钙盐和蛋白质配比对1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油酯乳液体外消化的影响

利用体外模拟胃肠消化系统,考察酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的不同比例和矿物质含量及两者相互作用对1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油酯（1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol,OPO）消化的影响,并对体外消化后的脂肪酸释放率、粒度分布和脂肪酸组成进行测定。结果表明,胃消化阶段,相同乳化剂配比,OPO型乳液脂质生物利用率随CaCl2浓度增加而增加;且在20 mmol/L CaCl2浓度下,不同蛋白质配比（乳清蛋白-酪蛋白）,乳液体外消化过程中游离脂肪酸（free fatty acid,FFA）释放率大小顺序为：10∶0＞6∶4＞0∶10。体外模拟脂质消化前后平均粒径分析结果显示,在不同CaCl2浓度影响下,胃肠消化后乳液平均粒径大于新鲜乳液;随Ca2＋浓度增加,新鲜乳液d（0.1）、d（0.5）、d（0.9）值均增加,且在加胃肠消化液后,平均粒径显著增大。在肠消化阶段,3 组乳液在不同CaCl2浓度下,FFA释放速率及程度均随CaCl2浓度增加而增加。胃肠消化后的产物FFA和单甘酯组成分析表明：乳液消化后,FFA和单甘酯主要由棕榈酸和油酸组成。除此之外,本实验还考察了不同钙盐对OPO乳液脂质消化的影响,结果表明溶解度高的钙盐加速脂质水解,有利于脂肪酸的释放即在肠消化阶段FFA释放速率和程度次序为：柠檬酸钙＞氯化钙＞乳酸钙＞碳酸钙。     

Influence of emulsifier type on in vitro digestibility of lipid droplets by pancreatic lipase

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of interfacial composition on the in vitro digestion of emulsified lipids coated by various emulsifiers by pancreatic lipase. Sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate (WPI), lecithin and Tween 20 were used to prepare corn oil-in-water emulsions (3 wt% oil). Pancreatic lipase (1.6 mg/mL) and/or bile extract (5.0 mg/mL) were added to each emulsion and the particle charge, droplet aggregation, microstructure and free fatty acids released were measured. In the absence of bile extract, the amount of free fatty acids released per unit volume of emulsion was much lower for lipid droplets coated by Tween 20 (13 ± 16 μmol ml⁻¹) than those coated by lecithin (75 ± 20 μmol ml⁻¹), sodium caseinate (220 ± 24 μmol ml⁻¹) or WPI (212 ± 6 μmol ml⁻¹). In the presence of bile extract, there was an appreciable increase in the amount of free fatty acids released in all the emulsions, with the most appreciable effects being observed in the Tween 20-stabilized emulsions. The stability of the emulsions to droplet flocculation and coalescence during hydrolysis was also strongly dependent on emulsifier type, with the WPI emulsions being the least stable and the Tween 20 emulsions being the most stable. Our results suggest that the access of pancreatic lipase to emulsified fats decreases in the following order: proteins (caseinate and WPI) > phospholipids (lecithin) > non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20). These results may have important consequences for the design of foods with either increased or decreased lipid bioavailability.     

Influence of heat processing and calcium ions on the ability of EDTA to inhibit lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions containing omega-3 fatty acids

The nutritional benefits of ω-3 fatty acids make them excellent candidates as functional food ingredients if problems with oxidative rancidity can be overcome. Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared with 2% salmon oil, stabilized by 0.2% Brij 35 at pH 7. To determine the effects of heating (50–90 °C), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and calcium on the oxidative and physical stability of salmon oil-in-water emulsions, particle size, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and lipid hydroperoxides were measured. The heat-processed emulsions showed no significant difference, in particle size, TBARS or hydroperoxides during storage, from unheated emulsions. Above 2.5 μM, EDTA dramatically decreased lipid oxidation in all samples. Addition of calcium to emulsions containing 7.5 μM EDTA significantly increased both TBARS and hydroperoxide formation when calcium concentrations were 2-fold greater than EDTA concentrations. These results indicate that heat-processed salmon oil-in-water emulsions with high physical and oxidative stability could be produced in the presence of EDTA.     

Comparison of Oxidative Stability among Edible Oils under Continuous Frying Conditions

The stability of camellia oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 1:7:1) after frying potatoes was compared with palm oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 4:4:1) and peanut oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 2:4:4). Oil samples were evaluated for acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, tocopherols content, and fatty acids composition. There was the least change in fatty acid composition in camellia oil among the three edible oils. The α-tocopherol was more vulnerable to heat degradation than γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol, and α-tocopherol was completely degraded before the whole frying process was done for palm and peanut oils. The oxidative stabilities of the three edible oils were in the order of camellia oil > palm oil > peanut oil. The oxidative stability was mainly determined by the calculated oxidizability value related to fatty acid composition, and when calculated oxidizability values were similar, the tocopherol contents of edible oils would be a key factor in affecting their oxidative stabilities.     

植物种子油体的提取及其性质的初步研究

植物种子油体是一种天然的微胶囊,含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸和磷脂、维生素E及植物甾醇等生物活性小分子。因此,在食品、化妆品和制药等领域有很大的运用潜力。本研究选取8种植物种子(椰子、油菜籽、核桃仁、南瓜籽、花生、油茶籽、杏仁和红花籽),在尿素条件下提取不同种子油体,考察并比较不同种子油体的表观、粒径大小、pH稳定性及蛋白组成,为植物种子油体的利用提供参考。研究表明,利用8 mol/L尿素可获得高纯度的油体,不同植物种子油体的颜色和风味各不相同;显微镜(400×)下观察到8种植物种子油体乳液分散较为均匀,其中除油菜油体太小观察不到外,其他油体均呈球形;不同植物种子油体粒径大小不同;pH对于8种植物种子油体乳液的分散稳定性的影响各不相同;通过电泳表征和质谱分析发现8种植物种子油体蛋白分子质量分布情况差别很大。     

Role of soy lecithin on emulsion stability of dairy beverages treated by ultrasound

The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of soy lecithin during the formation and stability of oil‐in‐water ultrasound emulsions. Pre‐emulsions formulated with either 0%, 0.025% and 0.05% of soy lecithin were sonicated at different acoustic intensities (42–70 W/cm²) for 5 min. Dynamic rheology showed an improved stability of the ultrasound emulsions at high acoustic intensity and without soy lecithin, displaying a distinctive viscoelastic region and a behaviour of weak gel. During 21 days of storage at 4°C, the particle size slightly increased (470–500 nm), while the mechanical spectra remained unchanged. The outcomes of this investigation suggest that ultrasound can be used as manufacturing aid for the formulation of dairy‐based emulsions.     

精炼过程对茶籽油脂肪酸与挥发性物质的影响

采用气相色谱与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析精炼前后茶籽油中脂肪酸组成与挥发性风味物质成分。通过"相对气味活度值(ROAV)"评价各挥发性风味物质对茶籽油总体风味的贡献。结果表明:粗榨茶籽油和精炼茶籽油中均检测出6种脂肪酸,主要成分是棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸,精炼后不饱和脂肪酸比例略有提高;醛类物质为粗榨茶籽油和精炼茶籽油中的主要挥发性物质;精炼后茶籽油中酯类相对含量增加了3倍以上,杂环类化合物百分比从3.52%下降到1.62%,酮类化合物从2.33%下降到0.11%。总之,精炼可以提高茶籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量,产生大量酯类化合物,并对茶籽油果香起到衬托作用。     

贵州茶油气相色谱脂肪酸标准指纹图谱构建及其鉴别

目的 基于气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)构建油茶籽油脂肪酸的气相指纹图谱。方法 以贵州产油茶籽为研究对象，采用气相分析不同产地、品种及加工方式共计34批次油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成。结果 确定棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸和亚麻酸为油茶籽油的主要脂肪酸。通过“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”建立了油茶籽油气相色谱标准指纹图谱，并与菜籽油、葵花籽油、芝麻油、玉米油、米糠油、花生油、棕榈油和高油酸花生油等8种植物油进行相似度比较，除菜籽油和高油酸花生油因相似度大于0.95而无法与油茶籽油进行区分外，其余6种油脂均可识别为非油茶籽油。结论 通过对贵州产油茶籽油脂肪酸组成和标准指纹图谱的建立，可为纯茶油的真伪鉴别提供了一定的试验数据支撑     

Optimization of the refining process of camellia seed oil for edible purposes

Processing conditions during degumming, alkaline refining, bleaching, and deodorization of crude camellia seed oil were optimized to obtain high-quality edible camellia oil. Physicochemical properties of camellia oil were monitored during refining steps. RBD (refined, bleached, and deodorized) camellia oil obtained using optimized refining conditions fully satisfied Korean quality standards for edible oil. The iodine value of camellia oil was 84.2 mg I₂/100 g of oil. Camellia oil contained an exceptionally high level of oleic acid (83.1%), along with minor quantities of other fatty acids (8.9% palmitic acid, 4.8% linoleic acid). The total saponin content in crude oil was 437 ppm, as determined by gravimetric analysis. Most (99.8%) of the saponin in crude oil was removed during the refining process. The physicochemical properties of camellia oil were similar to olive oil. RBD camellia oil is virtually colorless and bland tasting and is suitable for edible purposes.     

浸出与冷榨山茶油中脂肪酸的测定及品质评价

目的:进行两种不同提取方法的山茶油的含量和脂肪酸组成及其它相关理化指标的比较和分析。方法:运用脂肪酸标准品的气相色谱比对的方法分析浸出的山茶油与冷榨山茶油里面脂肪酸成分的组成及其含量,通过观察此两种不同提取方法山茶油的透明度、其颜色及光泽度,采用国家规定的标准的检测方法,对其皂化值、不皂化物、碘值、折光率、水分、易挥发性物质、不可溶性的杂质、过氧化值、酸值、相对密度等理化指标进行了详细的检测鉴别和分析。结果:浸出山茶油检出了14种脂肪酸,冷榨山茶油检出了12种脂肪酸,其中油酸(79.37%、80.55%)、棕榈酸(8.79%、8.81%)、亚油酸(7.49%、7.16%)为主要脂肪酸,及花生一烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸(0.02%、0.96%)与硬脂酸(2.11%、2.07%)等饱和脂肪酸;两种工艺山茶油理化指标符合质量指标要求,冷榨山茶油与浸出山茶油比较,体外抗氧化效果与体内抗疲劳效果差异没有统计学意义(p>0.05),浸出山茶油酸值和过氧化值高于冷榨山茶油,且差异有显著差异(p<0.05)。结论:本试验采用的冷榨山茶油与浸出山茶油均符合国家标准,从脂肪酸含量、理化指标、体外抗氧化试验与体内抗疲劳试验结果综合比较,冷榨山茶油品质略优于浸出山茶油。     

基于脂肪酸和生育酚组成的油茶籽油掺假判别可行性分析

从脂肪酸和生育酚的组成分析以及所得色谱数据的系统聚类分析(HCA)和主成分分析(PCA)方面考察了10种植物油的异同点。气相色谱分析10种植物油的脂肪酸组成,鉴别得到12种脂肪酸。对脂肪酸组成数据的HCA分析结果表明,油茶籽油与橄榄油和菜籽油具有相似的脂肪酸组成,而与其他植物油的脂肪酸组成差异显著;而PCA分析结果可以进一步区分油茶籽油与橄榄油和菜籽油。高效液相色谱分析10种植物油的生育酚组成,测得4种异构体的相对含量。对生育酚组成数据的HCA、PCA分析结果表明,油茶籽油和菜籽油的生育酚组成差异显著。因此,基于脂肪酸和生育酚组成分析可以作为油茶籽油掺假判别的依据。     

Enrichment of ω‐3 fatty acids in flax seed oil by alkaline lipase of Aspergillus fumigatus MTCC 9657

Flax seed oil obtained from the seeds of flax plant (Linum usitatissimum, L.) is an unexploited source which contains ω‐3 and ω‐6 fatty acids. Flax seed oil is hydrolysed with a novel alkaline lipase from Aspergillus fumigatus MTCC 9657 for the removal of unwanted fatty acids and enrichment of ω‐3 fatty acids. An appropriate balance of ω‐3 and ω‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and enzymatic enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet promote nutrition and health. Fatty acid composition shows that flax seed oil contains about 26.80%, 13.5% and 25.45% of ω‐3 and ω‐6 fatty acids in triglyceride (TG), diglyceride (DG) and monoglyceride (MG), respectively. After 8 h of hydrolysis, ω‐3 content was increased to 39% in TG, showing that unwanted saturated fatty acids are removed. ω‐6 content of triglycerides in flax seed oil also showed 54.76% increase after 8 h of hydrolysis. An enzymatic method of hydrolysis by fungal lipase was developed by this study and achieved to concentrate the essential fatty acids linoleic acid (LA) and α‐linoleic acids (ALA).     

Synthesis and Characterization of 2-monoacylglycerols from Canarium Oil (Canarium Indicum)

This paper studies synthesis and characterization of 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs), generally used for structured lipid production. Synthesis used canarium oil by enzymatic reaction using immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei that has a specific activity on the sn-1 and 3 of the triacylglycerol structure. Characterization of 2-MAGs by thin layer chromatography using a standard of 2-oleoylglycerol followed by isolation and purification to determine the fatty acids composition.The highest composition of fatty acids on 2-MAGs were unsaturated fatty acids, namely oleic acid (939.8 ppm) and linoleic acid (445.5 ppm), therefore it could be used for the synthesis of structured lipid.     

Impact of whey protein isolates and concentrates on the formation of protein nanoparticles‐stabilised Pickering emulsions

Whey protein nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by heat‐induced method. The influences of whey protein isolates (WPIs) and concentrates (WPCs) on the formation of NPs were first investigated. Then Pickering emulsions were produced by protein NPs and their properties were evaluated. After heat treatment, WPC NPs showed larger particle size, higher stability against NaCl, lower negative charge and contact angle between air and water. Dispersions of WPC NPs appeared as higher turbidity and viscosity than those of WPI NPs. The interfacial tension of WPC NPs (~7.9 mN/m at 3 wt% NPs) was greatly lower than that of WPI NPs (~12.1 mN/m at 3 wt% NPs). WPC NPs‐stabilised emulsions had smaller particle size and were more homogeneous than WPI NPs‐stabilised emulsions. WPC NPs‐stabilised emulsions had higher stability against NaCl, pH and coalescence during storage.     

茶叶籽油与油茶籽油理化性质及脂肪酸组成比较

在对茶叶籽及油茶籽的外观、含仁率、含油率等进行测定的基础上,对茶叶籽油及油茶籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明,茶叶籽及油茶籽外观相差较大,茶叶籽油与油茶籽油在折光指数、酸值、碘值和皂化值等理化性质上较接近。脂肪酸组成上,油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸为茶叶籽油及油茶籽油中含量最多的三种脂肪酸,油酸含量分别为52.13%和73.67%,亚油酸24.32%和11.09%,棕榈酸17.36%和10.63%。茶叶籽油和油茶籽油的单不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为54.12%和75.78%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量为24.55%和11.39%。茶叶籽含油率为19.88%,茶叶籽油潜在年产量可达15余万t。其必需脂肪酸含量是油茶籽油的2.15倍;不皂化物含量为0.77%,比油茶籽油高出22%;茶叶籽油脂肪酸比例均衡,适于人体的吸收,具有开发应用的潜力。     

Free-fatty acid profile obtained by enzymatic solvent-free hydrolysis of sunflower and soybean lecithins

The free-fatty acid profile of sunflower and soybean lecithins generated by enzymatic hydrolysis was determined by capillary gas chromatography using the internal standard method. This procedure involves the previous lipid extraction, clean-up and fatty-acid methyl-esters preparation. Different conventional methods commonly employed to calculate the hydrolysis degree in both substrates were compared. The fatty-acid profile of sunflower and soybean phospholipids and its initial acidity composition were chromatographically determined. Results from recovery studies were satisfactory (98% and 108% for soybean and sunflower, respectively). The effect of temperature (50 and 60 °C) and pH conditions (pH 7 and pH 8) on lecithin-hydrolysis degree was evaluated, being temperature the most affecting parameter. The profile of the fatty acids liberated after hydrolysis depended on both the enzyme and the pH of reaction mixture. Finally, the chromatographic methodology employed in this paper may be useful to study the lecithin enzymatic modification in order to produce emulsifiers with specific characteristics.     

不同产地油茶籽脂肪酸及甘油三酯的主成分分析和聚类分析

开展了不同产地对油茶籽油脂肪酸和甘油三酯的影响研究。采用气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法,分别对我国47个产地的108份普通油茶籽样品的脂肪酸和甘油三酯组成及含量进行检测,并对其进行主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明：从47个产地的108份油茶籽样品中共检测出10种脂肪酸,其中以油酸的含量最高,平均相对含量达79.86%,不同产地样品的脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,不饱和脂肪酸含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）,除海南省5个产地外,其余各个产地样品中油酸含量差异不显著;主成分分析结果显示,油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸是油茶籽油的特征脂肪酸;油茶籽中的甘油三酯包括12种组分,其中OOO含量最高,其次是POO和OOL,LLL和PPL含量最低;主成分分析结果显示,POO、SOO、SOP、PPO、POL+SLL、OOO是油茶籽油的特征甘油三酯成分;在主成分分析的基础上,以含量在1%以上的甘油三酯组分作为评价指标,对油茶籽油样品进行了聚类分析,将其划分为2类,第一类42个产地,第二类5个产地均属于海南省。该研究为我国普通油茶的鉴别分类和加工利用提供了理论依据和参考信息。     

Influence of particle size on the physicochemical properties and stickiness of dairy powders

The compositional and physicochemical properties of different whey permeate (WPP), demineralised whey (DWP) and skim milk powder (SMP) size fractions were investigated. Bulk composition of WPP and DWP was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by powder particle size; smaller particles had higher protein and lower lactose contents. Microscopic observations showed that WPP and DWP contained both larger lactose crystals and smaller amorphous particles. Bulk composition of SMP did not vary with particle size. Surface composition of the smallest SMP fraction (<75 μm) showed significantly lower protein (−9%) and higher fat (+5%) coverage compared with non-fractionated powders. For all powders, smaller particles were more susceptible to sticking. Hygroscopicity of SMP was not affected by particle size; hygroscopicity of semi-crystalline powders was inversely related to particle size. This study provides insights into differences between size fractions of dairy powders, which can potentially impact the sticking/caking behaviour of fine particles during processing.     

红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法快速检测油茶籽油脂肪酸组成的模型建立与评价北大核心CSCD

为建立快速检测油茶籽油中脂肪酸组成的方法,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪扫描86个油茶籽油样品,红外光谱数据分别通过Savitzky-Golay平滑(SG)、多元散射校正(MSC)、标准正态变换(SNV)、一阶导数(FD)和二阶导数(SD)等5种方法进行降噪处理,然后以气相色谱测定的脂肪酸组成作为标准值,采用全波长偏最小二乘法(PLS)、区间偏最小二乘法(iPLS)和联合区间偏最小二乘法(siPLS)分别构建油茶籽油中主要脂肪酸(油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸)的定量回归模型。结果表明:油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸的红外光谱数据预处理分别以SG、SNV、SD较好;siPLS通过有效波段的选择可去掉更多的噪声,比PLS和iPLS建立的模型精确度高,油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸的校正集和预测集的相关系数(R)分别为0.9479和0.8539、0.9008和0.9101、0.9793和0.9505。红外光谱结合siPLS更适用于油茶籽油脂肪酸组成的快速测定。     

Oil/fat blending strategy for improving milk fat globule membrane stability and its effect on fatty acid composition

This study examined the effect of blending with cumin essential oil (CEO) on the stabilisation of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) emulsions, as well as the particle migration rate, fatty acid composition and phospholipid content after pasteurisation. Blending the MFGM with 20% CEO at pH 6.6 (CM4) led to a decrease in the creaming rate. With increasing CEO ratio, the creaming measurements increased to a 30 mm height with 20% CEO at pH 5.5 (CM3) from 25 mm with 10% CEO at pH 5.5 (CM2). The CM4 migration rate was 0.55 mm/h, and this sample showed no significant forward movement during implementation. The droplet size increased with increasing CEO ratio from 1.69 to 2.07 µm. A total of 20% CEO at pH 6.6 (CM4) was the best blending condition for MFGM stabilisation. This study showed enhanced creaming rate and droplet size, indicating greater destabilisation of the MFGM emulsion, when the CEO ratio was increased.