, and so on.     

E-beam generation in discharges initiated by voltage pulses with a rise time of 200 ns at an air pressure of 12.5–100 kPa

The effect of air pressure (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 kPa) on the generation of runaway electron beams in a non-uniform electric field when applying voltage pulses (≈35 kV) with a rise time of ≈200 ns has been studied. The results show that the discharge has various stages: streamer, diffuse, and spark. Initially, a wide streamer develops in the gap and a diffuse discharge is formed. A spark is formed ≈100 ns after the breakdown. The current pulse of a supershort avalanche electron beam (SAEB) was measured with a collector at various pressures of air. Experiments show that there are two modes of generation of runaway electrons. At an air pressure of 25–100 kPa, a single SAEB current pulse with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 120–140 ps is observed. At the air pressure of 12.5 kPa, two current pulses of the electron beam are observed. FWHM of the first and second current pulses are ≈140 ps and ≈300 ps, respectively. The current pulse amplitude of the second electron beam is higher than that of the first one, but the electron energy is less.     

Oxygen effects on irradiated tantalum alloys

Ta and Ta-1% W are being considered to be used as target clad materials in the LANSCE proton beam line for the material test station (MTS). To investigate the embrittlement of these materials due to oxygen contamination and proton irradiation, Ta and Ta-1 wt% W (as received and with ∼400 ppm O) were exposed to a 3.5 MeV proton beam at the ion beam materials laboratory at LANL. After irradiating the samples in the proton beam, nanoindentation was performed in cross-section to investigate the hardness increase of the materials due to irradiation. The nanoindentation showed that the hardness increase due to irradiation is between 9% and 20% depending on the material. The results show good agreement with mechanical testing results on tantalum and Ta-1 wt% W after high energy proton irradiation to doses up to 23 dpa.     

钪酸盐阴极电子枪双短脉冲发射实验研究

本工作研究在ns量级双脉冲高压下钪酸盐阴极电子枪电流发射。实验中采用Blumlein线形成ns量级脉冲高压作为电子枪馈入高压,脉冲宽度约为80ns,双脉冲间隔约为300ns。实验结果表明:在消除了空间高频干扰后,法拉第筒测量到的电子枪发射电流脉冲形状与馈入的ns量级双脉冲高压形状非常吻合。由此验证了钪酸盐阴极电子枪对ns级脉冲高压发射响应能力能满足双短脉冲高压工作状态要求,可以作为ns量级多脉冲电子束注入器。     

一个10ns脉冲束流传输系统

我所质子静电加速器头部切割的10ns脉冲束流经加速成0.5至2.5MeV后,传输进入中子厅,或由高频扫描板扫开,经Mobley磁铁压缩成1—2ns脉冲束流,或由Mobley磁铁偏转,在距磁铁出口1.54米处得到一横截面为圆形的束斑。它的半径为2mm,最大散角为5mrad。如图1所示,为了利用大液体闪烁探测器测量快中子俘获截面,一个10ns脉冲束流传输系统     

Beam heating and cooling of thick targets for on-line production of exotic nuclei

Calculations have been made of energy deposition distributions for “thick” targets (1 mole/cm²) employed in on-line production of exotic nuclei using the Monte Carlo based LAHET code system for high-energy charged particle transport. A variety of target materials and incident proton beam energies have been examined. For 600 MeV protons, the results are compared to those from a similar study reported in the literature. The agreement between the two studies for total energy deposition is reasonably good for monatomic targets, but the results differ in some details of the energy deposition distributions. Target cooling, both radiative and conductive, is examined to assess the suitability of existing target concepts exposed to bombardment by intense (up to 100 μA), energetic (500 MeV to 1.2 GeV) proton beams to produce exotic nuclei. Implications of cooling requirements to target material selection and design are discussed.     

用饱和增益开关法压缩KrF准分子激光脉冲

为提高激光作用于靶上的功率密度和耦合效率，需对目前的激光进行脉宽压缩。本工作采用饱和增益开关法，利用预放大器的放大特性对前端输出的非相干光进行了脉宽压缩，最后将脉宽为23ns的种子光压缩到了12ns，且可根据需要在5~20ns内变化。     

高功率微波探测器的性能改进

首先介绍了目前高功率微波探测器在测量宽脉冲情况下(400ns及以上)存在的问题,其次介绍了改进后的电源电路,解决了实验中出现的探测器在测量宽脉冲情况时脉冲顶部倾斜的问题,使得采集出的脉宽从20ns～1μs的信号波形不失真,并且介绍了对探测器在不同脉宽下分别进行标定的实验结果.实验结果表明,微波脉宽变化对探测器的灵敏度影响不大.同时进行了探测器的重复频率考核,实验结果表明探测器能够在100Hz、1s重频下稳定工作.最后介绍了探测器的应用情况.