硅胶固定化咪唑酸性离子液体的合成及在酯化反应中的应用

为了减少离子液体用量,缩短反应时间,提高酯化反应的催化效率,该文以硅胶为原料与-γ(2,3-环氧丙氧基)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-560)反应,合成了环氧基硅烷化硅胶,再与1-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐发生开环反应,制备了一种硅胶固定化1-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐离子液体。探讨了该离子液体在无机酸促进下对合成乙酸乙酯反应中原料摩尔比、酸的用量及离子液体用量等因素对反应的影响。实验表明,当n(乙醇)∶n(乙酸)=1.5∶1,该固定化离子液体用量为1.00 g,盐酸用量为2.0 mL时,乙酸乙酯的最高产率可达90.0%。固定化离子液体重复使用5次,酯的产率由90.0%降至85.1%。将该固定化离子液体应用于催化乙酸异戊酯、苯甲酸乙酯、草酸二乙酯、乙酸正丁酯和马来酸二乙酯的合成,酯的产率比仅用盐酸单组分催化分别提高了20.4%、25.6%、28.2%、22.3%和16.1%。通过简单滤除就可实现离子液体与产物的分离。     

硅胶固定化离子液体的合成与催化醚化性能

室温离子液体是近年来开发并逐渐应用于有机反应中的绿色溶剂和新型催化剂。将离子液体固定于固相载体上可大大减少离子液体在使用过程中的流失。以硅胶为载体,KH-560为偶联剂合成了烷基硅烷化环氧硅胶,再与N-甲基咪唑在浓硫酸作用下制备硅胶固定化离子液体。探讨了在H 促进下的离子液体对醚化反应的催化性能。实验表明,当仅用浓硫酸催化合成正丁醚时,其产率为34%,当体系中仅加入0.5g离子液体和少量浓盐酸时产率则提高至42%,合成固定化离子液体易回收,可重复利用,当重复使用5次后,正丁醚的产率仍可达37.5%。     

酸性离子液体催化合成N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺

以N-甲基咪唑、2-氯乙基苯、硫酸氢钾合成1-甲基-3-[α-甲基-(4-磺酸苄基)]咪唑硫酸氢盐酸性离子液体,考察了酸性离子液体在甲醛和丙烯腈反应合成N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)中的催化性能。结果表明,合成MBA的最佳反应条件为∶n(甲醛)∶n(丙烯腈)=1.2∶1.0,酸性离子液体用量为丙烯腈质量的8.0%,反应温度70℃,反应时间2 h。在该条件下MBA的收率>92%,纯度为98%以上,且反应结束后,产物易于分离,酸性离子液体可循环使用5次以上。     

离子液体中相转移催化合成丙酸苄酯

采用在多种1,3-二烷基咪唑和烷基吡啶等离子液体中催化合成丙酸苄酯,研究离子液体种类、原料配比、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量等对产率的影响。结果显示:选用[C2Mim]BF4离子液体为反应介质,TBAC(四丁基氯化铵)为催化剂,较佳工艺条件为n(丙酸钠):n(氯化苄)=1.3∶1,75℃下反应2.5 h,TBAC的用量0.62 g,产率可达到97.4%。反应结束后可以通过简单的倾析使产品与离子液体分离,离子液体可以重复使用多次。     

酸性离子液体催化合成N，N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺

以N-甲基咪唑、2-氯乙基苯、硫酸氢钾合成1-甲基-3-[α-甲基-(4-磺酸苄基)]咪唑硫酸氢盐酸性离子液体.考察了酸性离子液体在甲醛和丙烯腈的反应中的催化性能,确定了最佳反应条件:n(甲醛):n(丙烯腈)=1.2:1.0,酸性离子液体用量为丙烯腈质量的8.0%,反应温度70℃,反应时间2.0h.在该条件下N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺的收率大于92%,纯度为98%以上,且反应结束后产物易于分离,酸性离子液体循环使用5次以上.     

离子液体[BzMim][BF4]催化甲苯与盐酸和聚甲醛的氯甲基化反应

以1-甲基咪唑和氯化苄为原料合成中间体氯化1-苄基-3-甲基咪唑（[BzMim]Cl）,而后与氟硼酸钠交换阴离子合成了一种新的离子液体[BzMim][BF4],并考察了该离子液体催化甲苯与盐酸和聚甲醛的氯甲基化反应的催化活性和选择性。实验结果表明,[BzMim][BF4]能够催化以浓盐酸为原料的氯甲基化反应,目标产物甲基苄基氯的产率与文献报道以离子液体C12mimBr催化干燥氯化氢为原料的相仿;对同为浓盐酸原料的氯甲基化反应,其单氯甲基化选择性远高于文献报道的以离子液体[emim]BF4为催化剂的35%;当[BzMim][BF4]与甲苯的摩尔比为0.3,多聚甲醛（PF）与甲苯的摩尔比为1.3,浓盐酸与甲苯的摩尔比为7.5,80 oC下反应8 h时,目标产物甲基苄基氯的产率达到88.5%,单氯甲基化选择性高于99%。     

双核酸性功能化离子液体催化酯化反应研究

合成了系列阳离子为双咪唑的双核功能化酸性离子液体双-(3-甲基-1-咪唑)亚乙基双硫酸氢盐([C2(Mim)2]HSO4)、双-(3-甲基-1-咪唑)亚丙基双硫酸氢盐([C3(Mim)2]HSO4)、双-(3-甲基-1-咪唑)亚丁基双硫酸氢盐([C4(Mim)2]HSO4),并分别对其进行了IR、1HNMR结构表征。将合成的离子液体用于系列酯化反应中,探讨了双核离子液体对其催化活性的影响。结果表明,当n(酸)∶n(醇)∶n(IL)为1.25∶1∶0.026,反应时间为2.5 h,反应温度为60℃时,醋酸系列酯收率高达94%以上;在相同反应条件下,丁酸系列酯反应需要较长的时间(3~3.5 h),收率可达92%以上,而苯甲酸系列酯收率可达87%以上。机理研究表明,双核功能化酸性离子液体的催化酯化反应能够在反应过程中实现原位的反应分离耦合。     

1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑磺胺醋酰盐离子液体的合成

以甲基咪唑为原料,合成1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐中间体,与磺胺醋酰银反应,合成1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑磺胺醋酰盐离子液体,并研究其抑菌性能。考察投料比、反应温度对1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐中间体产率的影响;烷基碳原子数量对中间体的合成、离子液体的合成及其抑菌性能的影响。结果表明,n(N-甲基咪唑)∶n(溴代正丁烷)=1∶1.3,反应温度90℃时,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐产率最高;烷基碳原子数量增加,中间体的产率逐渐变低,对离子液体合成产率及其抑菌性能影响较小。     

可用于生物催化合成的离子液体的制备

以N-甲基咪唑、2-溴戊烷为原料,合成了中间体溴化1-仲戊基-3-甲基咪唑([2pentMIM]Br),与NaBF4反应制备了离子液体1-仲戊基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([2pentMIM]BF4)。探讨了反应时间、反应温度、料液比、溶剂等对中间体及离子液体产率的影响。结果表明,最佳制备工艺条件为:反应物料液比n(2-溴戊烷)∶n(N-甲基咪唑)=1.4∶1,反应温度80℃,反应时间20 h,转化率为92.02%,中间体使用丙酮为溶剂,等摩尔NaBF4室温下反应1.5 h,离子液体的产率为94.49%。验证了离子液体的酶生物催化合成LAP的活性。     

一种新型离子液体在尼泊金乙酯合成中的应用

研究了新型离子液体1-(4-磺酸基)丁基-3-甲基咪唑磺酸盐[BSmim]HSO4催化合成尼泊金乙酯,考察了反应时间,反应温度,醇酸比和离子液体用量对尼泊金乙酯产率的影响,实验结果表明尼泊金乙酯的最佳反应条件为当反应时间2.5 h,反应温度为回流温度,醇酸比为2.5∶1,离子液体用量3 m L。以该离子液体作为合成尼泊金酯的催化剂具有产率高,操作简便,可重复使用,具有较好的应用前景。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。