陶瓷名人名作产业化初探

陶瓷名人名作隶属于文化范畴。作为一种文化载休。它能否从传统的手工绘制中走向产业化生产,满足普通消费者收藏名作的需求,从而推动整个陶瓷文化市场的发展。以陶瓷名人名作实现产业化的必需性,陶瓷名人名作的产业现状存在问题,以及陶瓷名人名作产业化实现途径和市场前景作了一点粗浅的探讨,并期待与有识之士作进一步探讨。     

NOTE ON THE DISCOVERY OF A KAOLIN DEPOSIT IN NEW MEXICO

There has recently been discovered in New Mexico a deposit of the English type of kaolin which is of more than ordinary interest. These beds are located in Township 21 South, Range 3 East, Dona Ana County, and occur about fifty miles north of El Paso, Texas.
The deposits are of the residual type and have been formed through the chemical process of decomposition of feldspathic materials and leaching. They do not outcrop naturally but occur in the upper workings of a mine at one time worked for metalliferous minerals. The present estimated depth is from 150 to 200 feet from the surface.
The kaolin is massive and white in color. Tunnels of great length have been driven through it and it stands in remarkable fashion. For the most part the kaolin appears to have been formed similarly to the deposits in England. It is imminently plastic and fine in grain and due to its extreme whiteness is suitable for paper filler.
Tests which have been made show it to have admirable working qualities, comparable with the imported English variety.     

The Study of Heterogeneous Catalysts by High-Resolution Transmission Electron MicroscoDV

Advances in instrumentation have made it possible in recent years to study the microstructure of inorganic materials at atomic resolution using the technique of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Details of instrumentation have been described elsewhere [l], and applications and trends for HREM have recently been reviewed [2]. Although HREM is primarily a technique for studying bulk defects, it is increasingly also being applied in the profile-imaging mode to derive information about surfaces [3]. The high spatial resolution of the electron microscope makes it a valuable tool for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts. This is evidenced by the growing number of studies wherein electron micrographs are being used to describe the morphology of a particular catalyst. Profile imaging is proving particularly useful in this regard for following changes in surface structure as a function of treatment conditions [4].     

Surface Diffusion

Advances in instrumentation have made it possible in recent years to study the microstructure of inorganic materials at atomic resolution using the technique of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Details of instrumentation have been described elsewhere [l], and applications and trends for HREM have recently been reviewed [2]. Although HREM is primarily a technique for studying bulk defects, it is increasingly also being applied in the profile-imaging mode to derive information about surfaces [3]. The high spatial resolution of the electron microscope makes it a valuable tool for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts. This is evidenced by the growing number of studies wherein electron micrographs are being used to describe the morphology of a particular catalyst. Profile imaging is proving particularly useful in this regard for following changes in surface structure as a function of treatment conditions [4].     

Choosing appropriate methods and standards for assaying tannin

Tannins are chemically diverse polyphenolics that have multiple biological activities. Attempts to establish the ecological significance of tannins have been hindered by the complexities of tannin analysis. A multitude of analytical procedures for tannins has been described, but it is difficult for the nonspecialist to select appropriate methods. We have classified the most common procedures for determining tannin as either chemical assays, appropriate for determining the amount and the chemical nature of the tannin in a sample, or as protein-binding assays, suitable for determining the potential biological activity of the tannin in a sample. We have recommended procedures that are particularly reliable and straightforward for general use. We have also considered the problems encountered in selecting appropriate standards for tannin analysis and have recommended standards that are readily available.     

BP井喷失控事故解读和反思

BP墨西哥湾井喷失控事故被美国政府宣布为国家级灾难事件,BP公司深海油气开发技术全球领先,恰恰是这样的标杆公司,却在油井未投产就发生严重事故,而堵漏的难度如此之大,反复又如此之多。尽管各种媒体上对此事的报道甚多,但是却没有从专业的角度对此事件进行完整性的分析。本文对事故的发生,处理过程进行了详细的阐述,对事故发生的原因和教训进行了层层剥茧式的分析,使读者可以对此有全景性的认识,并从中吸取教训和得到启示。     

The Internet: is your bussiness ready for the millennium?

We are moving from an energy-based industrial age to a knowledge-based information age. In the information revolution, the businesses in the know will be the ones to survive and prosper. The Internet is becoming increasingly powerful as a tool for accessing, displaying and searching for information, and as such it demands serious attention. So what are the basic features of the Internet and what does it have to offer to the coloration industry?     

Process rheometers for molten plastics: A survey of existing technology

There are many operations in the plastics industry where it is useful to be able to monitor the rheological properties of a melt as it is being processed. Such operations include polymerization, blending, compounding, and reactive extrusion. The design of such instruments poses major challenges, as there is a conflict between the need for rapid sample renewal and the desire for measurement accuracy. In-line types, which are installed directly in the process flow, have a rapid response but must operate in an environment where temperature, pressure, and flow rate fluctuate in response to process upsets. On-line types, which make use of a side stream and gear pump to feed the rheometer, allow for more freedom in the design of the rheometer but have an inherent signal delay due to the time required for melt to reach the rheometer. A variety of rheological sensors have been described in the patent and research literature, each with its unique advantages and disadvantages, and some of these are finding increased use in the plastics industry to improve product quality and process efficiency.     

Structural flexibility for heat integrated distillation columns—I. Analysis

In two related papers we define the concept of structural flexibility and apply it specifically to a class of heat integrated distillation processes. A process is structurally feasible if the type of equipment it contains and how it is currently configured allow it to meet specified design requirements. It is structurally infeasible if it does not. Size of equipment is not at issue.The first paper develops a simple method to permit an estimate to be made of a structural flexibility index for a heat integrated distillation process with a fixed configuration. Multieffect columns are permitted. This work shows that processes that differ only in their heat integration can have very different indices for structural flexibility.The second paper presents a synthesis methodology to discover the heat integrated arrangements which maximize the structural flexibility index for the process. Only the simpler arrangements of such columns are considered where they are placed one above the other and without multieffecting.The papers present algorithms by example. Insights are stressed.     

Monitoring Fluidization by Dynamic Pressure Analysis

In industrial practice, it is important to have a method for early detection of changes in fluidized bed behaviour, e.g., to warn about upcoming bed agglomeration. Recently, a number of new monitoring methods based on observing the non-linear dynamics of measured pressure fluctuations have been reported. In this paper, these methods for monitoring fluidization are discussed and the expected future developments are described.     

Cluster particle number and granular temperature for cork particles at the wall in the riser of a CFB

Operating conditions within a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) many times results in the grouping of circulating particles into clusters. Because of their different relative motion with respect to the balance of the flow, these clusters are believed to demonstrate different transport properties when compared to the balance of the particles. To investigate these differences, it is first necessary to have an objective means of identifying those particles that are within a cluster and those that are not. The concept of granular temperature is used to make this distinction. Using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) data for 800-μm cork particles, it has been found that groupings of six or more particles demonstrate a different distribution of granular temperatures than groupings with fewer particles. Based on this fact, it is concluded that groups of six particles as measured in the axial flow direction are the fewest number which can be still considered to be in a cluster for this bed material. Additionally, particles considered to be in the dispersed phase have granular temperatures which are low at low solids concentrations, again low at very high solids concentrations and pass through a maximum at intermediate values of solids flow and gas flow.     

正交试验设计及其在电厂化学中的应用

在火力发电厂化学的生产和科研中，为了改革旧工艺和试验新方法，经常要做许多多因素试验。如何安排多因素试验，是一个值得研究的问题。正交试验设计是研究和处理多因素试验的一种科学方法，已在火力发电厂化学中获得了有效的应用。文中结合国内外的有关资料及作者在试验设计中的一点体会，论术字正交试验设计的原理和方法，以及其在电厂化学研究中应用的诸多方面，并指出了目前应用中存在的不足和解决方法。     

Selective reduction of NOx by hydrocarbons in excess oxygen by alumina- and silica-supported catalysts

A range of alumina- and silica-supported metal catalysts have been investigated for the selective reduction of NO_x by propene in excess oxygen. Platinum, in particular, has been found to have a high activity and selectivity. There is a close correlation between the activity for NO_x reduction and propene combustion. For platinum group metals, it is found that silica-supported catalysts are more active than alumina-based materials. For Pt/SiO₂ catalysts, it is found that the specific activity for NO_x reduction decreases with decreasing metal dispersion. NO is found to inhibit the oxidation of propene on Pt-based catalysts     

Observation of Vacancies by Positron Trapping in Cerium-Doped Zirconolites

Positron annihilation lifetime measurements on cerium-doped zirconolites have given strong indications of positron trapping in samples that have previously been deduced to contain cation vacancies, mainly from X-ray absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and microanalysis. The increases in lifetime of the majority lifetime component are ∼20% for samples deduced to contain a few percent of vacant cation sites. Lanthanum-doped SrTiO₃ samples, in which it is generally agreed that A-site vacancies are produced via the lanthanum doping, have been used as a model system and similar increases in lifetime have been observed for samples that contain more than ∼0.1 formula units of lanthanum.     

Surface composition of polystyrene

The physical and chemical properties of bulk polymers are well understood and have been measured exhaustively for numerous systems, but the properties of polymer surfaces are quite often different from those observed in the bulk and are usually not as easily measurable. Since many polymer properties vary with molecular weight, it is of interest to determine whether or not there is any segregation in a homopolymer system based on molecular weight. In particular, does the surface of a polymer sample have the same molecular weight composition as the bulk? The current work answers this question for a polystyrene system. Through the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry and tagged polystyrene, it has been shown that surface and bulk molecular weight composition are indistinguishable within the limits of the experimental method's sensitivity. The sensitivity of the technique is documented using samples artificially created with different surface and bulk molecular weight compositions.     

Identification of charge carriers in the conduction mechanism of an alternated copolymer of poly(aniline) and poly(phenylene sulfide)

In this paper, we have investigated the electrochemical behavior of a soluble copolymer of poly(aniline) (PANI) and poly(phenylene sulfide) in organic media. By using ‘in situ’ UV–vis and Raman spectroscopies, it was proved that during the oxidation of the first cycle, polarons and bipolarons are formed consecutively, due to the loss of electrons from the nitrogen and sulfur, respectively. In addition, it was verified that the formation of polarons is reversible while the formation of bipolarons is irreversible. In the second and subsequent cycles, only one reversible redox process is observed. This process corresponds to the transformation of polarons to bipolarons and vice versa. The ‘in situ’ resistance measurements have indicated that bipolarons are the charge carriers for doped PPSA, distinctly than it was observed for PANI.     

Materials of construction in the fatty acid industry

The basic material of construction for the tankage and reactors that are used in the fatty chemical industry is one or another variant of the 300 series stainless steels. The use of these alloys essentially eliminates the possibility of iron and other metal contaminations which may either degrade the product or catalyze undesirable oxidation and other side reactions. With certain exceptions, it has been found that Type 304 stainless steel may be used in fatty chemical processing at temperatures up to 150 C and Type 316 stainless steel for tanks and vessels designed for use above that temperature. Where welding is involved in the fabrication of equipment designed for high temperature usage, it has been found necessary to use either a special low carbon stainless steel or an alloy which contains an extra ingredient that will inhibit carbide precipitation in the weld area since such precipitation usually results in a point of corrosion and ultimate failure. in the fabrication of pressure vessels, it is normal practice to use carbon steel plates of suitable thickness that have a minimal amount of the desired alloy bonded to the surface rather than fabricate of solid alloy. This not only reduces the cost of the vessel but adds greatly to the strength of the sheet since most high alloys lose tensile strength rapidly as temperatures are increased while carbon steel retains strength until very high temperatures are reached. In addition to the 300 series stainless steels, certain highly specialized alloys such as Inconel 825, Carpenter 20 Cb, or Monel are frequently used for extreme acid conditions. The lower cost of aluminum as compared to a high alloy makes it attractive for storage tanks but it can be used only when materials contain no moisture, since even traces of water accelerate the rate of corrosion and rapidly render the tank unusable. New materials on the scene are fiberglass-polyester tankage and applied linings of the phenolic or the epon-epoxy type. These materials do not have a wide application, but where their use is possible, it is a lower cost answer to the problem of iron contamination.     

试论锅炉受压元件腐蚀机理及对策

本文阐述了锅炉受压元件的腐蚀机理，介绍了化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀二大类型。锅炉在燃料不断地燃烧，使介质（水）加温、升压、产生高温，高压汽体，一旦由于承压部件强度不够，在内压增高的情况下，它将产生极大破坏，乃至爆炸。为此，现实的工作，需寻求克制腐蚀的对策。     

The oil palm industry bows to NGO campaigns

Palm oil has become the key supplier to the global edible oils market. Continued oil palm development should be a good thing as it is the most effective supplier in terms of low land usage, and it brings much needed development to poor tropical developing regions. It provides livelihoods for an estimated 4.5 million people. As a monocrop that has supplanted forest and peat lands in areas with unmatched biodiversity and inhabited by poor indigenous tribes, it has been heavily criticized for its negative environmental and social impacts. Escalating NGO campaigns, particularly from Europe, over the last seven years have seriously reined in the speed and prospects for oil palm expansion in Indonesia and Malaysia. Large corporate growers have acceded to NGO pressures, as these have resulted in high‐key boycotts by the likes of Unilever and Nestle. Many large companies have signed on as members of the World Wildlife Fund for Nature‐initiated, Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil. Multi‐national consumer brands are being persuaded to change their buying policies, with potential global implications. Strategies to ignore or deny problems in oil palm sustainability have not worked well: a handful of NGOs have played David to the palm oil Goliaths of Indonesia and Malaysia. Since mid‐2010, Indonesia's President is trying to make less‐than‐popular policy changes, and the outcomes bear watching.     

The Significance of Biomechanics and Scaffold Structure for Bladder Tissue Engineering

Current approaches for bladder reconstruction surgery are associated with many morbidities. Tissue engineering is considered an ideal approach to create constructs capable of restoring the function of the bladder wall. However, many constructs to date have failed to create a sufficient improvement in bladder capacity due to insufficient neobladder compliance. This review evaluates the biomechanical properties of the bladder wall and how the current reconstructive materials aim to meet this need. To date, limited data from mechanical testing and tissue anisotropy make it challenging to reach a consensus on the native properties of the bladder wall. Many of the materials whose mechanical properties have been quantified do not fall within the range of mechanical properties measured for native bladder wall tissue. Many promising new materials have yet to be mechanically quantified, which makes it difficult to ascertain their likely effectiveness. The impact of scaffold structures and the long-term effect of implanting these materials on their inherent mechanical properties are areas yet to be widely investigated that could provide important insight into the likely longevity of the neobladder construct. In conclusion, there are many opportunities for further investigation into novel materials for bladder reconstruction. Currently, the field would benefit from a consensus on the target values of key mechanical parameters for bladder wall scaffolds.