Strength of magnesia refractories in combined thermal cyclic and mechanical loading of them

Conclusions As the result of laboratory tests of periclase-chromite refractories produced by different methods (MKhS, MKhV, and MKhVP) under the combined action of thermocyclic and mechanical loads possibilities were revealed of the most effective use of them in relation to the service conditions of plasma and electric arc furnace linings. The results of production tests of MKhS, MKhV, and MKhVP refractories at various furnace lining operating temperatures agree with the laboratory data and make it possible to draw the following conclusions:MKhS parts, as the most heat resistant, may be used successfully in heating the furnace lining working surface to 1700–1750°C, which corresponds to a temperature on the boundary of spalling of the refractory of 1400–1500°C.An increase in the lining operating temperature to 1800–1900°C (1550–1650°C on the boundary of spalling) requires the use of refractories with a combination of such properties as heat resistance and high-temperature strength. These requirements are met to the greatest degree by MKhV parts.In the future for large tonnage plasma and electric arc furnaces with high mechanical loads MKhVP high-strength parts may be recommended for the lining. However, for successful use of these parts it is necessary to aim to increase their heat resistance.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 43–47, May, 1985.     

沥青涂覆镁砂对MgO-C质底吹供气元件抗热震性的影响

为了提高顶底复吹转炉用MgO -C质底吹供气元件的使用寿命 ,研究了沥青涂覆量和沥青涂覆镁砂颗粒添加量对MgO -C砖性能的影响。结果表明 ,添加沥青涂覆镁砂颗粒能明显改善MgO -C砖的抗热震性能 ,同时在保证合理的体积密度、显气孔率和强度的基础上 ,得出了能够提高供气元件抗热震性能的合理配比方案为 :沥青涂覆量为 3% ,沥青涂覆镁砂和电熔镁砂的质量比为 1 1。MgO -C砖抗热震性能提高的原因是由于高温下沥青涂覆镁砂中的沥青炭化而在镁砂颗粒周围形成缝隙 ,这些缝隙能吸收和消除较多的变形能量     

Repeated thermal shock behavior of ZrB2-SiC-graphite composite under prestress

The thermal shock resistance of ZrB₂-SiC-graphite composite under nominal prestress of 0, 20, 30, 40 or 50 MPa after subjected to 10 and 30 cycles of thermal shock was evaluated by measuring the residual flexural strength of the tested specimen. In each test the applied prestress kept constant and in each cycle the specimen center was heated to 2000 °C within 5 s through electrical resistance heating method and cooled down naturally to room temperature. A lot of broken SiO₂ bubbles in the tested specimens were observed with a SEM. For the specimen subjected to 10 cycles of thermal shock, the residual flexural strength does not show big change under different levels of prestress, although the thickness of oxide layer increases at larger prestress, which is presumably attributed to the effect of the oxide layer that heals the cracks and the pores and enhances the strength. For the specimen subjected to 30 cycles of thermal shock, the residual strength decreases, in general, with the increase of prestress level. The thermal shock fatigue under different levels of prestress was also tested, and it was found that the increase of prestress may speed the failure of the specimen, indicating that the level of prestress may fatally affect the failure of the material.     

循环加载下TiNi形状记忆合金超弹性变形行为

超弹性是形状记忆合金 (shapememoryalloy ,SMA)重要的力学性能之一。通过试验研究了具有不同加载速率和不同试验温度的循环加载条件下TiNi形状记忆合金超弹性变形行为。分析了循环变形期间相变应力和弹性模量变化的特性 ,得到了加载期间残余应力和残余应变的关系。在具有循环变形的机械训练之后 ,研究了不承载情况下加热和冷却所产生的两方向变形     

循环荷载下再生混凝土疲劳试验*

为了研究再生混凝土循环荷载下的疲劳寿命,采用实验室废弃[C30]混凝土试块,加工处理制成连续粒径级配的再生骨料（5～31.5 mm）,用这种再生骨料部分取代天然骨料配制的混凝土试样（100 mm×100 mm×300 mm）进行循环荷载试验。结果表明：随着荷载上限幅值的增大,再生混凝土疲劳寿命逐渐减小。并对再生混凝土疲劳寿命随荷载上限幅值进行线性拟合,且相关系数R的绝对值均大于0.9,表明疲劳寿命与荷载上限线性相关。另外,通过对再生粗骨料取代率与疲劳寿命之间的变化关系研究,得到了当再生粗骨料取代率小于等于50%时,疲劳寿命减小趋势不明显;当再生粗骨料取代率大于50%时,疲劳寿命曲线斜率明显增大,表明疲劳寿命减小趋势迅猛。因此,当采用再生粗骨料进行路基路面施工时,建议再生粗骨料取代率小于等于50%。     

Failure mechanisms of magnesia alumina spinel abradable coatings under thermal cyclic loading

Abradable coatings have been used in low- and high-pressure sections of jet engine compressors for more than 40 years. Today, they are also used in the high-pressure turbine of jet engines and are gaining more interest for applications in industrial gas turbines. They minimise the clearance between the rotating blade tips and the stationary liners. Aside from being abradable, the coatings have to be mechanically stable and withstand high thermo-mechanical loadings. A typical material used in engines today is yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ). This material advantageously combines a suitable thermal conductivity with a high thermal expansion coefficient, but shows a temperature capability limited to 1200 °C in long-term applications. Typical abradable coating thicknesses are above 1 mm. With increasing coating thickness and limited cooling efficiency leading to high surface temperatures, there is a risk of premature failure. As a result, new ceramic materials have been developed with better high-temperature capability. The present work investigates an atmospheric plasma sprayed ceramic double-layer coating system composed of 7YSZ as an intermediate layer and magnesia alumina spinel as a top layer.This double-layer system was sprayed onto disc-shaped Inconel 738 superalloy substrates, which were coated with a vacuum plasma sprayed MCrAlY bondcoat. The lifetime of the coating system was assessed via thermal gradient cycling testing with surface temperatures above 1400 °C. During cycling, the samples showed a typical failure mechanism with exfoliation of thin coating lamellae starting from the coating surface. This failure mechanism was not observed in thermal barrier or abradable coatings in the past. The failure mechanism was analysed and mismatch stress calculations were carried out.     

Analysis of aircraft adhesive joints under combined thermal and mechanical cyclic loadings

The effect of thermal aging on the static and fatigue behavior of adhesively bonded aircraft joints has been investigated. The aging cycle consisted of high and low temperatures at different levels of humidity in accordance with ASTM D1183-70 test procedure C for exterior land and air conditions. Single lap joints of aluminum 7075-T6 and 3M structural adhesive prepreg were used. The static loading behavior showed no effect of thermal cycling on the load-carrying capacity of the joints. However, the joints' static deformation increased with increasing number of aging cycles. The specific energy of damage concept was used to extract parameters characteristic of the joint resistance to fatigue loading. These parameters are the specific energy of damage, y', and the energy dissipation coefficient, β'. It was found that the specific energy of damage, γ', was reduced from 35.40 kJ/m³ for joints without thermal cycling to 28.9, 27.1, and 25.9 kJ/m³ for joints subjected to 2, 4, and 6 thermal aging cycles, respectively. However, the energy dissipation coefficient, β', increased from 23 x 10^-5 for joints without thermal aging to 26.5 x 10^-5, 27.6 x 10^-5, and 28.8 x 10^-5 for joints with 2, 4, and 6 aging cycles, respectively. The decrease in the value of y' and the increase in β' indicate a loss of resistance to fatigue crack propagation. The greatest loss of fatigue resistance was encountered after the first two thermal aging cycles. While the static results showed an enhancement in the joints' fracture toughness, based on the area under the load-displacement curve, the fatigue crack propagation data showed a considerable loss in resistance due to aging. Hence this paper emphasizes that it is important to evaluate the resistance of adhesive joints to combined thermal and mechanical cycling if the joints are expected to serve in such conditions.     

橡胶复合材料在循环载荷下的疲劳损伤特性

利用自行建立的疲劳试验系统，以单向聚酯帘线增强橡胶复合材料为对象，研究了循环载荷作用下影响橡胶复合材料疲劳性能的因素。结果表明，应力幅值和加载频率对橡胶复合材料疲劳性能影响较大，而平均应力影响较小。聚酯／橡胶复合材料的疲劳强化现象主要与组分材料本身的特性有关。     

循环载荷下熟料粉碎耗能研究

对静压和循环载荷下熟料的粉碎耗能进行了试验研究和分析比较,对熟料颗粒群进行了直接压缩、5000~10000N之间循环10次、30次压缩和10 000~20 000N之间循环10次压缩的试验研究。然后基于Rittinger理论、Kick理论和Bond理论对熟料的粉碎耗能进行了评价。结果发现,5 000~10 000N之间循环10次压缩比其他形式的压缩粉碎耗能小。     

A new arrangement of SiC particles in reaction bonded Si3N4-SiC ceramic refractory and crack behaviors under thermal shock

High temperature protection brick lining is important for super-charged boilers. In practice, Si₃N₄ bonded SiC ceramics are usually chosen as the raw material of refractory bricks due to their excellent performance under high temperature. In the field of the ceramic refractory material, a main goal is to improve the resistance of ceramics under thermal shock because their inherent brittleness may cause failure under sudden change in temperature. In this paper, we fulfilled this goal by introducing a new particle arrangement called “double dispersion” for the SiC particle-reinforced ceramic refractory material. And we established the micro-structure models for both the original and the modified ceramic refractory material. To study the influence of the particle arrangement on the fracture toughness, we performed simulations of the crack initiation and propagation under the same thermal load for the original and the modified material. The results showed that the “double dispersion” method can improve the thermal shock resistance of the reaction-bonded Si₃N₄-SiC ceramic refractory.     

湿化学法制备锆铝质耐火材料的抗热震性研究

采用湿化学方法制备了不同团聚度的氧化锆粉体,并将其复合到氧化铝基体中,旨在引入弥散氧化锆所伴随产生的微裂纹来代替传统刚玉耐火材料中的结构微气孔,以提高材料的抗热震性能。研究表明,以水清洗工艺所获材料的抗热震性能明显优于酒精清洗工艺,其原因在于前者对团聚氧化锆形成有利。同时,还对该类复合材料的抗热震机理、热震性能表征作了深入分析。     

Failure behavior of adhesively bonded joints with a rubber modified epoxy adhesive under tensile-shear combined cyclic loading

Rubber-modified epoxy adhesives are used widely as structural adhesive owing to their properties of high fracture toughness. In many cases, these adhesively bonded joints are exposed to cyclic loading. Generally, the rubber modification decreases the static and fatigue strength of bulk adhesive without flaw. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the effect of rubber-modification on the fatigue strength of adhesively bonded joints, where industrial adhesively bonded joints usually have combined stress condition of normal and shear stresses in the adhesive layer. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of rubber-modification on the fatigue strength under combined cyclic stress conditions. Adhesively bonded butt and scarf joints provide considerably uniform normal and shear stresses in the adhesive layer except in the vicinity of the free end, where normal to shear stress ratio of these joints can cover the stress combination ratio in the adhesive layers of most adhesively bonded joints in industrial applications.

In this study, to investigate the effect of rubber modification on fatigue strength with various combined stress conditions in the adhesive layers, fatigue tests were conducted for adhesively bonded butt and scarf joints bonded with rubber modified and unmodified epoxy adhesives, wherein damage evolution in the adhesive layer was evaluated by monitoring strain the adhesive layer and the stress triaxiality parameter was used for evaluating combined stress conditions in the adhesive layer. The main experimental results are as follows: S–N characteristics of these joints showed that the maximum principal stress at the endurance limit indicated nearly constant values independent of combined stress conditions, furthermore the maximum principal stress at the endurance limit for the unmodified adhesive were nearly equal to that for the rubber modified adhesive. From the damage evolution behavior, it was observed that the initiation of the damage evolution shifted to early stage of the fatigue life with decreasing stress triaxiality in the adhesive layer, and the rubber modification accelerated the damage evolution under low stress triaxiality conditions in the adhesive layer.     

Effect of TGO thickness on the thermal barrier coatings life under thermal shock and thermal cycle loading

Effect of thermally grown oxide (TGO) thickness on thermal shock resistance of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) and also their behavior under a cyclic loading (including aging at maximum temperature) was evaluated experimentally. In order to form different thicknesses of TGO, coated samples experience isothermal loading at 1070?°C for various periods of times. Heat-treated samples were heated to 1000?°C and cooled down rapidly in water from the substrate side using a mechanical fixture. The life of samples was investigated as a function of TGO thickness. Furthermore, by performing an experiment the simultaneous effect of the TGO growth and thermal expansion mismatch– on the failure of thermal barrier coatings was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the presence of TGO with a thickness of 2–3?µm has a positive effect on the resistance against thermal shock.     

Fracture behavior and thermal shock resistance of alumina-spinel castables-Effect of added fused zirconia-alumina

This study aims to clarify the influence of fused zirconia-alumina (FZA) on the fracture behavior and thermal shock resistance (TSR) of alumina-spinel castables, and discover the relationship between toughness parameters and TSR. Alumina-spinel castables with different FZA contents (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt.%) were prepared using tabular alumina, fused spinel, calcium aluminate cement, ultrafine alumina powder, and FZA as raw materials. The fracture behavior and TSR of alumina-spinel castables were determined by a wedge splitting test (WST) and a water quenching test, respectively. The results show that the flexibility of alumina-spinel castables can be significantly enhanced by introducing FZA. With increasing FZA content, the load-displacement curves change from typical brittle fracture behavior to non-linear fracture behavior. The flexibility parameter (ratio of G_F/σ_NT) of the castables increases from 8.3 μm to 13.6 μm when FZA content increases from 0 wt.% to 10 wt.%. The flexibility improvement of castables containing FZA can be attributed to the formation of microcracks caused by the transformation of ZrO₂. The TSR of alumina-spinel castables can also be significantly improved by adding FZA. The ratio of residual cold modulus of rupture (CMOR) of the castables increases from 12.3% to 34.2% when FZA content increases from 0 wt.% to 10 wt.%. The improvement in TSR can be attributed to a decrease in the stored elastic energy and a subsequent increase in the specific fracture energy of the castables. Generally, alumina-spinel castables with non-linear fracture behavior have good thermal shock resistance. There is a significant correlation between the flexibility parameter (G_F/σ_NT ratio) and the ratio of residual CMOR; the correlation coefficient is 0.96.     

钢筋混凝土无洞叠合剪力墙低周反复荷载试验

研究钢筋混凝土无洞叠合剪力墙的抗震性能。对4片钢筋混凝土无洞叠合剪力墙和2片钢筋混凝土普通剪力墙分别进行了低周反复荷载试验,对比研究试件的受力全过程、开裂部位、裂缝发展情况以及破坏形态,分析试件的承载能力、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化曲线、延性性能等抗震性能。研究表明:钢筋混凝土叠合剪力墙的受力性能与钢筋混凝土普通剪力墙类似,具有较好的抗震性能,剪式支架能使钢筋混凝土叠合剪力墙的预制部分与现浇混凝土形成整体,共同工作,承受外部荷载。     

轻烧氧化镁气流床煅烧炉热工过程及煅烧风量研究

轻烧氧化镁气流床煅烧炉热工行为研究是其热工参数优化、实现节能降耗的必需的基础性工作之一。基于Euler-Lagrange理论建立了某企业轻烧氧化镁气流床煅烧炉数值计算模型,籍此研究了炉内气固流动、传热及分解过程基本规律,并确定了现有产量下的适宜煅烧风量。结果表明：主炉内煅烧烟气旋流上升,温度中心高、壁面低;副炉内旋流效应骤减,温度趋于均匀;距离烟气入口4~18 m行程范围内,气固换热剧烈,物料快速分解,分解率达96%,而后于24 m处分解完全。将煅烧风量降至原有风量的91.22%、气料体积质量比降至1.46 Nm³/kg,不但提高了炉窑空间利用率,同时吨产品燃耗降低了8.78%。     

ZrSiO_4和TiO_2对铝硅系耐火材料抗热震性的影响

研究了ArSiO4（锆英石）、TiO2（铁白粉）加入物对铝硅系耐火材料抗热震性的影响及其作用机理。认为ZrSiO4、TiO2提高材料抗热震性的机理在于微裂纹增韧以及第二相（钛酸铝）降低了材料的热膨胀系数。     

Effect of scandia content on the thermal shock behavior of SYSZ thermal sprayed barrier coatings

Nanostructured 4SYSZ (scandia (3.5 mol%) yttria (0.5 mol%) stabilized zirconia) and 5.5 SYSZ (5 mol% scandia and 0.5 mol% yttria) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were deposited on nickel-based superalloy using NiCrAlY as the bond coat by plasma spraying process. The thermal shock response of both as-sprayed TBCs was investigated at 1000 °C. Experimental results indicated that the nanostructured 5.5SYSZ TBCs have better thermal shock performance in contrast to 4SYSZ TBCs due to their higher tetragonal phase content and higher fracture toughness of this coating     

添加浮选镁砂颗粒和Al2O3细粉对方镁石-尖晶石砖性能的影响

以烧结镁砂、浮选镁砂、电熔镁铝尖晶石和煅烧Al₂O₃细粉为主要原料,以木质素磺酸钙为结合剂,经混练、成型、1 650℃烧成制备了方镁石-尖晶石砖,主要研究了以浮选镁砂颗粒替代普通烧结镁砂颗粒以及在此基础上外加不同量煅烧Al₂O₃细粉（质量分数分别为0、3%和5%）对方镁石-尖晶石砖性能的影响。结果表明：1)以浮选镁砂颗粒替代普通烧结镁砂颗粒制备的方镁石-尖晶石砖,显气孔率和常温耐压强度降低,体积密度、抗热震性、高温强度和高温韧性提高。2)在以浮选镁砂颗粒替代普通烧结镁砂颗粒制备的方镁石-尖晶石砖中,随着煅烧Al₂O₃细粉引入量的增多,显气孔率和常温耐压强度降低,体积密度、抗热震性、高温强度和高温韧性提高。     

Cr2AlC MAX phase as bond coat for thermal barrier coatings: Processing,testing under thermal gradient loading,and future challenges

Cr₂AlC layers with thickness up to 100 µm were deposited by high-velocity-atmospheric plasma spray (HV-APS) on Inconel 738 substrates to analyze the potential of MAX phases as bond coat in thermal barrier coating systems (TBCs). The deposited Cr₂AlC layers showed high purity with theoretical densities up to 93%, although some secondary phases were detected after the deposition process. On top of this MAX phase layer, a porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying. The system was tested under realistic thermal loading conditions using a burner rig facility, achieving surface and substrate temperatures of 1400°C and 1050°C, respectively. The system failed after 745 cycles mainly for three reasons: (i) open porosity of the bond coat layer, (ii) oxidation of secondary phases, and (iii) inter-diffusion. Nevertheless, these results show a high potential of Cr₂AlC and other Al-based MAX phases as bond coat material for high-temperature applications. Furthermore, future challenges to transfer MAX phases as eventual bond coat or protective layer are discussed.