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1.
Burning solid fuels to fulfill daily household energy needs results in chronic exposure to household air pollution (HAP), which is among the world's greatest health risks. This paper presents the results of a cross‐sectional study of cookstove usage, fuel consumption, and indoor PM2.5 concentrations in rural and urban Honduran homes cooking with the Envirofit HM‐5000 metal plancha stove (n = 32) as compared to control households using baseline cooking technologies (n = 33). Temperature‐based stove usage measurements showed high HM‐5000 acceptance, with significant displacement of the traditional cookstoves at both the urban (99%, P < .05) and rural study sites (75%, P < .05). However, longer‐term usage data collected in peri‐urban households showed that participants cooked on the HM‐5000 more frequently during the 3‐day monitoring period than during the following 3 weeks. Average indoor PM2.5 was 66% lower in HM‐5000 households as compared to control households (P < .05). Lower indoor PM2.5 concentrations observed in participant homes as compared to control households, supported by high usage and traditional stove displacement, suggest the potential for the HM‐5000 to yield health improvements in adopting Honduran households. 相似文献
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Ricardo Piedrahita Michael Johnson Kelsey R. Bilsback Christian L'Orange John K. Kodros Sarah Rose Eilenberg Agnes Naluwagga Ming Shan Sankar Sambandam Maggie Clark Jeffrey R. Pierce Kalpana Balakrishnan Allen L. Robinson John Volckens 《Indoor air》2020,30(3):521-533
Monitoring improved cookstove adoption and usage in developing countries can help anticipate potential health and environmental benefits that may result from household energy interventions. This study explores stove-usage monitor (SUM)-derived usage data from field studies in China (52 stoves, 1422 monitoring days), Honduras (270 stoves, 630 monitoring days), India (19 stoves, 565 monitoring days), and Uganda (38 stoves, 1007 monitoring days). Traditional stove usage was found to be generally similar among four seemingly disparate countries in terms of cooking habits, with average usage of between 171 and 257 minutes per day for the most-used stoves. In Honduras, where survey-based usage data were also collected, there was only modest agreement between sensor data and self-reported user data. For Indian homes, we combined stove-usage data with a single-zone Monte Carlo box model to estimate kitchen-level PM2.5 and CO concentrations under various scenarios of cleaner cookstove adoption. We defined clean cookstove performance based on the International Standards Organization (ISO) voluntary guidelines. Model results showed that even with 75% displacement of traditional stoves with the cleanest available stove (ISO tier-5), World Health Organization 24 hours PM2.5 standards were exceeded in 96.4% of model runs, underscoring the importance of full displacement. 相似文献
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本文介绍了几种在气－固流化床系统中的可能应用的非机械式固体细料的气控结构，包括灰溢流、底部排灰及自平衡式循环料腿等的结构模型，并介绍了冷态模型部分实验测定结果。由于它们无机械运动部件，故这些结构更易于适应耐高温、耐压和耐磨损等工作环境要求。 相似文献
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Ruolan Hu Shuxiao Wang Kristin Aunan Minjiang Zhao Lu Chen Zhaohui Liu Mette H. Hansen 《Indoor air》2019,29(3):403-412
High levels of PM2.5 exposure and associated health risks are of great concern in rural China. For this study, we used portable PM2.5 monitors for monitoring concentrations online, recorded personal time‐activity patterns, and analyzed the contribution from different microenvironments in rural areas of the Yangtze River Delta, China. The daily exposure levels of rural participants were 66 μg/m3 (SD 40) in winter and 65 μg/m3 (SD 16) in summer. Indoor exposure levels were usually higher than outdoor levels. The exposure levels during cooking in rural kitchens were 140 μg/m3 (SD 116) in winter and 121 μg/m3 (SD 70) in summer, the highest in all microenvironments. Winter and summer values were 252 μg/m3 (SD 103) and 204 μg/m3 (SD 105), respectively, for rural people using biomass for fuel, much higher than those for rural people using LPG and electricity. By combining PM2.5concentrations and time spent in different microenvironments, we found that 92% (winter) and 85% (summer) of personal exposure to PM2.5in rural areas was attributable to indoor microenvironments, of which kitchens accounted for 24% and 27%, respectively. Consequently, more effective policies and measures are needed to replace biomass fuel with LPG or electricity, which would benefit the health of the rural population in China. 相似文献
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生物质固定床气化过程的研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
本文确定了城市生活垃圾、木块等生物质的成分,发热量,灰熔点等基本特性。在截面为７１０ｍｍ＊３４５ｍｍ的固定床气化炉内,采用空气作为气化剂,对垃圾、木块等生物质进行了气化试验研究。生成煤气的成分为：ＣＯ１５．８％,Ｈ２ ７．５％,ＣＨ４ ２．９％,煤气的热值为４５０８．８ｋＪ／ｍ＾３。气化效率可达７３％。测定并分析了炉内温度分布和各气化层的厚度,研究了物料的物理化学性质,气化过程的操作条件和煤气发生 相似文献
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S. Ramasubramanian 《国际自然能源杂志》2020,41(6):621-626
ABSTRACTThe producer gas from biomass gasification is an upcoming power-generating technique for meeting the power requirements of the rural society. The performance of the biomass gasifier can be raised by mitigating tar in producer gas. Tar is highly carcinogenic and tends to condense at room temperature, which results in blocking and fouling of the downstream equipment. In this research, nano-structured SiO2-supported Ni pellets are used as catalysts to reduce the tar content in producer gas from a biomass gasifier. Further, Cerium (Ce) and Praseodymium (Pr) are reinforced with Ni–SiO2 pellets to improve the catalytic activity for tar mitigation. The Taguchi methodology is employed to rank and predict the optimal catalytic factor among the catalyst weight, gas feed rate (GF) and bed temperature (BT) for the tar cracking. The experimentation is done according to the L9 design table and the mathematical model for tar concentration is developed with the adequacy (R2) of 99.93%. The optimal catalytic system with 9?g of Pr, 0.01?l/s GF and 775°C of BT has reduced the tar concentration from 27 to 0.17?mg/Nm3, i.e. the efficiency of tar mitigation achieved is around 99.3%. 相似文献
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Vidhiben Patel Andrew Foster Alison Salem Amit Kumar Vineet Kumar Biplab Biswas Mehdi Mirsaeidi Naresh Kumar 《Indoor air》2021,31(3):628-638
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is a recognized risk factor for various diseases. This paper examines the role of indoor solid fuel exposure in the risk of mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in Delhi Metropolitan, India. Using a cross-sectional design, subjects were screened for a history of active TB and lifelong exposure to IAP sources, such as solid fuel burning and kerosene. The TB prevalence rate in the study area was 1117 per 100 000 population. Every year, increase in solid fuel exposure was associated with a three percent higher likelihood of a history of active TB. Subjects exposed to solid fuel and kerosene use for both heating home and cooking showed significant associations with TB. Age, household expenditure (a proxy of income), lung function, and smoking also showed significant associations with TB. Smokers and solid fuel–exposed subjects were four times more likely to have a history of active TB than non-smoker and unexposed subjects. These finding calls strategies to mitigate solid fuel exposure, such as use of clean cookstove and ventilation, to mitigate the risk of TB which aligns with the United Nations’ goal of “End TB by 2030.” 相似文献
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C. Freire A. Abril R. Ramos A. Manrique J. Ibarluzea 《The Science of the total environment》2009,407(5):1562-1569
Aims:
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), among the main compounds present in polluted urban air, is of concern for children's health. Childhood exposure to PAH was assessed by urinary monitoring of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a pyrene metabolite, investigating its association with exposure to air pollution and other factors related to PAH in air.Methods:
A group of 174 4-year-old children were recruited and a questionnaire on their indoor and outdoor residential environment was completed by parents. At the same time, environmental measurements of traffic-related air pollution (NO2) were carried out. A urine sample was collected from each child in order to analyze 1-OHP using HPLC with fluorescence detection, correcting for creatinine concentrations. Non-parametric tests and regression analyses were used to identify environmental factors that influence 1-OHP excretion.Results:
Mean urinary 1-OHP concentration was 0.061 μmol/mol creatinine, ranging from 0.004 to 0.314 μmol/mol. Non-parametric tests and regression analysis showed positive and significant associations (P ≤ 0.05) between 1-OHP and predicted residential exposure to NO2 (which was based on outdoor environmental measurements and geo-statistical analysis), self-reported residential vehicle traffic, passive smoking and cooking appliance. 1-OHP levels tended to be higher among children living in urban areas (0.062 μmol/mol vs. 0.058 μmol/mol for children living in rural areas) but differences were not significant (P = 0.20).Conclusion:
In Southern Spain, concentrations of urinary 1-OHP were in the lower range of those generally reported for children living in non-polluted areas in Western Europe and the USA. Traffic-related air pollution, passive smoking and cooking appliance influenced urinary 1-OHP level in the children, which should be prevented due to the health consequences of the inadvertent exposure to PAH during development. 相似文献10.
介绍了陆续新建或投产大批的发电机组，主要以循环流化床锅炉为主，由于这些新建机组投产试运行过程中前期准备不足或设备自身缺陷，导致机组不能正常运行，针对这些问题进行分析研究，以供借鉴。 相似文献
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N. Manojkumar 《The International journal of environmental studies》2019,76(4):541-557
This paper reports a study of the gaseous emissions from Indian forest fires from 2005 to 2016 and their potential impact on radiative forcing. Initially, forest burned area is quantified using MODIS-MCD45A1 data. Results showed that annual burned area of the study period ranges from 8439 km2 to 25,442 km2 and the maximum forest area is burned during February, March, and April in any year. Gaseous emissions are estimated using emission factors, the mass of fuel available for combustion, combustion factor, and burned area. CO2, CO, and CH4 are the major emissions during forest fires with an annual average of 105 × 106 tonnes, 6 × 106 tonnes, and 3.25 × 105 tonnes, respectively. The average radiative forcing (RF) for CO2, CH4, and N2O is estimated as 1.8 Wm?2, 0.49 Wm?2, and 0.177 Wm?2, respectively. An important finding in the present study is the recurrence of forest fires during the pre-monsoon season. 相似文献
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计划烧除对云南松纯林可燃物的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在云南省玉溪市新平县照壁山云南松纯林内,连续三年在同一位置设置固定样地,通过调查、采样,观测计划烧除时的点着时间、熄灭时间、辐射热、火焰高度、蔓延速度等火行为,调查并统计未计划烧除和计划烧除样地内的灌木和草本的物种组成、丰富度和频率。结果表明：随着计划烧除次数增加,灌木、草本以及蕨类的高度均降低,降低了林内的垂直连续性,即使发生火灾也很难导致树冠火的发生;经过三年连续的观测、调查,地表可燃物平均载量为 0.85±0.25 kg/m2,计划烧除的烧除效果与可燃物载量密切相关;短时间内,计划烧除样地内的灌木和草本的物种丰富度显著减少;计划烧除后紫茎泽兰重要值降低,蕨菜重要值明显增加。 相似文献
13.
Tippawan Prapamontol Dan Norbäck Nathaporn Thongjan Neeranuch Suwannarin Kawinwut Somsunun Pitakchon Ponsawansong Tosabhorn Khuanpan Sawaeng Kawichai Warangkana Naksen 《Indoor air》2021,31(6):2252-2265
We performed a repeated questionnaire study on home environment and health (six medical symptoms) in 1159 junior high school students (age 12.8 ± 0.7 years) in upper northern Thailand in wet and dry seasons. Data on outdoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), and air pollution were collected from nearest monitoring station. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by multi-level logistic regression. Most common symptoms were rhinitis (62.5%), headache (49.8%), throat (42.8%), and ocular symptoms (42.5%). Ocular symptoms were more common at lower RH and rhinitis more common in dry season. Water leakage (28.2%), indoor mold (7.1%), mold odor (4.1%), and windowpane condensation (13.6%) were associated with all six symptoms (ORs: 1.3–3.5). Other risk factors included cat keeping, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), other odor than mold odor, gas cooking, and cooking with biomass fire. Biomass burning inside and outside the home for other reasons than cooking was associated with all six symptoms (ORs: 1.5–2.6). Associations between home environment exposure and rhinitis were stronger in wet season. In conclusion, dampness-related exposure, windowpane condensation, cat keeping, ETS, gas cooking, and biomass burning can impair adolescent health in upper northern Thailand. In subtropical areas, environmental health effects should be investigated in wet and dry seasons. 相似文献
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Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non‐combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high‐income urban settings, which likely differ from the low‐ and middle‐income settings where solid fuel (ie, coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where solid fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real‐world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m?3, 74.0 μg m?3, and 155 ng m?3, respectively. Solid fuel combustion explained 29%‐48% of principal component/factor analysis variance and 41%‐87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Multiple indoor and outdoor sources impacted PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including solid fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and solid waste burning. 相似文献
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Particle release from human skin and clothing has been identified as an important contributor to particulate matter burden indoors. However, knowledge about modeling the coarse particle release from skin and clothing is limited. This study developed a new empirically validated CFD modeling methodology for particle release and transport from seated occupants in an office setting. We tested three modeling approaches for particle emissions: Uniform; Uniform + Localized; and Uniform + Localized with Body Motion; applied to four office scenarios involving a single occupant and two occupants facing each other at 1- and 2-m distances. Uniform particle emissions from skin and clothing underpredicted personal inhalation exposure by as much as 55%–80%. Combining uniform with localized emissions from the armpits drastically reduced the error margin to <10%. However, this modeling approach heavily underestimated particle mass exchange (cross-contamination) between the occupants. Accounting for the occupant's body motion—by applying the momentum theory method—yielded the most accurate personal exposure and cross-contamination results, with errors below 12%. The study suggests that for accurate modeling of particle release and transport from seated occupants indoors, localized body emissions in combination with simplified bodily movements need to be taken into account. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT As oil prices increase, the interest in alternative fuels increases. This is evidenced by demonstration programmes and commitments by states such as India. The concern of the air quality in many areas around the world makes ?nding solutions more urgent. As the price of oil increases, alternate fuels become more ruthless. Major questions remain to be answered on which fuel or fuels will emerge and to what extent alternative sources will replace gasoline as the main product of crude oil. A combination of available alternative fuels will evolve with the most likely choices affected by a number of technical, political and market factors. In order to allow a wider application of alternative fuels, a number of obstacles have to be overcome. These include economic, technological, and infrastructural issues. In the past, gasoline has been plentiful and has had a signi?cant price advantage compared to other fuels. This could change quickly and alternative fuels would need to become more commonplace. One of the alternatives involves the more widespread use of biomass-produced fuels. In this paper describes that hydrogen as an alternative fuel. Hydrogen powered fuel cells could have wide applications, replacing batteries in many portable application, vehicle and using hydrogen for home electrical needs. 相似文献
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X. Duan B. Wang X. Zhao G. Shen Z. Xia N. Huang Q. Jiang B. Lu D. Xu J. Fang S. Tao 《Indoor air》2014,24(5):464-473
Personal inhalation exposure samples were collected and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 126 selected volunteers during heating and non‐heating seasons in a typical northern Chinese city, Taiyuan. Measured personal PAH exposure levels for the urban residents in the heating and non‐heating seasons were 690 (540–1051) and 404 (266–544) ng/m3, respectively, while, for the rural residents, they were 770 (504–1071) and 312 (201–412) ng/m3, respectively. Thus, rural residents are exposed to lower PAH contamination in comparison with the urban residents in the non‐heating seasons. In the heating season, personal PAH inhalation exposure levels were comparable between the urban and rural residents, in part owing to the large rate of residential solid fuel consumption in the rural area for household cooking and heating. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) due to PAH exposure in Taiyuan were 3.36 × 10?5 and 2.39 × 10?5 for the rural and urban residents, respectively, significantly higher than the literature‐reported national average level, suggesting an urgent need of PAH pollution control to protect human health. 相似文献