Identification of overdeveloped zones of ground water and the location of rainwater harvesting structures using an integrated remote sensing based approach—a case study in part of the Anantapur district,Andhra Pradesh,India

Abstract

The Kuderu macro watershed lies in the middle reaches of Pennar river basin in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. There is great need and demand for ground water for irrigation and drinking purposes, due lo frequent failure of monsoons and recurring drought. The majority of the irrigated wells are dried up and the ground water is extracted from the deeper aquifers, to meet the acute shortage of water. In this article, an attempt has been made lo make a quantitative estimate of ground water resource at the micro level using conventional techniques, hydrogeomorphological and hydrogeological mapping using remotely-sensed data. Multi-spectral and multi-date satellite data from IRS LISS-1 and Landsat-TM were utilised to assess the hydrogeological characteristics as well as ground water irrigated areas. The rainwater harvesting structures are recommended in the ground water overdeveloped villages to recharge the irrigated wells for further utilisation and management.     

Implementation and solution of the diffusion–reaction equation using high-order methods

The orthogonal collocation, Galerkin, tau and least-squares methods are applied to solve a diffusion–reaction problem. In general, the least-squares method suffers from lower accuracy than the other weighted residual methods. The least-squares method holds the most complex linear algebra theory and is thus associated with the most complex implementation. On the other hand, an advantage of the least-squares method is that it always produces a symmetric and positive definite system matrix which can be solved with an efficient iterative technique such as the conjugate gradient method or its preconditioned version. For the present problem, neither the Galerkin, tau and orthogonal collocation techniques produce symmetric and positive definite system matrices, hence the conjugate gradient method is not applicable for these numerical techniques.     

Remarks and corrections to the triangular approximations of fuzzy numbers using ��-weighted valuations

A recent paper was dedicated to find the nearest fuzzy triangular approximations of a fuzzy number by using ??-weighted valuations. We prove, by simple examples, that the results of approximations are not always triangular fuzzy numbers and that in fact they are not fuzzy sets. We give a correct solution of the problem of approximation in a more general case, and we study the properties of identity, additivity, translation invariance, scale invariance, and monotonicity of the new approximation operator.     

Activity of the integrated on-line trypsin microreactor and nanoelectrospray emitter in acetonitrile–water co-solvent mixtures

The on-line trypsin microreactor and nanoelectrospray emitter for peptide mass mapping was demonstrated to be functional under aqueous conditions, but it is well known that electrospray ionization works more efficiently with organic co-solvents. Here, an activity assay was developed to determine the activity of this integrated device with acetonitrile as a co-solvent. Trypsin was immobilized onto fused silica capillaries pulled to fine tips as integrated microreactors coupled as nanoelectrospray ionization emitters. The model substrate N _α-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (2.5–20 μM) and an internal standard (N _α-Z-l-arginine (Z-Arg)) were dissolved in acetonitrile/water at various ratios and infused through the immobilized trypsin microreactor. The trypsin digestion product N _α-benzoyl-l-arginine (B-Arg) was detected by nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer, and its abundance compared to Z-Arg for quantification. The activity of immobilized trypsin in the microreactor was determined by measuring the ratio of the peak intensities of the hydrolysis product B-Arg to Z-Arg internal standard (three replicates). Kinetic parameters determined from Lineweaver–Burk analysis indicate an enhancement of trypsin activity upon immobilization and the addition of increasing ratios of acetonitrile up to 80 %, where K _m is 0.14 mM and V _max = 1.2 μM/s. Much lower immobilized trypsin activities were noted at 100 % ammonium acetate or 100 % acetonitrile than when the two solvents were mixed. The results clearly indicate that immobilized trypsin retains high biocatalytic activity in 20–80 % acetonitrile and is highly compatible with nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry.     

Comparison of individual,ensemble and integrated ensemble machine learning methods to predict China’s SME credit risk in supply chain finance

Supply chain finance (SCF) becomes more important for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) due to global credit crunch, supply chain financing woes and tightening credit criteria for corporate lending. Currently, predicting SME credit risk is significant for guaranteeing SCF in smooth operation. In this paper, we apply six methods, i.e., one individual machine learning (IML, i.e., decision tree) method, three ensemble machine learning methods [EML, i.e., bagging, boosting, and random subspace (RS)], and two integrated ensemble machine learning methods (IEML, i.e., RS–boosting and multi-boosting), to predict SMEs credit risk in SCF and compare the effectiveness and feasibility of six methods. In the experiment, we choose the quarterly financial and non-financial data of 48 listed SMEs from Small and Medium Enterprise Board of Shenzhen Stock Exchange, six listed core enterprises (CEs) from Shanghai Stock Exchange and three listed CEs from Shenzhen Stock Exchange during the period of 2012–2013 as the empirical samples. Experimental results reveal that the IEML methods acquire better performance than IML and EML method. In particular, RS–boosting is the best method to predict SMEs credit risk among six methods.

     

Merging of IRS LISS III and PAN data—evaluation of various methods for a predominantly agricultural area

The present study evaluates six different methods of data merging using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) panchromatic (PAN; high spatial resolution) and Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor (LISS) III (high spectral resolution) data for a predominantly agricultural area including a potato research farm in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. The methods used were intensity–hue–saturation (IHS), principal component substitution (PCS), high pass filter (HPF), Brovey, synthetic variable ratio (SVR) and cubic spline wavelet (CSW) technique. The LISS III data, which were of the same date as the PAN data, were registered to the PAN data by identifying ground control points (GCPs) and using the cubic convolution resampling method. Merged data products were generated using the above-mentioned six techniques. The merged products were evaluated on three aspects, i.e. visually, statistically and by comparing classification accuracy. The study could help to rank the suitability of various merging methods for agricultural land-use applications. The HPF, SVR and CSW merging methods were more accurate than the commonly used IHS, PCS and Brovey methods. The PCS was found to be least accurate among all.     

Towards multi-scale integrated hydrological models using the LIQUID® framework. Overview of the concepts and first application examples

Distributed hydrological models are valuable tools that can be used to support water management in catchments. However, the complexity of management issues, the variety of modelling objectives, and the variable availability of data require a flexible way to customize models and adapt them to each individual problem. Environmental modelling frameworks offer such flexibility; they are designed to build and run integrated models on the basis of reusable and exchangeable components. This paper presents the LIQUID^® framework, developed by Hydrowide since 2005. The purpose of developing LIQUID^® was to provide both easier integration of hydrological processes and preservation of their characteristic temporal and spatial scales. It suits a wide range of applications, both in terms of spatial scales and of process conceptualisations. LIQUID^® is able to synchronize different time steps, to handle irregular geometries, and to simulate complex connections between components, in particular involving feedback. The paper presents the concepts of LIQUID^® and the technical choices made to meet the above requirements, with focuses on the simulation run system and on the spatial discretization of process components. The use of the framework is illustrated by five application cases associated with contrasted spatial and temporal scales.     

On the security and robustness of “Keyless dynamic optimal multi-bit image steganography using energetic pixels”

Multimedia Tools and Applications - The multi-bit image steganography (Paul et al. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76(5):7445–7471, 2017) proposed by Paul et al. provides high embedding...     

Elements of the theory and methods of parametric regulation of national economy’s evolution using discrete dynamic stochastic models

For the class of discreet stochastic dynamic systems with additive noise, advances of the theory of parametric regulation were presented. Efficiency of their use was demonstrated by way of the example of a stochastic computable model of general equilibrium of the major industries.     

Applications of computers in the study of solutions equilibria—III Evaluation of some programs for known ionic equilibria

Nine published programs for the resolution of known ionic equilibria are evaluated. Eight chemical systems of different complexity have been used as bench marks in order to show the efficiency of each program. All the programs have been processed in a macrocomputer, the UNIVAC 1108, as well as in a minicomputer, the Perkin-Elmer 3220. The core requirements of the nine programs in the latter are 4 times greater than for the UNIVAC 1108 and furthermore the CPU time is 10–35 times greater.The programs of general applicability are very slow in the calculation of the simple chemical systems tried. For those systems the COMPLEX-80 program seems to be the most suitable. For complicated chemical systems SOLGASWATER is the most adequate.     

Application of advanced control methods in the pulp and paper industry — A survey

Digital computers have been used for process control in the pulp and paper industry for more than 20 years. This paper reviews the applications of advanced control methods to pulp and paper unit process control reported during the last decade. Modern control theory and adaptive control theory are most often applied to paper machine and headboxes. However a large number of reports deal only with simulated or laboratory scale processes. Indeed very few industrial applications are reported. Some of the reasons for this are analyzed and future trends briefly discussed.     

Detection of mining related ground instabilities using the Permanent Scatterers technique—a case study in the east of France

Ground stability is a major concern for land use planning and both natural and anthropogenic risk assessment, especially in urbanized areas. Space‐borne differential radar interferometry provides a unique tool able to give a synoptic view of ground deformation with centimetric to millimetric vertical precision. Approaches for combining a wide range of radar images such as the permanent scatterers (PS) technique allow the estimation of the deformation history of single buildings. The PS approach has been exploited to investigate a test site particularly exposed to ground deformation hazards, namely the iron mining basin in Lorraine (France). In this Letter, a specific focus was set on the case of Roncourt, where precursor signs of a collapse affecting an area of ～300×300?m² have been identified.     

Evaluation of haptic guidance virtual fixtures and 3D visualization methods in telemanipulation—a user study

Intelligent Service Robotics - This work presents a user-study evaluation of various visual and haptic feedback modes on a real telemanipulation platform. Of particular interest is the potential...     

Optimization of friction stir welding using space mapping and manifold mapping—an initial study of thermal aspects

The aim of this paper is to optimize a thermal model of a friction stir welding process by finding optimal welding parameters. The optimization is performed using space mapping and manifold mapping techniques in which a coarse model is used along with the fine model to be optimized. Different coarse models are applied and the results and computation time are compared to gradient based optimization using the full model. It is found that the use of space and manifold mapping reduces the computational cost significantly due to the fact that fewer function evaluations and no fine model gradient information is required.     

Effect of global position information in unknown world exploration — A case study using the Teleworkbench

This paper presents empirical results of the effect of the global position information on the performance of the modified local navigation algorithm (MLNA) for unknown world exploration. The results show that global position information enables the algorithm to maintain 100% success rate irrespective of initial robot position, movement speed, and environment complexity. Most mobile robot systems accrue an odometry error while moving, and hence need to use external sensors to recalibrate their position on an ongoing basis. We deal with position calibration to compensate the odometry error using the global position information provided by the Teleworkbench, which is a teleoperated platform and test bed for managing experiments using mini-robots. In this paper we demonstrate how we incorporate the global position information during and after the experiments.     

Urban growth trend analysis using GIS techniques—a case study of the Bombay metropolitan region

Abstract

Towns and cities in India are facing complex problems regarding the provision and maintenance of services and infrastructure in the face of the rapid growth of pupulation, caused both by natural increase and migration. In order to meet such challenges a planner needs to have fairly accurate and up-to-date information, especially about physical structures and related land parameters. A study of their trends generally helps in the understanding of the emerging growth pattern and in formulating policies to guide or redirect it. Recent advances in the field of remote sensing technology and computer based Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide very useful tools in undertaking such analysis. The results from a study about growth trends of the urban areas in the Bombay Metropolitan Region using multi-date remote sensing data and ARC/INFO GIS package are described here. The period under consideration is from 1968 to 1989. It should be noted that the major growth in the region is confined to Greater Bombay between 1968 to 1975. After the year 1975, a distinct outward growth along the rail corridors is visible. Growth after 1975 is mainly in the Kalyan, Bhiwandi, New Bombay and Panvel areas and in the area around Manori creek (Charkop area). The growth rate is found to be higher after the year 1975 compared to the prior growth rate. The spatial growth trends are examined in relation to the population and the population density has been computed for different periods. Based upon these densities, the extent of land required for urban development for the year 2001 has been calculated. Suitability of land for urbanisation has been carried out based upon physical characteristics of the land and environmental parameters. The priority areas of urban development to meet the additional requirement in 2001 have been identified on the basis of this suitability analysis. A map on a 1:250000 scale has been prepared to show the areas for urbanisation which will meet the demands for the year 2001. This study demonstrates the potential offered by the integration of the tools of remote sensing and GIS for urban and regional planning.     

A climatological study of the spatio-temporal variability of land surface temperature and vegetation cover of Vadodara district of Gujarat using satellite data

In the present study, a comprehensive assessment of the spatio-temporal variation of day-time and night-time land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Vadodara district of Gujarat in India from 2001 to 2012 has been carried out using satellite data. A significant cooling trend was observed in the day-time LST, whereas the night-time LST showed a distinct warming trend. The entire geographical extent of Vadodara was classified into different night-time LST classes to quantify the extent of the hot pockets, and it showed a clear-cut warming pattern for all the months of the year with an increase in the geographical areas under higher temperature range. Further analysis of Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) also revealed a strong impact of the urbanization process, with annual DTR showing a decreasing trend at the rate of 0.29°C year^?1. An analysis of the vegetation cover of the district showed that on an average, the NDVI of the district increased during the study period. However, a micro-level examination of NDVI values depicted that the type of vegetation cover had drastically changed. The maximum NDVI values for months from May to December for 2012 were much lower than those of 2001 and 2006, indicating a change in vegetation pattern of the district. An assessment of the area under different NDVI values exhibited that for all the months of the year (except September), the total area with NDVI values of higher range (i.e. +0.5 and above) had substantially decreased from 2001 to 2012. The analysis revealed that for some of the months like February, while in 2001, 45% of district exhibited NDVI values above +0.5, but by 2012, it had decreased to only 18%, showing a drastic change in vegetation type and deterioration of the extent of thick dense vegetation.