温变工况下超定独立成分分析导波监测方法

基于超声导波的结构健康监测技术在实际工程应用中受到变化的环境工况条件的影响,由于独立成分分析方法对于处理时变工况条件下的大量监测导波信号存在局限性,以及对不同程度的损伤表征研究存在不足,提出一种基于超定独立成分分析的导波监测方法并改进了基于k均值聚类的损伤指标。以广泛存在的环境温度作为环境变量,通过主成分分析从大量导波信号组成的观测矩阵中确定独立分量个数,使用独立成分分析将处理后的导波信号分解为独立分量,能够有效地将损伤与环境工况的影响分离到不同的独立分量中。对长期经受环境温度变化的铝板进行了导波监测实验,结果表明该方法能够有效减少独立分量数目并从大量导波信号中排除环境温度的干扰识别出损伤,并且对处于温变条件下的完整和不同损伤程度的铝板进行了损伤识别实验,进一步研究了该方法在排除环境温度干扰的同时表征损伤程度的效果。     

基于弹性导波的厚钢梁结构的损伤检测

弹性导波由于其对损伤的敏感性和长距离传播特性,成为近年来结构健康监测领域的一个研究热点.探讨了利用 PZT 换能器在较厚结构中进行基于弹性导波方法的损伤识别的可能性.首先参考 Lamb 波的频散曲线,设置了导波的激励信号参数如激励频率、激励波形周期数等;基于优化的激励波形和 PZT 换能器布局,在结构健康监测实验平台上对试件进行了检测.通过对实验结果的处理分析,计算出导波的群速度,并根据群速度和飞行时间(ToF)得到了损伤的位置信息.结果表明利用导波方法能够针对较厚结构进行损伤定位并能识别出不同大小的损伤.     

基于混沌激励与吸引子分析的结合面损伤识别方法

工程结构在使用寿命周期内,各种环境因素会导致结合面出现损伤,从而威胁结构的完整性和功能性,甚至诱发安全事故。研究了一种利用混沌激励与吸引子几何特性进行结合面损伤识别的方法,采用混沌振动信号激励待测结构,对采集到的加速度响应信号进行相空间重构,并构造了一种基于吸引子局部方差计算的特征参量用于损伤识别,同时研究了影响特征参量的主要参数。设计了悬臂梁结合面损伤识别实验,控制固定端螺栓预紧力的下降来模拟结合面损伤,利用上述方法对结合面的损伤状态进行了识别。结果表明：本文方法能够识别结合面的损伤状态,所构造的特征参量随损伤程度改变单调变化,响应测点配置、特征参量计算参数等对损伤识别的效果有影响。     

考虑质量变化的空间拱结构小损伤识别方法研究

该研究针对空间拱结构损伤识别精度问题,提出了一种空间拱结构小损伤的动态识别方法。该方法在识别过程中考虑损伤区的质量变化的因素来提高了结构损伤识别的精度。在建立的空间拱结构损伤模型中,应用频率和振型的质量因子变化来表示损伤区质量的变化。应用Wittrick-Williams算法对损伤参数进行计算,根据计算结果来判定结构的损伤位置和程度。为了实现应用最少的测量模态和结构振动特性数据对结构损伤精确识别,建立了一个应用遗传算法的优化计算程序对损伤参数优化计算。在该优化程序中,应用初始的随机染色体群代表沿空间拱不同的损伤分布状况。通过对单一损伤、多个损伤区域和不同边界条件下空间拱进行损伤识别案例对所述方法进行验证,并分析解决了对称结构损伤定位唯一性的问题。结果表明,所提出的识别方法对空间拱结构的损伤具有较好的识别效果,所建立的损伤识别程序具有较高的识别精度。     

基于相轨迹的多裂纹管道超声导波检测研究

在超声导波多裂纹管道损伤检测中,缺陷回波信号幅值较小且波形复杂,不利于损伤的识别。基于混沌系统的初值敏感性及较强的噪声免疫特性,通过数值模拟和实验研究,验证了杜芬混沌系统的相轨迹识别多裂纹管道超声导波信号的有效性。给出了混沌系统相轨迹识别导波信号的原理,并结合超声导波检测,确定基于相轨迹识别的系统检测参数。利用ANSYS有限元软件和搭建的超声导波实验平台分别进行数值模拟和实验,获得超声导波在含有不同损伤大小的6m长的双裂纹管道中传播的数值模拟信号和实验信号,并在数值模拟信号中添加一定的高斯白噪声,用以分析噪声对混沌系统的影响。利用选取的杜芬混沌系统检测数值模拟信号与实验信号并进行对比验证,最后根据二分法确定缺陷位置。检测的相轨迹结果表明,该杜芬系统能够有效地免疫噪声并识别管道中的双裂纹小缺陷,并且提高了超声导波检测的灵敏度。     

基于模态应变能和小波变换的结构损伤识别研究

针对单一方法对结构同时发生多处不同程度损伤识别的不敏感性缺陷,本文结合小波变换在时域、频域内表征信号局部特性且能够聚焦到信号或函数的任意细节进行处理的能力,提出了一种基于单元模态应变能和小波变换的结构损伤识别方法。在单元模态应变能基础上,利用小波变换系数的变化和分布情况构建单元模态应变能小波变换结构损伤指标,通过对简支梁的数值模拟和斜拉桥模型试验研究的结果与单元模态应变能平均变化率作为损伤识别指标的计算结果进行对比,结果表明该方法能有效确定结构同时发生多处不同程度损伤的位置和估计损伤程度,为实际工程应用奠定了基础。     

基于不完备实测模态数据的结构损伤识别方法研究

在传统的基于模型修正的损伤识别中,由于实测模态信息有限而待识别参数过多,往往导致损伤识别方程出现较大误差,从而限制了该方法在复杂结构中的应用。为解决这一问题,对结构的自由度进行了分解,将损伤结构中模态振型的未测量部分表达为已测量到的模态振型、模态频率以及结构其它参数的函数。将损伤视为结构单元刚度的减小,利用完好结构的计算模态数据以及损伤结构扩充后的实测模态数据,建立了结构的损伤识别方程。运用信赖域优化算法对具有双重约束条件的目标函数进行最小化,识别出了结构各单元的刚度损伤参数。通过两个损伤识别数值仿真算例及实验验证,结果表明,在测点数量有限及测试噪声等不利因素影响下,所提方法只需运用少量的实测模态信息,即可实现结构损伤位置及程度的准确识别,同时算法具有较好的鲁棒性。     

差分振子相图的自动识别与应用

通过仿真实验证明了差分振子相图的大小和待检测信号的幅值的大小之间的关系。在相同的参数条件下,差分振子的相图越大,则待检测信号的幅值越大。因此,在参数相同的条件下,对于不同的差分振子相图进行比较,可以得到待检测信号幅值间的大小关系。针对差分振子相图的特点给出了差分振子识别的新方法,可以快速识别差分振子是收敛于极环还是极点。最后,通过工程数据的分析成功的发现了设备故障的发生发展的劣化过程,并对差分振子的相图进行识别,取得了理想的效果。     

粘性液体对管道中扭转导波传播特性的影响研究

对带有液体的圆柱/管中的波传播进行了研究。在流动为层流的假设下,研究了有粘性液体管道中扭转导波的位移模式和传播特性。分析了波的频散和衰减曲线,得到了粘性、密度等和第一阶扭转模态衰减的关系,确定了粘性液体对扭转导波的影响,为扭转导波在损伤检测中应用做了一些理论工作。数值计算结果与某文献中实验结果符合较好,一定程度上证明了液体中的层流假设,说明了第一阶扭转模态在损伤探测中的优势。     

基于导波的焊接方管损伤检测的仿真与实验分析

基于导波的损伤检测方法是结构健康监测领域的研究热点,并在工程应用上表现出很大的潜力。通过有限元仿真和实验分析的方法对某型列车底盘转向架局部焊接方管结构上的损伤检测问题进行研究。仿真中建立结构的三维模型以模拟导波在其中的传播过程,实验中采用主动式换能器网络激发和接受在结构中传播的导波。优选激励频率以减少导波固有的多模式现象对后续信号分析的影响。借助小波变换和希尔伯特变换等方法对所有采集到的信号进行处理,并利用“导波三角定位法”进行损伤定位。实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Damage assessment in layered composites using spectral analysis and Lamb wave

Piezo-ceramic transducers of the surface mounted type are commonly used for structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques. But, there is a disadvantage to use piezo-ceramic transducers of the surface mounted type in Lamb wave application. Due to the symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb wave modes generated by the surface mounted piezo-ceramic transducers simultaneously, the received signals are very complex and it is difficult to extract damage information from the signals.

In this paper, the practical method for SHM was proposed using piezo-ceramic transducers of the surface mounted type and Lamb wave. In order to overcome the difficulties in the signal processing of the simultaneous modes, the symmetric and antisymmetric modes were separated by using the two sensors bonded on the opposite surfaces at the same point. Also, spectral analyses of the separated symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb waves showed that each mode propagated with different frequency characteristics in the exciting frequency range.

By making use of these findings, the changes of power spectrum density in characteristic frequency band of symmetric and antisymmetric modes are proportional to the delamination size in quasi-isotropic Gr/Ep laminates. Therefore, this paper presents the damage assessment technique to extract damage information from the complicated PZT signals that could not be interpreted in time domain.     

基于传递阻抗能量的无基准Lamb波裂纹检测

该文提出了一种获取压电陶瓷(PZT)传感器间Lamb波传递阻抗的方法,以实现对板结构裂纹的无基准快速检测。该方法从两组并排的PZT元件间提取包含Lamb波转换模式的损伤特征信号,对特征信号进行分类并求出其传递阻抗,通过比较传递阻抗的能量差异来判断裂纹是否存在。首先通过有限元仿真研究了裂纹导致的Lamb波模式转换现象以及PZT极化特性对各模式之间相对相位的影响,分析了所提出的方法的可行性;进一步通过在铝板上的实验验证了该方法的有效性。研究表明该文所提出的方法无需选择最优的激励频率和采样时间即可实现对裂纹的快速检测,具有较强的鲁棒性和适用性。     

Fatigue lifetime study of piezoceramic patch transducers

This study investigates the loading limits and fatigue behavior of laminar piezoceramic patch transducers, based on monolithic lead zirconate titanate (PZT) plates encapsulated in epoxy resin matrix. Testing includes tensile and compressive mechanical loading, at different temperatures, as well as electric actuation. The objective is the identification of typical failure mechanisms and suitable models for failure and lifetime analysis. In tensile loading, which is observed to have the strongest influence on the patch lifetime, the relevant failure mechanism in quasi-static and cyclic loading is found to be cracking of the PZT plate, causing degradation of the patch performance. Based on the micro-structural investigations and FE simulation, the fracture toughness of the PZT plate is analyzed and a micro-crack-propagation-based fatigue lifetime model is derived. The effect of the fragmentation of the piezoceramic plate on the patch performance is analyzed by the presented functional length concept, based on the shear lag model, yielding very good quantitative agreement.     

Surface acoustic wave characteristics and electromechanical coupling coefficient of lead zirconate titanate thin films

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films were created on ST-X quartz using radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition. PZT films deposited on quartz are used as a new piezoelectric substrate for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Microelectromechanical technique was used to fabricate interdigital transducers on the surface of the substrate to be used as a SAW delay line device. The results show that the PZT film was successfully deposited on ST-X quartz, and that the PZT film on ST-X quartz can enhance the electromechanical coupling coefficients of SAW.     

Temperature Independent Damage Detection in Plates Using Redundant Signal Measurements

This paper describes a method to detect notch like damages in plates using piezoelectric transducers. The method does not use prior baseline data for damage detection. A single pair of piezoelectric wafer transducers made of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is attached back to back on the opposite sides of a plate and are used for simultaneous actuation and sensing. A notch, which is a sudden change in thickness of the plate, leads to mode conversion of Lamb waves. The mode converted wave component in the measured signal is then separated from the other Lamb wave mode components using polarization characteristics of the piezoelectric wafer transducers. The damage index is a function of the amplitude of this mode converted component of the signal. In real world situations, the damage index will not be exactly zero due to inaccuracy in transducer collocation and non-uniformity in their bonding conditions. Therefore, a (non-zero) threshold for the damage index needs to be established to avoid false alarms. True to the spirit of baseline-free damage detection, this threshold is computed from the signals acquired only from the current state of the structure. This is achieved by using redundancy in signal measurements. Since the method detects damages without having to rely on baseline data, environmental variations like temperature change do not affect its performance. Results from numerical simulations as well as experiments on aluminum specimens are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method described above.     

Health monitoring of concrete structures strengthened with advanced composite materials using piezoelectric transducers

An active damage interrogation (ADI) method which uses an array of piezoelectric (PZT) transducers attached to a structure was used to detect and localize disbonds and delaminations of advanced composite reinforcement from concrete structures. The ADI system provides the ability to detect, localize, and estimate the extent of the disbond by actively exciting the structure with PZT transducers and processing the structural response as measured by the PZT transducers. The ADI system makes use of both amplitude and phase information from various actuator/sensor transfer functions, and also provides a unique method for determining when the transducer/structure bond has degraded. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the ADI method for health monitoring of concrete structures repaired with composite materials, and the advantages and limitation of this method are discussed.     

Time Reversal Based Piezoelectric Transducer Self-diagnosis Under Varying Temperature

Conventional structural health monitoring (SHM) studies using surface-mountable wafer-type piezoelectric transducers such as Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) mainly have focused on structural damage identification, but not so much on functionality of the PZT transducers although the transducers themselves could be often the weakest link in the entire system. In this study, piezoelectric transducer self-diagnosis schemes are developed based on a time reversal process and explicitly considering temperature effects. Several transducer self-diagnosis indices are proposed so that debonded and cracked PZT conditions can be identified and distinguished from temperature variation. First, the proposed self-diagnosis schemes are theoretically formulated, and then the effectiveness of the proposed schemes under varying temperature is verified through numerical simulations and experimental tests.     

Structural Health Monitoring Using Lamb Wave Reflections and Total Focusing Method for Image Reconstruction

This investigation aimed to adapt the total focusing method (TFM) algorithm (originated from the synthetic aperture focusing technique in digital signal processing) to accommodate a circular array of piezoelectric sensors (PZT) and characterise defects using guided wave signals for the development of a structural health monitoring system. This research presents the initial results of a broader study focusing on the development of a structural health monitoring (SHM) guided wave system for advance carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite materials. The current material investigated was an isotropic (aluminium) square plate with 16 transducers operating successively as emitter or sensor in pitch and catch configuration enabling the collection of 240 signals per assessment. The Lamb wave signals collected were tuned on the symmetric fundamental mode with a wavelength of 17 mm, by setting the excitation frequency to 300 kHz. The initial condition for the imaging system, such as wave speed and transducer position, were determined with post processing of the baseline signals through a method involving the identification of the waves reflected from the free edge of the plate. The imaging algorithm was adapted to accommodate multiple transmitting transducers in random positions. A circular defect of 10 mm in diameter was drilled in the plate, which is similar to the delamination size introduced by a low velocity impact event in a composite plate. Images were obtained by applying the TFM to the baseline signals, Test 1 data (corresponding to the signals obtained after introduction of the defect) and to the data derived from the subtraction of the baseline to the Test 1 signals. The result shows that despite the damage diameter being 40 % smaller than the wavelength, the image (of the subtracted baseline data) demonstrated that the system can locate where the waves were reflected from the defect boundary. In other words, the contour of the damaged area was highlighted enabling its size and position to be determined.     

Characteristics of wide-band planar ultrasonic transducers using plane and edge wave contributions

The transient pressure fields of ideal planar ultrasonic transducers may be described in terms of plane and edge wave contributions. Based on this concept, a technique is developed which allows characterization of wideband unfocused transducers by a single measurement close to the transducer face. This method is examined experimentally for both polyvinylidene difluoride and commercial PZT transducers. Also investigated is the effective radiated frequency of these devices.