口腔软摩擦理论与测量技术及其在食品感官感知研究中的应用

食品口腔加工是一个复杂的动态过程,包括食物持续破碎、食团尺寸减小、唾液分泌和食团形成等一系列过程.它既是食品的口腔物理处理过程,又是食品的感官感知过程.在此过程中,食品颗粒之间以及食品颗粒与口腔表面之间普遍存在着相对移动.因此,如何准确描述与该过程控制相关的物理原理,已超出了传统的流变学范畴,而且许多感官特性(如光滑感...     

口腔摩擦学在食品口腔加工中的应用

口腔加工不仅是一个饮食过程,也是一个享乐过程。人们所感知的食物质地是一种多维的感官特征。目前仅通过流变学已无法表征这一复杂感官感知。摩擦学通过模拟食物在口腔内的加工过程和食物被舌头挤压至口腔表面时的润滑行为来客观表征食物在口腔加工中的感官属性。口腔摩擦学已成为表征食物口腔加工中润滑行为的重要工具。本文综述口腔摩擦学在食品加工和研发中的应用,重点阐述食物在口腔加工中的涩感、润滑感等感官感知及其润滑机制,旨在为未来食品设计提供参考。     

“口腔”摩擦学在食品质构感官研究中的应用

食品口腔加工是一个十分复杂的动态过程,包括食物摄入、咀嚼、唾液分泌、食团形成、吞咽等部分。食品在口腔中过程中的质构感官则更为复杂。传统的食品流变学常常只能描述咀嚼初期的感官性质,而不能描述口腔加工全过程的质构性质。近年来口腔摩擦被认为是口腔质构感官的重要机理,可以用来描述舌头与口腔上颚、舌头与食品之间相对运动和由此产生的触觉感官。本文阐述了口腔摩擦学的原理,介绍几种常用的摩擦测量装置(包括本实验室自主设计的摩擦简易装置)和它们各自的优缺点。通过\"口腔\"摩擦学用于食品质构感官研究的几个典型例子,阐述摩擦学技术在食品产品研发和质量评测中的应用前景。     

Origins of Flavour in Whiskies and a Revised Flavour Wheel: a Review

The nature and origins of flavour in whiskies are reviewed with the aim of developing a revised and simplified flavour wheel for training of sensory assessors. Scotch whiskies are perceived as having distinctive characters, generally recognised in pattern recognition (perception, macroscopic brain processing), rather than being subjected to a deconstruction process of evaluating attributes (sensation, microscopic brain processing). Although consumers use simple recognition judgements on whisky flavour in categorical assimilation, industry has a requirement for monitoring spirit quality that necessitates a more reductionist approach. Whisky flavour wheels identify attributes, specific components of flavour character, which can be demonstrated to sensory assessors using reference standards. The advent of cyclodextrin bound reference standards has enabled communication of information on flavour character in training of assessors, as exploited in the brewing industry. A revised flavour wheel, with characters illustrated by reference standards, is proposed to assist sensory training on attributes of whisky flavour character.     

Current methods to evaluate contribution and interactions of components to flavour of solid foods using hard cheese as an example

The flavours of hard cheeses are derived from the balance of odourants and tastants released during their consumption, but the identity, and balance, of these flavour-inducing compounds is still unknown for most cheeses. This can be attributed to the complexity of cheese composition and its analysis, of the processes occurring during consumption and the variations of human perception and expression of flavours. This review addresses some of the issues and methods being used to understand cheese flavour. It discusses factors which determine flavour release in the mouth, methods of preparation of extracts for analysis, sensory assessment of cheese flavour components and fractions, and of whole cheese, identification of odour active compounds and determination of their relative importance, temporal methods of analysis for flavour release and perception and methods of data analysis.     

Correlating instrumental measurements of texture and flavour release with human perception

Attempts to correlate sensory perception with analytical measurement of the physical or chemical properties of a food are widespread in both industry and academia. Reasons for this are discussed, along with some of the techniques employed. The inter‐relationship between instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation in the development and quality control of food products is emphasized. Three examples are drawn from the field of flavour research, where a combination of instrumental and sensory techniques was used for different purposes. Instrumental measures may be used to predict sensory quality within a known design space, provided this has first been validated with appropriate sensory methodology. It is true, however, that a significant correlation between analytical and sensory data does not necessarily imply that a causal relationship exists between the two.