Investigation on moisture migration,microstructure and quality changes of fresh-cut apple during storage

Moisture migration of fresh-cut apple during 4 °C storage was monitored by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three water components were identified in apple tissue by LF-NMR T₂ relaxation, corresponding to water in cell wall, cytoplasm and vacuole. The relaxation results also revealed that the moisture migrated from the vacuole to cytoplasm and the mobility of water in vacuole decreased with the extension of storage time. T₂ weighted images of MRI indicated that high density of water appeared at the edge of the fresh-cut apple in the later stage of storage. Breakdown of cell walls and intracellular network were observed by cryo scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM). Moreover, storage process also led to the decrease in moisture content, browning and softening of fresh-cut apple. In addition, good prediction models have been developed for quality indicators using partial least squares regression based on Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill decay data.     

γ射线辐照对香菇采后贮藏过程中水分特性及理化指标的影响

以新鲜香菇‘808’为研究对象,考察1.0 kGy 60Co γ射线辐照对香菇贮藏（（4±1）℃、相对湿度（80±5）%）过程中理化指标（色度、质构、显微结构）、水分迁移规律和感官品质的影响。结果表明：在贮藏过程中,经辐照处理的香菇亮度（L*值）由90.06下降至87.77,而对照组L*值由90.54下降至80.71,表明辐照延缓了褐变,防止了鲜香菇色泽劣变;辐照组的硬度显著高于对照组,辐照处理减缓了香菇菌丝组织网络结构的降解;由低场核磁共振分析可知,在贮藏过程中,对照组香菇的水分状态极不稳定,自由水横向弛豫时间T23峰面积在贮藏初期有小幅度上升,随后急剧下降,结合水T21峰面积先升高后降低,并且在贮藏后期T21峰右移;而辐照组香菇自由水T23峰面积均匀下降,结合水T21峰面积并无大幅度变化,两组不易流动水T22峰面积均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,因此辐照处理提高了鲜香菇不同状态水分的稳定性,而且辐照处理延缓了鲜香菇感官品质的劣变进程。结论：1.0 kGy 60Co γ射线辐照处理可以较好地维持鲜香菇的理化特征,减少水分流失,延长香菇的货架期。     

采收期对香菇耐贮特性及抗氧化酶系统的影响

以两种商业采收期(未开伞成熟度与开伞成熟度)的香菇(Lentinus edodes)为实验材料,研究其在15℃贮藏过程中开伞度、质量损失率、呼吸强度、水分含量、抗坏血酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化。整个贮藏中,开伞成熟度香菇伞盖直径变化率、呼吸速率分别是未开伞成熟度香菇的1.5～2.5、1.2～1.8 倍;贮藏至第7 天时,水分含量仅为未开伞成熟度香菇的0.5 倍,抗坏血酸含量下降量比未开伞成熟度香菇高出21.8%;并且贮藏期间,未开伞成熟度香菇的SOD、POD 及CAT 活性始终高于开伞成熟度香菇(P ＜ 0.05)。结果表明,与开伞成成熟度香菇相比,未开伞成熟度香菇具有较好的耐贮性品质及较高的抗氧化能力。     

奥尔良鸡腿排冻藏期间的品质变化

以奥尔良鸡腿排为研究对象,每30 d对奥尔良鸡腿排的色泽、质构特性、剪切力、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失 率、pH值、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值进行测定,并结合低场核磁共振（low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）技 术对其水分状态进行测定,研究奥尔良鸡腿排在240 d冻藏期间的品质变化。结果表明：奥尔良鸡腿排的理化指标 受冻藏时间影响显著（P＜0.05）,随着冻藏时间的延长,奥尔良鸡腿排的pH值不断增加,TBARs值呈上升趋势, TVB-N含量不断上升,菌落总数的变化趋势为先下降后上升;色泽指标中的亮度值及红度值呈降低趋势,而黄度值 呈升高趋势;质构指标中的硬度、咀嚼性、黏结性和剪切力呈上升趋势,而弹性逐渐下降;蒸煮损失率和解冻损失 率逐渐增大;横向弛豫时间T23峰面积（自由水含量）减小,T21峰面积（结合水含量）几乎不变,T22峰面积（不易 流动水含量）略有减小;磁共振成像结果表明,肉质表面氢质子发生明显迁移,与水分变化分析结果一致。     

脉冲强光预处理联合控湿干燥提升香菇的贮藏品质

该研究探讨了脉冲强光（IPL）预处理联合控湿干燥对香菇储藏品质的影响。研究发现,脉冲强光预处理可以降低贮藏期间新鲜和干香菇的呼吸速率,分别为对照的76.69%和84.65%;脉冲强光预处理提高了还原糖的保留率。新鲜和干香菇在贮藏期间对照的多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性分别是IPL预处理样品的1.73倍和1.39倍,酶促褐变反应受到抑制,也因此提高了总酚的保留率。IPL可以提高鲜、干香菇在贮藏期间的品质、多糖保留率和抗氧化能力,延缓软化。IPL处理降低了新鲜香菇在贮藏期间的菌落总数（从6.43～8.02 log CFU/g减少至3.29～4.66 log CFU/g）,但是对干香菇在贮藏期间菌落总数影响较小。与热烫处理相比,脉冲强光处理提升香菇贮藏品质更佳。因此脉冲强光可以作为一种稳定的预处理手段用于香菇干燥和保鲜中。     

不同冻藏时间的猪肉品质比较及其变化机制研究

为了解冷冻储藏期间猪肉品质变化的原因及其可能的机制,分别比较了冻藏4个月和冻藏8个月猪肉的持水性、质构、颜色等品质指标;并通过低场核磁（low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）检测了猪肉样品中水分的种类和分布,探索了不同水分分布与持水性、质构间的相关性;通过电子鼻和基于高分辨质谱的脂质组学分析探讨了猪肉风味成分的变化以及引起变化的特征物质的种类。结果表明,与冻藏4个月的猪肉相比,冻藏8个月猪肉的品质明显劣变,而其肌纤维形貌更加松散、水分弛豫时间延后、峰面积减小。而猪肉的持水性和质构等品质指标与冻藏时间存在正相关性,与水分弛豫时间和面积之间存在负相关性,也说明经过长时间冻藏,猪肉中结合水和不易流动水的迁移与损失可能是引起猪肉质构品质发生劣变的主要原因。通过对猪肉电子鼻数据的偏最小二乘回归分析（PLS-DA）发现,经过长期冻藏后猪肉的风味成分也明显改变,发生变化的风味成分主要为烷烃、芳香类成分、弱极性化合物、甲烷和醇类化合物。而通过高分辨质谱鉴定出5种与脂质氧化相关的差异化合物,推测经过长时间冻藏后,猪肉风味物质发生的明显变化可能是由于肌肉组织中的脂类被氧化造成的。     

低场核磁共振无损检测技术在水产品加工贮藏方面的应用

水分的含量及分布状态对于水产品的品质有重要的影响。低场核磁共振技术因其能快速、无损地检测食品水分含量和及其分布与迁移状况,在水产品加工和贮藏的品质分析方面有巨大应用潜力。核磁弛豫技术可对水产品加工过程水分进行检测、区分和对理化指标进行预测;核磁成像技术可对水产品进行内部水分的可视化观测。本文总结了最近低场核磁共振技术在水产品加工贮藏中的应用,对低场核磁共振作为无损、快速的检测技术在水产品加工和贮藏领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

面条蒸制过程中水分迁移及糊化特性

运用低场核磁共振、核磁成像、快速黏度分析和光学显微镜研究蒸制过程中面条的水分分布、迁移、糊化特性及微观结构的变化。对水分含量、弛豫时间（T2）、质子密度（M2）和糊化特性进行相关性分析。结果表明：面条中的水分主要以弱结合水的形式存在。在蒸制过程中,水分由面条外部向内部迁移,总水分、弱结合水和深层结合水含量整体呈现先增加后稳定的趋势,深层结合水增长趋势缓慢;弱结合水自由度逐渐增大。面条峰值黏度、衰减值随蒸制时间延长呈下降趋势。观察面条微观结构发现,蒸制使面条淀粉糊化,体积变大,表层淀粉糊化程度高于内层。相关性分析结果表明,水分含量与T22、M22和M总呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;水分含量、T22、M22及M总均与峰值黏度、衰减值、最终黏度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）或极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。     

调质过程小麦水分变化及迁移的研究

调质的目的是改变小麦中水分的含量,提高粮食的加工品质。以三种具有代表性的国产小麦(软、中、硬)为实验材料,设置梯度温度,采用低场核磁共振技术研究不同条件下水分状态变化;用核磁共振成像技术(NMRI)研究不同条件下的水分迁移规律。结果表明:在不同调质温度条件下,各样品T_(21)、A_(21)均呈显著上升趋势;T_(22)、A_(22)呈先下降后上升趋势;T_(23)与温度为正相关性,A_(23)调质初期达到峰值之后逐渐下降。NMRI表明水分在小麦籽粒内传导有两个主要路径和一个辅助路径,一是水分通过珠心层进入胚部向茸毛端扩散,二是透过糊粉层细胞壁由外向内渗透;辅助路径为水分从茸毛端逐步向胚乳中心扩散。     

利用NMR研究赤藓糖醇对糙米面包贮藏期间保水性的影响

利用低场核磁共振（nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR）及成像技术,研究赤藓糖醇和蔗糖对糙米面包贮藏期间保水性的影响。通过检测面包1H NMR弛豫时间、峰面积、核磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）以及水分活度,得出贮藏期间面包结合水（弛豫时间T21）相对稳定,不易流动水（弛豫时间T22）和自由水（弛豫时间T23）逐渐减少,与蔗糖面包相比,添加赤藓糖醇的面包具有高水分含量和低水分活度的特点,MRI同样体现出添加赤藓糖醇的面包具有良好的保水性。     

Effect of Power Ultrasound and Pulsed Vacuum Treatments on the Dehydration Kinetics,Distribution, and Status of Water in Osmotically Dehydrated Strawberry: a Combined NMR and DSC Study

The effect of power ultrasound and pulsed vacuum (PV) treatments on the dehydration kinetics and the status of water during osmotic dehydration of strawberries was investigated. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to determine the spatial distribution and status of water within the cellular and intercellular spaces. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the freezing point depression and the amount of frozen water. Osmotic treatment was performed by immersing the samples in 25 and 50 % (w/w) sucrose solutions at 40 °C for 3 h. Water loss and solid gain of strawberry samples were measured and the data were fitted by Peleg’s model. The Peleg’s model fitted the experimental water loss and solid gain kinetics data well (R ²?>?0.98). At a given sucrose concentration, the highest water loss and the highest decrease in firmness occurred while using ultrasound treatment, while the highest solid gain and the highest firmness values were achieved by pulsed vacuum treatment. LF-NMR signals were able to quantify the effect of water-osmotic solute exchange on the cell compartments (vacuole, cytoplasm plus intercellular space, and cell wall). The LF-NMR data showed that the relative space occupied by the vacuole decreased and the relative space occupied by the cytoplasm and intercellular space were increased due to these osmotic treatments. MRI results indicated that a bright “water strip” appeared in the periphery of all the osmotically dehydrated samples. DSC results showed that the decrease in water content and the increase in the osmotic solutes depressed the initial freezing point and the freezable water content in osmotically dehydrated strawberry.     

基于不同熟制方式的发面饼冻藏品质变化机制

发面饼在中华传统饮食中占据重要的地位,其即食口感好、有发酵香味,深受消费者喜爱,但随着储存时间的延长,发面饼食用品质下降,口感和风味变差;因此,发面饼在储存过程中的品质劣变一直是制约发面饼工业化生产和流通的瓶颈.本实验通过核磁共振仪、X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪以及扫描电子显微镜分析蒸制和烤制的发面饼在冻藏期间的水分迁...     

高水分含量下淀粉的回生行为和分子机制

从凝胶化淀粉短程有序性的角度研究了高水分含量下淀粉在储藏过程中的回生行为。结果表明,在高水分含量下,短时间（1天）回生并未检测到晶体结构的形成,但是非晶态凝胶化淀粉的短程有序性结构有所增加。延长回生时间至7天,淀粉形成了明显的晶体结构;进一步延长回生时间,淀粉的回生程度继续增加。低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）和磁共振成像（MRI）分析发现,在回生过程中,游离水会从高水分含量的淀粉凝胶中分离出来。综上,得出结论：高水分含量下,凝胶化淀粉在短期储藏期间并不能形成晶体结构,但是其短程有序性程度会增加,随着回生时间的延长,会形成明显的晶体结构。     

Changes in microbial and postharvest quality of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) treated with chitosan-glucose complex coating under cold storage

The effect of chitosan, glucose and chitosan-glucose complex (CGC) on the microbial and postharvest quality of shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushroom stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 16 days was investigated. Mushroom weight loss, respiration rate, firmness, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, microbial and sensory quality were measured. The results indicate that treatment with CGC coating maintained tissue firmness, inhibited increase of respiration rate, reduced microorganism counts, e.g., pseudomonads, yeasts and moulds, compared to uncoated control mushroom. The efficiency was better than that of chitosan or glucose coating treatment. In addition, CGC coating also delayed changes in the ascorbic acid and soluble solids concentration. Sensory evaluation proved the efficacy of CGC coating by maintaining the overall quality of shiitake mushroom during the storage period. Our study suggests that CGC coating might be a promising candidate for maintaining shiitake mushroom quality and extending its postharvest life.     

西藏灵菇菌粒、瑞士乳杆菌LZ-R-5与普通乳酸菌的发酵乳特性对比及低场核磁共振在其储藏期间水分的在线监测应用

分别以西藏灵菇菌粒、瑞士乳杆菌LZ-R-5(分离自西藏灵菇菌粒)和"川秀"牌乳酸菌酸奶发酵粉发酵纯牛奶得到三种发酵乳。研究三种发酵乳发酵和储藏期间的生长特性,并利用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术研究三种发酵乳在发酵和储藏期间的水分分布和迁移规律,结合持水力和流变学特性,探究发酵乳水分迁移变化与流变学特性是否存在相关性。结果显示,发酵期间,三种发酵乳pH逐渐降低,乳酸酸活菌数先增多后减少。三种发酵乳在储藏期间,总水分含量和自由水含量都呈逐渐减少趋势,横向弛豫时间T₂₂先减小后增大;另外,三种发酵乳持水力变化、表观粘度、G'和G″变化一致,呈现先增大后减小的趋势。由此可知,LF-NMR技术可以应用于发酵乳储藏期间水分的在线监测,为发酵乳品质快速判定提供了理论依据。     

The effects of soy on freezable bread dough: a magnetic resonance study

Hygroscopic soy ingredients were hypothesised to slow the rate of water migration in unleavened bread dough during frozen storage. Thawed soy (18% dry weight) and wheat dough samples were assessed using non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for up to 8 wks frozen storage time. MRI suggested a spatially homogeneous, net increase in proton mobility with frozen storage and, with solution state proton NMR, distinct "free" and "bound" states were discerned. T(2) relaxation times of the majority proton population suggested increased mobility with frozen storage time, and statistical difference from the fresh sample was seen later for the soy samples than the wheat samples. As seen by (13)C-solid state NMR, the crystallinity of the starch was not affected by either soy addition or frozen storage. In conclusion, addition of soy to bakery products led to slightly enhanced preservation of "fresh" characteristics of the dough during frozen storage.     

NMR法观测熟食豆制品真空冷却前后水分的迁移与分布

利用低场核磁共振及其成像技术,研究经真空冷却的熟食豆制品中水分的状态、分布和迁移情况.通过分析四种豆制品中不同状态的驰豫时间和MR/成像测试图可判定:熟食豆制品中存在三种状态水,分别为结合水、吸附水和自由水;真空冷却前后,结合水(T21)处于相对稳定状态,发生变化的主要是吸附水(T22)和自由水(T23),吸附水和自由...     

干燥方式对香菇中甲醛含量的影响

研究热风干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥对减少干香菇中甲醛含量的影响。结果表明,经过钝化香菇酶的前处理后,无论采用热风干燥、真空干燥还是冷冻干燥,都可以使干香菇中的甲醛含量降到35mg/kg 以下,以冷冻干燥所得干香菇产品的感官品质和复水性最好。香菇干燥的最佳工艺：微波钝化香菇酶2min,－ 30℃处理10h,25℃真空干燥5h,干香菇的甲醛含量可降到20.18mg/kg,所得产品有良好的品质,复水率达到8.29g/g 干样。     

新采收玉米籽粒中水分状态对淀粉热特性的影响

以2 种中国东北地区玉米郑单958（Zd958）和先玉335（Xy335）为研究对象,采用低场强核磁共振技术（low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）和差示扫描量热技术分析新玉米采后60?d内籽粒水分迁移和分布变化,及其对淀粉热特性影响。结果表明,东北新采收玉米采后水分T2弛豫时间和水分分布呈显著变化（P＜0.05）,2?种玉米淀粉凝胶焓值在40?d达到最高分别为18.54?J/g和15.06?J/g,结合水弛豫时间T21与籽粒水分含量呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）,结合水相对面积A21与籽粒水分含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,A21与凝胶吸热焓值（?H）呈显著相关（P＜0.05）,表明水分迁移和分布是影响淀粉分子晶体结构变化原因之一,利用LF-NMR技术可以有效分析采后籽粒内部水分动态变化,及其对淀粉功能特性影响。     

应用磁共振及其成像技术研究草莓失水率及其腐败过程

本研究应用NMR(核磁共振)和MRI(磁共振成像)技术研究了采摘后的草莓在保藏过程中水分损失和腐败过程。通过磁共振技术定量测量储藏过程中水分的损失与腐败过程,对采取热处理方法处理的草莓和室温保藏的草莓进行了对照,探讨了弛豫参数变化与草莓品质变化之间的相关性。对进一步研究草莓的腐败过程、腐败机理具有一定的指导意义。