浙江大渔山岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构

文章通过分析浙江大渔山岛潮间带大型底栖动物的物种组成、数量分布和生物多样性等群落结构特征来了解周围海域的水质状况。本次大渔山岛海域潮间带调查采获的大型底栖动物标本共有35种,其中软体动物21种,节肢动物9种,脊索动物与腔肠动物各2种,环节动物仅1种。且该海域潮间带大型底栖动物的平均生物量为1027.33 g/m2,平均丰度为1404 ind./m2。在各类群底栖动物中,软体动物的平均生物量及丰富都为第一。大渔山岛潮间带大型底栖动物的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数的分布范围分别在0.193～2.101、0.268～1.744和0.073～2.007,平均值分别为1.140±1.084、1.080±0.696和0.780±0.886。     

熵权综合健康指数法在鲁湖健康评价中的应用

2014年秋季,对鲁湖的水质和水生生物(浮游动物、浮游植物和底栖动物)状况进行了一次考察,结合综合健康指数法分析了湖泊的生态系统健康。结果表明,湖内深水区水体水质状况相对较好,入湖水体、人类活动干扰强度较大的浅水区域水体健康状态较差,表现为水质营养物质严重超标,底栖动物密度较低、多样性单一;出湖水体健康状态也较差,主要是因为附近区域有人类活动的干扰,与上覆水的水质监测结果一致。     

吐曼河水环境质量评价

使用综合水质评价法及综合水质标识指数对数据进行分析,结果表明：枯水期综合水质标识指数WQI=3.913,丰水期WQI=3.513,丰水期COD水质标识指数P_i为3.78<枯水期的4.35;丰水期氨氮P_i=3.647<枯水期P_i=4.19,吐曼河丰水期水质状况优于枯水期,丰水期河水径流量大对污染物的稀释作用造成的。     

雅女湖水环境分析及环境保护对策

通过对雅女湖及周边环境进行水质监测和调查,展示了雅女湖区域的水环境现状。当前雅女湖周边支流水质较好,湖水水质达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准,基本符合饮用水源地水质要求。雅女湖综合营养状态指数丰水期比枯水期明显偏低,整体呈中营养化状态。分析了雅女湖水质污染的主要污染源,提出了环境保护的对策。     

韶关市2座供水水库的富营养化状况评价

赤石迳水库和苍村水库是位于广东省北部的韶关市2座典型中型供水水库。于2009.8(丰水期)和2010.3(枯水期)调查了2座中型水库的水质和浮游植物种群结构,通过浮游植物的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和McNaughton优势度指数(I)结合营养状态指数(TSI(∑))综合评价了2座水库的富营养状况。营养状态指数和浮游植物的多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度评价结果基本一致,显示苍村水库和赤石迳水库为中营养型水库。     

龙岗河流域底栖动物群落结构

2017年7月、9月、11月对龙岗河流域20个河段底栖动物的调查结果显示:共发现底栖动物41科57属58种,其中昆虫纲48种,占总数83%;软体动物门的腹足纲、瓣鳃纲共6种,占总数10%;蛭纲、寡毛纲和甲壳纲等4种,占总数的7%。龙岗河上游河段底栖动物种类数、密度和多样性显著高于中下游河段。摄食功能群组成以捕食者、滤食者和收集者为主,撕食者和刮食者种类较少,下游河段撕食者类群缺失。冗余分析(RDA)结果说明流速和电导率是影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因素。     

典型河流的水质评价及影响因素分析：以深圳龙西河和丁山河为例

为掌握现阶段龙岗河水体状况及主要影响因子，进而为龙岗区河流的水污染防治和水生态修复工作提供数据基础及技术支撑，于2021年对龙西河和丁山河进行水样及底栖动物的采集和检测。文中采用了综合污染指数法、主成分分析及水质生物评价法对水质进行了分析。结果表明，基于综合污染指数反映出龙西河全年水质等级属于清洁，丁山河全年水质属于中污染及重污染水平的比例约为66.67%,水体污染程度较高，而结合底栖生物多样性指数所指示的龙西河与丁山河的水质状况分别对应中污染和重污染等级。对龙西河水质产生较大影响的污染指标为粪大肠菌群、TP、COD_Mn,影响丁山河水质的主要污染指标为粪大肠菌群、TN、TP、COD_Mn、BOD₅。时间变化上，龙西河水质状况差异不显著，丁山河水质污染指数与降雨呈正相关，强降雨时期带来的农业、畜禽养殖等面源污染加剧了水质恶化。3种评价方法的有效结合能够从水质因子及生物多样性层面综合反映水体实际状况，可为该水系其他河流的水质评价提供参考。     

乐安河水环境现状调查与保护对策

本文主要通过2004年丰水期、枯水期对乐安河13个断面的水质监测资料采用水质单因素标准指数法来分析乐安河水质现状,并由此提出治理水质污染和改善水环境质量的相应对策。     

上海市入河排污口水质分析与评价

对上海市入河排污口的水质进行分析,指标包括化学需氧量、悬浮物、氨氮和总磷,可知上海市入河排污口水质情况总体较好。同时,采用单因子指数法和主成分分析法分别对水质数据进行评价,得出上海市入河排污口基本能够达标排放,且在2018年—2019年的水质数据总体较为平稳,无明显变化,但处于枯水期时的水质稍劣于丰水期。最后建议采用2种评价方法相结合的方式,为上海市入河排污口管理工作提供数据依据和新思路。     

昆明捞鱼河国家湿地公园水质动态分析

通过分析昆明捞鱼河国家湿地公园水质情况，以期对有效控制水体污染、改善水质等问题，提供理论参考。依据HJ 495-2009规定，于枯水期、丰水期(2021年04月、07月)在捞鱼河湿地公园布设不同采样点，对水体理化指标(pH、高锰酸盐指数、总磷、总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮)采用GB/T 11892-1989、GB/T 11894-1989、GB/T 11893-89等方法进行测定；依据GB 3838-2002(国家环境保护总局2002)水质标准进行评价，结果表明：采样点枯水期、丰水期两季水质情况存在一定差异，各指标结果大多超过地表水Ⅴ类标准。     

Sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR): a direct route towards efficient hydrogen production from biomass‐derived compounds

OVERVIEW: Efficient conversion of biomass to hydrogen is imperative in order to realize sustainable hydrogen production. Sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR) is an emerging technology to produce high purity hydrogen directly from biomass‐derived oxygenates, by integrating steam reforming, water‐gas shift and CO₂ separation in one‐stage. Factors such as simplicity of the hydrogen production process, flexibility in feedstock, high hydrogen yield and low cost, make the SESR process attractive for biomass conversion to fuels. IMPACT: Recent work has demonstrated that SESR of biomass‐derived oxygenates has greater potential than conventional steam reforming for hydrogen production. The flexibility of SESR processes resides in the diversity of feedstocks, which can be gases (e.g. biogas, syngas from biomass gasification), liquids (e.g. bioethanol, glycerol, sugars or liquid wastes from biomass processing) and solids (e.g. lignocellulosic biomass). SESR can be developed to realize a simple biomass conversion process but with high energy efficiency. APPLICATIONS: Hydrogen production by SESR of biomass‐derived compounds can be integrated into existing oil refineries and bio‐refineries for hydrotreating processing, making the production of gasoline and diesel greener. Moreover, hydrogen from SESR can be directly fed to fuel cells for power generation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

综合水质指数法对滴水湖水质的评价

正确认识和评价滴水湖水质的变化特征是进行水环境管理的前提。通过监测2006-2009年滴水湖水体溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨氮(NH3-N)以及总磷(TP)等5种主要污染因子的月度变化,利用综合水质污染指数法进行了比较评价。结果表明2006-2009年间滴水湖湖区整体水质已达到地表水IV类水标准(GB 3838—2002),水质状况有明显好转;有机污染物和总磷是滴水湖水体主要污染因子。     

本征特性对聚苯乙烯及聚丙烯发泡行为的影响

以化学发泡注塑成型技术为主线,在二次开模条件下制备微发泡聚苯乙烯（PS）及微发泡聚丙烯（PP）;通过流变性、加工性分析了树脂本征特性对PS及PP发泡行为的影响。结果表明：本征特性对气泡的长大和定型过程、气体扩散具有明显的影响;熔体强度越高的材料,阻碍泡孔长大的趋势越明显,所得到的泡孔越细小而均匀;PS具有合适的熔体强度和熔体流动速率（MFR）,发泡质量较理想,泡孔直径和泡孔密度分别为41.4μm、8.7×106个/cm3;PP（K9026）熔体强度较低,而熔体流动速率过大,发泡质量明显降低,泡孔直径和泡孔密度分别为65.94μm、5.82×105个/cm3。     

基于SLMD预测生物质三组分混合成型特性

采用单纯形格子混料设计法(SLMD)建立了生物质三组分致密成型性能指标预测模型,并进行了实验验证。结果表明,比能耗和松弛密度回归方程的相关系数均大于0.9998,与实验数据的最大相对误差分别为3.82%和0.5166%。生物质成型过程中三组分对其有一定的交互作用,纤维素比例越高,比能耗越大,松弛密度越小;木质素比例越高,比能耗越小,但比例过高,比能耗有略微上升趋势;半纤维素比例越高,松弛密度越大。用棉花秸秆、毛竹和玉米秸秆进行实验验证,比能耗和松弛密度回归模型的最大相对误差分别为2.64%和1.0342%,表明模型对实际生物质有一定的预测效果。     

聚丙烯烟用丝束线密度不匀率的影响因素探析

阐述了聚丙烯烟用丝束线密度不匀率对过滤嘴质量的影响,分析了影响丝束线密度不匀率的因素。结果表明,采用高等规度、高熔融指数的聚丙烯切片和高纺速、低拉伸倍数、水浴拉伸工艺,并使卷曲温度和压力稳定,可降低丝束线密度不匀率。     

Chitosan-based fiber-sponge materials as a promising tool for microalgae harvesting from Lake Baikal

Mass eutrophication of microalgae and cyanobacteria is observed in Lake Baikal in the past decade. In this paper, the concept of replaceable adsorption filter material based on chitosan flocculant filler and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride polymer nonwoven material are proposed. Functional and mechanical properties and morphology of the material are investigated depending on a packing density and a degree of chitosan filling. The introduction of 45% chitosan increases the Young's modulus up to 10 times, and it makes the material more rigid in 2.8 times. The high efficiency of sorption and growth inhibition of cumulative biomass culture was shown. The biomass source is taken from the coast of Barguzinsky Bay of Lake Baikal. Dominant species is microalgae of Scenedesmus genus.     

Index of nutritional quality per volume: a new indicator to evaluate the nutritional quality of food preparations and diets

The purpose of this study was to propose a new dietary index to evaluate the nutritional quality of common dishes and diets: the index of nutritional quality per volume (INQV). In its expression, this index takes into account the nutrient density (amount of nutrient/1,000 g of diet) and the nutrient density per reference volume. The last one is the ratio between the recommended allowances of the nutrient and the volume that it is possible to consume during the day, when the diet is offered freely. Zinc was used as example in the analysis. A total of 14 dishes of habitual consumption in Chile were studied in relation to its consumption by 30 preschool children. The volume that children were able to consume was determined by differential weighing between the amount offered and the amount left on the dish, during a period of 180 days. The percentage of water and energy value were established by means of chemical analysis performed according to the AOAC, and the zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of the INQV were then compared with those of the index of nutritional quality (INQ), which considers zinc density/1,000 kcal, and zinc and energy requirements. This comparison demonstrated that the INQV values were lower than those of the INQ in dishes with energy densities lower than 1.0 kcal/g. The opposite tendency was observed in the case of those dishes with energy densities higher than 1.0 kcal/g. The analysis herein presented demonstrates the usefulness of the INQV in diets which are voluminous and with low energy densities, commonly consumed by the low socioeconomic strata of developing countries.     

Influence of nucleation density on film quality,growth rate and morphology of thick CVD diamond films

The optimum growth parameters of our 5 kW microwave plasma CVD reactor were obtained using CH₄/H₂/O₂ plasma and high quality transparent films can be produced reproducibly. Among the films prepared in this system, the film of best quality has very smooth crystalline facets free of second nucleation and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diamond Raman peak is 2.2 cm⁻¹, as narrow as that of IIa natural diamond. For this study, diamond films were grown on silicon substrates with low (10⁴–10⁵ cm⁻²) and high nucleation densities (>10¹⁰ cm⁻²), respectively. From the same growth run, a highly 〈110〉 textured 300 μm thick white diamond film with a growth rate of 2.4 μm/h was obtained from high nucleation densities (>10¹⁰ cm⁻²), and a white diamond film of 370 μm in thickness with a higher growth rate of 3 μm/h was obtained from low nucleation densities (5×10⁴–10⁵ cm⁻²) too. The effect of nucleation density on film quality, growth rate, texture and morphology was studied and the mechanism was discussed. Our results suggest that under suitable growth conditions, nucleation density has little effect on film quality and low nucleation density results in higher growth rate than high nucleation density due to less intense grain growth competition.     

填充床电渗析器制备纯水的研究

本文介绍了离子交换树脂在填充床电渗析器中的脱盐及电再生机理，实验研究了一价离子及二价离子在设备内的操作参数。一价离子与二价离子相比，树脂使用周期长，操作范围宽，对于一价离子，树脂可在低电压下（〈２５Ｖ）再生，在较高电压下（〉２５Ｖ），树脂内的一价离子及二价离子均可再生。操作电流应略大于极限电流，以保护产水质量。