Thermal characteristics of ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours

ABSTRACT:  Thermal properties of conventionally and ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours at various frequencies and voltages were studied. There was an increase in gelatinization temperature for conventionally heated rice starches since they were pregelatinized and became more rigid due to starch–chain interactions. In addition, there was a decrease in enthalpy (energy needed) for conventionally and ohmically heated starches during gelatinization; thus, the samples required less energy for gelatinization during DSC analysis. Ohmically heated commercial starch showed the greatest decrease in enthalpy probably because of the greatest extent of pregelatinization through ohmic heating. Brown rice flour showed the greatest gelatinization temperature resulting from the delay of starch granule swelling by lipid and protein. Enthalpy of ohmically heated starches at 20 V/cm was the lowest, which was most likely due to the lower voltage resulting in a more complete pregelatinization from a longer heating time required to reach 100 °C. Ohmic treatment at 70 V/cm decreased onset gelatinization temperature of white flour; therefore, it produced rice flour that swelled faster, whereas the conventionally heated sample showed a better thermal resistance.     

米粉凝胶形成过程的质构特性及凝胶品质控制研究

以籼米为原料,用湿米粉生产工艺制作大米凝胶,研究米粉凝胶形成过程质构的变化以及米浆浓度、加热温度、静置温度和静置时间等工艺参数对凝胶特性的影响,为淀粉质凝胶食品的生产提供理论依据。结果表明,在凝胶的形成过程中硬度、回弹性和黏聚性逐渐增大。在实验范围内,凝胶硬度随着米浆浓度的增大而增大。将浓度为15°Be'的米浆,于90℃下加热一定时间形成胶体,再于35℃下静置10～20min,形成的凝胶硬度较小,回弹性和黏聚性较大,适合于米粉的制作。     

Some properties of corn grains and their flours I: Physicochemical,functional and chapati-making properties of flours

The variability in physical (1000 kernel weight and bulk density) and mechanical (rupture force) properties of grains from different Indian corn varieties (African tall, Ageti, Early composite, Girja, Navjot, Parbhat, Partap, Pb sathi and Vijay) were studied. The functional (colour, gelatinization, retrogradation and pasting) and chapati-making properties of flours milled from corn varieties were evaluated. African tall flour showed the highest enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH_gel), peak-, trough-, breakdown-, final-, and setback viscosities, and L^∗ (84.4) value and resulted in chapaties with higher extensibility (5.76 mm) and of light colour. African tall flour, with the lowest protein content, showed the lowest grain rupture force. Amylose content and hardness of starch gel from African tall were found to be the lowest among all corn varieties. Girja flour, with the lowest transition temperatures and ΔH_gel, showed the lowest extensibility of chapaties made from it. Pearson correlations between physical and textural properties of corn grains and the functional properties of their flours were established. Rupture force of corn grain and protein content of flour showed a negative correlation with peak viscosity of flour (r = −0.917, and −0.863, p < 0.01). The protein content of flours was negatively correlated with L^∗ (r = −0.759, p < 0.01) value and positively with b^∗ (r = 0.635, p < 0.01) value. Pasting temperature of flours showed a significant negative correlation with peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosities (r = −0.836, −0.846, −0.778, −0.871, and −0.847, respectively, p < 0.01). Pearson correlation was also established between the grain and starch properties. Rupture force of corn grains was positively correlated with the amylose content of starch (r = 0.950, p < 0.01).     

Physicochemical properties,resistant starch content and enzymatic digestibility of unripe banana,edible canna,taro flours and their rice noodle products

Unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours, which have been reported to contain significant amounts of fibre, were investigated for their physicochemical properties, resistant starch (RS) content and in vitro starch digestibility, and compared with commercial high‐fibre‐modified starches from corn and tapioca. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a single endothermic peak located around 70–83 °C for the samples except the modified starches, which exhibited no transition enthalpy. The samples showed different pasting behaviours in the Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) ranging from full to restricted swelling. The RS content varied from 1–26 g per 100 g dry sample, and the estimated glycaemic indices (GIs) of the samples were from 67% to 99%. Generally, samples with high RS were low in GI values. The starches produced acceptable rice noodles but with reduced rate of starch digestion and GI. The effects of the unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours on starch digestibility were either comparable or better than the commercial modified starches. These flours can substitute commercial modified starches to lower GIs of noodles and identical foods.     

Composite wheat–germinated brown rice flours: selected physicochemical properties and bread application

Selected physicochemical properties of composite [wheat/germinated brown rice (GBRF)/germinated glutinous brown rice (GGNBRF)] flours at 100:0:0 (control), 70:30:0, 60:30:10, 60:40:0 and 50:40:10 (%) were evaluated. Germination (steeping at pH 3 for 24 h at 35 °C) increased free gamma‐aminobutyric acid from 2.11 to 32.7 and 2.41 to 30.69 mg per 100 g flour for GBRF and GGNBRF, respectively. The 60:30:10 and 50:40:10 composite flours exhibited the lower peak viscosity (70.42 and 68.54 RVU, respectively). The setback viscosity of composite flours containing GGNBR was significantly lower than other flours. The presence of GBRF and GGNBRF significantly lowered specific volume and expansion ratio of breads. However, all sensory liking scores, except for appearance, were not significantly different among composite flour breads. Overall liking scores of all breads ranged from 6.8 to 7.2 (like moderately). This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating GBRF and GGNBRF up to 50% by weight in bread formulations without compromising sensory liking.     

原料生粉的物理性状对鲜湿切粉品质的影响

以直链淀粉和蛋白质含量差异显著的3种籼稻精米为研究材料,通过调浆(料液质量比11.5)进入产能为1 200kg/h现代机切湿米粉生产线加工成鲜湿切粉,运用扫描电镜、激光粒度仪、DSC扫描量热仪和质构仪等分析了普通干法粉碎、气流超微粉碎和水磨法粉碎的原料生粉物理性状,以及与鲜湿切粉品质的关系。结果表明,不同方法制备的精米粉体粒径大小差异显著(P<0.05),水磨粉表面光滑、呈多面体,颗粒小而均一、平均粒径5.5～7.6μm,微粉颗粒(≤15μm)占比达65.2%～79.1%,糊化焓值为6.7～7.0J/g,在现有的生产工艺条件下,原料生粉的直链淀粉含量,原料生粉在水浆中的粒径水平、粒径组成特性和分散均匀性是制约鲜湿切粉品质的关键因素;800目以上粒径的颗粒组分比例越高,鲜湿切粉品质越好,硬度10g左右、黏力0.5～0.8g、弹力0.4～0.5g可作为鲜湿切粉品质指标的重要参考;原料生粉的糊化特性、蛋白质和脂肪含量等是影响鲜湿切粉品质的次要因素。     

Impact of brown foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour on thermo-mechanical properties of flours from different rice varieties

The physical, functional and thermo-mechanical properties of rice flours prepared from long, round and medium rice grain and of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour were investigated. The impact of foxtail millet flour addition on the thermo-mechanical properties to the rice flours was also explored. Rice flour from long grain had higher amylose content (26.37%), while the rice flour from round grain had better hydration properties compared to the other rice flours. The dough from long grain rice flour exhibited higher starch gelatinisation temperature and cooking stability and lower starch retrogradation compared to the other investigated rice flours. Foxtail millet flour addition to the rice flours exerted a lower impact on the thermo-mechanical properties of the dough based on rice flour from long grain compared to the other investigated rice flours. These differences might be due to the differences in terms of starch properties and proximate composition of the flour samples.     

Extrudate gluten-free breakfast cereals from rice and corn flours with different amylose content: technological and sensory properties

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different amylose content and conditioning moisture on the technological and sensorial properties of extrudate gluten-free breakfast cereals from rice and corn flours. Extrusion was applied to develop breakfast cereals from low-, medium- and high-amylose rice flours combined with corn flour (70:30 w/w), and different conditioning moisture (15% and 17%). When the conditioning moisture was 15%, the extrudates presented lower expansion, hardness and fracturability, when compared to 17% moisture. Extrudates obtained from the combination of rice and corn flours provided light and slightly yellow products, with low values of hardness and fracturability. The micrographs showed the presence of pores, air bubbles and an uneven surface. For industry application, the extrudate with low-amylose rice flour and conditioning moisture of 15% is recommended due to greater expansion and less retrogradation, features that extend shelf life. This cereal was best accepted sensorially.     

Buckwheat and Millet Affect Thermal,Rheological, and Gelling Properties of Wheat Flour

Buckwheat (BF) and millet (MF) are recommended as healthy foods due to their unique chemical composition and health benefits. This study investigated the thermal and rheological properties of BF‐WF (wheat flour) and MF‐WF flour blends at various ratios (0:100 to 100:0). Increasing BF or MF concentration led to higher cold paste viscosity and setback viscosity of pasting properties gel adhesiveness, storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of dynamic oscillatory rheology, and yield stress (σ₀) of flow curve of WF. BF and MF addition decreased peak viscosity and breakdown of pasting, gel hardness, swelling volume, and consistency coefficient (K) of flow curve of WF. Thermal properties of the blends appeared additive of that of individual flour. Nonadditive effects were observed for some property changes in the mixtures, and indicated interactions between flour components. This may provide a physicochemical basis for using BF and MF in formulating novel healthy products.     

非糯性大米粉糊粘度性质的研究

本文用Brabender粘度计研究了多种粳、籼米粉在不同糊浓度、pH值、蔗糖、盐存在下，糊粘度的变化性质。     

发芽糙米粉理化性质研究

对发芽粳糙米粉和发芽籼糙米粉基本成分、微观结构、热焓特性及糊化性质(RVA)等进行了研究。结果表明:与糙米粉相比,发芽糙米粉中粗脂肪含量降低,蛋白质含量增加,总淀粉含量降低,粗纤维、灰分等含量变化不明显;随着发芽时间的增长,糙米粉峰值粘度、最低粘度、崩解值、最终粘度和回升值都降低;发芽糙米粉峰值温度、起始温度、终止温度及焓值均比糙米粉低,且籼糙米高于粳糙米。扫描电镜结果显示:发芽后糙米粉颗粒结构变得较疏松,棱角不太明显,发芽籼糙米粉颗粒结构较发芽粳糙米粉颗粒结构更加疏松,淀粉颗粒体积更小。      

膨化糙米粉添加量对面条特性的影响

将两种不同挤压条件制得的膨化糙米粉分别以0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的比例添加到小麦粉中,研究糙米粉添加量对面条蒸煮品质和质构性质的影响。结果表明,随着挤压膨化糙米粉(EBR)添加量的增加,面条干物质吸水率显著降低(P0.05),干物质损失率增加,干面条的折断强度先升高后降低,熟面条硬度、耐咀性、弹性等质构参数降低。添加由物料水分30%、挤压温度80℃、螺杆转速220 r/min条件下挤压制备的膨化糙米粉的面条干物质吸水率高而损失率相对较小,同时面条的硬度、咀嚼性以及弹性要高于添加由物料水分25%、挤压温度120℃、螺杆转速220 r/min条件下挤压制备的膨化糙米粉的面条。     

碾磨程度对大米特征组分和米粉品质特性的影响

通过测定不同碾磨程度下大米粉的组成含量、X射线衍射、糊化、流变和凝胶质构和结构特性,发现随着碾磨程度增加,大米粉的蛋白质含量从(11.24±0.06)%降到(7.89±0.27)%,直链淀粉含量从(8.51±0.27)%增加到(25.93±2.42)%,米粉中淀粉的XRD吸收峰增强。糊化峰值黏度从(2 025.0±169.2)cp增加到(4 847.0±140.5)cp,糊化温度从(71.82±0.67)℃下降到(70.10±0.04)℃,米粉糊的黏度和弹性增加而流动性降低,凝胶微观结构区域均匀紧密。说明碾磨能够降低大米粉的蛋白质含量,增加直链淀粉含量且对大米粉的糊化和短期老化有促进作用,促进作用均随碾磨程度增加而加强。     

Factor analysis of the functional properties of rice flours from mutant genotypes

A set of 27 waxy rice genotypes and 52 rice genotypes with medium and high amylose contents were screened for various functional properties of flour. In this study, 68 genotypes containing various amylose contents (1.2–30.4%) were mutants of the rice variety TNG67 widely grown in Taiwan. The proximate composition, pasting, thermal and textural properties of rice flours were determined and analysed with factor analysis to assess the genetic differences. A wide variation in various functional properties was observed. Factor analysis indicated that four factors relating to amylose content, gel textural, gelatinization and protein content could explain 80% of the variability among 79 rice flours. Correlation studies and scatter diagrams also indicated the larger role of amylose with respect to protein and lipid in determining the rice flour quality. The present study can be used for readily identifying differences between rice genotypes for eating/cooking quality.     

石斛汁糯米糍的制作及工艺条件优化

将新鲜叠鞘石斛汁与糯米糍的营养成分相结合,制作出含有石斛汁的糯米糍。在糯米粉、石斛汁、玉米粉及蜂蜜的添加量这四个单因素实验基础上应用正交实验法对石斛糯米糍的制作工艺进行优化,并用感官评定的方法对其口感、色泽等方面进行评定,最后得出石斛糯米糍最佳制作工艺条件为:糯米粉100 g、石斛汁30 g、玉米粉15 g、蜂蜜20 g、蒸煮时间15 min,此条件下的感官品质得分为86.33分。成品水分含量25.03%,蛋白质含量3.18%,脂肪含量4.43%,多糖含量6.25%,卫生指标符合GB 7099-2015糕点、面包食品安全国家标准。优化的石斛糯米糍制作工艺合理、可行,产品有浓郁的石斛香气和丰富的营养价值,是一种老少皆宜的休闲食品,具有巨大的市场潜力,有利于推广。      

不同储藏时间米糠制备膳食纤维对米粉糊化和凝胶性质的影响

将米糠储藏0、1、3、5、10 d后制备的米糠不溶性膳食纤维(rice bran insoluble dietary fiber,RBIDF)添加到米粉中,研究不同储藏时间米糠制备的RBIDF对米粉糊化和凝胶性质的影响。结果表明,当RBIDF添加量相同时,随着米糠储藏时间的延长,米粉的峰值黏度呈先上升后略微下降的趋势,在米糠储藏第5天时达到最大值,回生值逐渐上升,峰值时间和糊化温度先下降后上升,分别在米糠储藏5 d和3 d达到最小值;储能模量在米粉凝胶形成阶段和米粉凝胶形成后阶段都呈上升趋势,损耗角正切在米粉凝胶形成后阶段先减小后增大,在米糠储藏5 d达到最小值;硬度、回复性、胶着性、咀嚼度先增大后减小,黏附性先减小后增大,均在米糠储藏3 d达到极值。相关性分析结果表明,米糠毛油酸值与米粉的峰值黏度呈显著(P 0. 05)正相关,与峰值时间和糊化温度呈极显著(P 0. 01)负相关,与回生值和米糠储藏时间呈极显著(P 0. 01)正相关。     

The effects of extruded black rice flour on rheological and structural properties of wheat-based dough and bread quality

Addition of raw black rice flour leads to deficient processability on bread making quality. One of the effective methods to modify the functional properties of black rice flour (BRF) composite dough is to extrude black rice flour (EBRF) before incorporation. This study investigated and compared the effect of BRF and EBRF addition level of 10%–50% on the rheology, microstructure of dough and bread quality. The rheological properties of composite dough were recorded by Mixolab, stress relaxation and tensile test. The substitution of EBRF presented higher water absorption but lower development time, protein weakening, starch gelatinization, starch gel stability and starch retrogradation than wheat flour dough. Both the BRF and EBRF dough presented solid-like behaviour, while the EBRF dough showed more viscous, higher resistance and extensibility than BRF dough. The dough microstructure of dough was observed by SEM, and a more compact structure of EBRF dough could be seen than BRF dough. The incorporation of EBRF in bread quality presented higher specific volume, lower bake loss and firmness than BRF bread. These findings indicated the potential utilisation value of extruded black rice flour in bread making.