二氧化碳气调包装对鲜切结球莴苣贮藏品质和生理的影响

研究4℃、10% O2结合不同体积分数CO2(10%～50% CO2)处理对鲜切结球莴苣的主要品质和生理指标变化的影响。结果表明：高体积分数CO2导致了细胞膜通透性增加;10% O2＋30% CO2气体组合显著抑制了多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,延缓了组织的衰老和褐变,并较好地保持了鲜切结球莴苣中叶绿素、VC和还原糖含量。感官评价结果表明,在10% O2＋30% CO2气体组合条件下,鲜切结球莴苣贮藏15d仍具有商品价值。     

Biochemical Changes and Sensory Quality of Shredded and MA-Packaged Iceberg Lettuce

Cultivars of shredded iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativu L.) ‘Saladin’, ‘Santis’, ‘Telda’ and ‘Roxette’ responded in a parallel way to four modified atmosphere (MA) packaging treatments. Moderate vacuum packaging (mvp) in 80 μm polyethylene (PE) inhibited enzymatic browning over 10-day storage at 5°C. When lettuce was packaged in 80% O₂, 20% CO₂ (80/20), more browning occured in SL3-bags (59 μm multilayer coextruded film) than in PE-bags. Polyphenol oxidase activity declined during storage in all 4 atmospheres, with lowest activity in PE-80/20. Endogenous ascorbic acid (AA) did not act as an efficient antioxidant in delaying browning. Total carbohydrate content (TC) declined slightly during storage. Tristimulus color measurements correlated highly with visual ratings.     

Effect of whey protein concentrate on phenolic profile and browning of fresh-cut lettuce (Lactuca Sativa)

The in vitro kinetics of lettuce PPO with respect to dissolved oxygen using catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid has been examined. In-vitro lettuce polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was determined by measuring the consumption of oxygen during the oxidation reaction. The effect of whey protein concentrate (WPC) was tested on the inhibition of lettuce PPO comparing with ascorbic acid (AA) and cysteine. A competitive model that considered inhibitors was the most appropriate model to explain reaction kinetics. Browning of lettuce was also monitored during storage for 24 h. Addition of WPC prevented loss of lightness in lettuce. Loss of identified phenolic compounds in lettuce was measured during the enzymatic browning process by high-performance liquid chromatography. Degradation of identified phenolic compounds followed first order kinetics during storage. Combination of WPC with cysteine was proposed for the protection of phenolics compounds against PPO-catalysed oxidation.     

柿子醋贮藏期间褐变及其抑制方法

研究柿子醋褐变原因及抑制其褐变方法。利用分光光度计和色差法分析柿子醋在贮藏期间总酚含量、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性以及褐变度的变化,并研究几种抑制剂(NaCl、柠檬酸和L-抗坏血酸)对其褐变抑制的影响。结果表明：柿子醋贮藏期间发生的褐变主要是由于PPO和POD催化氧化总酚类物质引起的酶促褐变。不同质量浓度的褐变抑制剂NaCl、柠檬酸和L-抗坏血酸均显著维持醋液中较高的总酚含量,抑制PPO和POD活性,从而降低褐变度,减缓褐变发生,其中以0.24g/100mL NaCl、溶液1.2g/100mL柠檬酸和0.48g/100mL L-抗坏血酸对柿子醋抑制效果较好。     

高浓度二氧化碳气调包装通过调节酚代谢抑制鲜切莲藕的酶促褐变

鲜切莲藕褐变的主要原因是酶促褐变,高浓度CO_2气调包装(Modified-atmosphere packaging,MAP)可以有效延缓鲜切果蔬褐变,而苯丙氨酸解氨酶(L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)的编码基因是引起果蔬褐变的主要基因。然而,高浓度CO_2 MAP对鲜切莲藕片PAL、PPO、POD酶及其编码基因表达的影响却鲜有报道。本文分析了100%CO_2MAP对鲜切莲藕贮藏过程中褐变度、总酚含量、PAL、PPO和POD酶活性及其编码基因表达的影响。结果表明:100%CO_2 MAP对延缓鲜切莲藕褐变有较好效果,且100%CO_2 MAP贮藏期间鲜切莲藕PAL、PPO和POD酶活性随褐变程度的增加而同步变化。此外,Nn PAL1,Nn PPOA和Nn POD2/3的表达变化与PAL,PPO和POD酶活性的变化及褐变相一致,说明高浓度CO_2 MAP可能通过下调Nn PAL1,Nn PPOA和Nn POD2/3的表达来延缓鲜切莲藕褐变。     

EFFECT OF SUGARS AND MAILLARD REACTION PRODUCTS ON POLYPHENOL OXIDASE AND PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN FOOD

The effect of glucose, fructose and sucrose aqueous solutions on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity was studied. Solutions with high concentrations of sugars showed a slight inhibiting effect on PPO while an activation was observed for POD. Glucose solutions, tested after sufficient heat treatments, showed an inhibiting action only on PPO activity. Maillard reaction products, obtained by heating a glucose/glycine solution, caused an unexpectedly strong inhibiting effect on both enzymes. The inhibition became more evident with increasing heating times of the glucose/glycine solution, reducing the activity of PPO and POD nearly to zero. Thus, the Maillard reaction products, already known for their antioxidant properties, were also shown to have a strong inhibiting effect on enzymatic browning.     

Inhibition of browning on the surface of peach slices by short-term exposure to nitric oxide and ascorbic acid

The effect of 0.2% ascorbic acid (AA), 5 μM nitric oxide (NO), and the simultaneous use of 0.2% AA and 5 μM NO solutions on inhibiting surface browning of fresh-cut peach slices stored at 10 °C and RH 95% was investigated. The browning index, relative leakage rate, microstructure, total phenol content, and activity of the phenol metabolism-associated enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) were evaluated. The results indicate that treatment with 0.2% AA, 5 μM NO and simultaneous use of 0.2% AA and 5 μM NO resulted in higher total phenol content, inhibition of PPO and POD activity, reduced membrane permeability and protection of cell microstructure to maintain compartmentation between enzymes and their substrates. In addition, NO increased PAL activity. The causes of inhibition in the browning of peach slices by NO are discussed.     

Efficacy of chlorine and a peroxyacetic acid sanitizer in killing Listeria monocytogenes on iceberg and Romaine lettuce using simulated commercial processing conditions

The efficacy of chlorine (100 microg/ml) and a peroxyacetic acid sanitizer (80 microg/ml; Tsunami 100) in killing Listeria monocytogenes inoculated at populations of 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 4 to 5 log CFU/g of iceberg lettuce pieces, shredded iceberg lettuce, and Romaine lettuce pieces was determined by treatment conditions simulating those used by a commercial fresh-cut lettuce processor. The lettuce/treatment solution ratio was 1:100 (wt/vol), treatment temperature was 4 degrees C, and total treatment time was 30 s. Compared with washing in water, treatment of iceberg lettuce pieces containing all levels of inoculum and shredded iceberg lettuce containing 2 to 3 or 4 to 5 log CFU/g with chlorine or Tsunami resulted in significant reductions (P < or = 0.05) of pathogen populations. Populations recovered from Romaine lettuce pieces treated with chlorine or Tsunami were not significantly different from populations recovered from pieces washed with water, regardless of the inoculum level. Within lettuce type and inoculum level, in no instance was the number of L. monocytogenes recovered from lettuce treated with chlorine or Tsunami significantly different. The rate of decrease in free chlorine concentration in treatment solution as affected by the weight/volume ratio (1:100, 1:10, 2:10, and 4:10) of lettuce and solution was determined. The rate of reduction increased as the ratio decreased. The overall order of magnitude of reduction was shredded iceberg lettuce > iceberg pieces > Romaine pieces. The highest reductions in free chlorine concentration in solutions used to treat shredded lettuce are attributed to the release of tissue juices, which increases the concentration of soluble organic materials available for reaction with chlorine.     

Polyphenoloxidase activity and total phenolic content as related to browning of minimally processed ‘Jonagored’ apple

Phenolic content, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and browning have been reported by different authors to vary in different ways, depending on cultivar, picking maturity, storage conditions, etc. Numerous authors have attempted to correlate browning results with the phenolic content and/or enzymatic activity of apples, but data published in the literature are divergent as to which of the two factors, ie the enzyme or the substrate, plays the decisive role in the overall phenomenon of enzymatic browning. The aim of this work was to follow the PPO activity and phenolic content of minimally processed apple (cv ‘Jonagored’) during cold storage and to establish a potential relationship with enzymatic browning. Increasing storage time of minimally processed apple seemed to result in an increase in PPO activity. No changes (P > 0.05) in total phenolic content were observed during storage. Colour degradation of apple cubes, as indicated by changes in colour parameters, was found to be highly correlated with PPO activity. Browning of ‘Jonagored’ apple cubes during storage was found to be moderately correlated with PPO activity. No correlation was found between the browning index and the total phenolic content. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

超声波处理结合纳米包装对鲜切生菜品质的影响

运用超声波清洗结合纳米包装技术对鲜切生菜进行保鲜贮藏,通过测定贮藏期间生菜的主要品质、生理和微生物指标以探讨其保鲜作用。结果表明,纳米包装在抑制生菜质量损失,保持叶绿素、还原糖、VC含量方面效果都要优于超声波作用,而超声波处理（240 W、10 min、20 ℃）在抑制生菜酶活和表面微生物上的作用要较纳米包装好;超声波处理结合纳米包装对生菜的保鲜效果最佳,能够降低质量损失率,较好地保叶绿素和还原糖含量,控制微生物的生长,抑制多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,从而延缓衰老和褐变。经感官评定发现,超声波处理结合纳米包装的鲜切生菜在（4±0.5）℃、相对湿度85%～95%的贮藏环境中贮藏15 d后仍有商品价值。     

Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas spp. on fresh-cut produce packaged under equilibrium-modified atmosphere.

Storage experiments were conducted to follow the behavior of pathogens on fresh-cut vegetables (trimmed brussels sprouts, grated carrots, shredded iceberg lettuce, and shredded chicory endives) packaged under an equilibrium-modified atmosphere (EMA) (2 to 3% O2, 2 to 3% CO2, and 94 to 96% N2) and stored at 7 degrees C. As a comparison, fresh-cut vegetables were also packaged in a perforated high-barrier film (air conditions) and stored at 7 degrees C. In a first step, the shelf life of the vegetables in the two kinds of packages was determined by evaluating the microbiological quality as well as the sensorial quality (appearance, taste, and odor). In general, sensorial properties were faster in limiting the shelf life than microbiological criteria. The shelf life of the vegetables stored under an EMA was extended by 50% or more, compared with the air-stored vegetables. In a second storage experiment, the four fresh-cut vegetables were inoculated with a cocktail of psychrotrophic pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas caviae [HG4]) and A. bestiarum (HG2) before packaging under an EMA and air at 7 degrees C. The inoculated pathogens were more influenced by the type of vegetable than by the type of atmosphere. No growth was detected on the brussels sprouts or on carrots (L. monocytogenes). Aeromonas spp. had a higher growth rate than L. monocytogenes on the shredded chicory endives and shredded iceberg lettuce at 7 degrees C.     

Cross-contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli O157:H7

Contamination of produce by bacterial pathogens is an increasingly recognized problem. In March 1999, 72 patrons of a Nebraska restaurant were infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, and shredded iceberg lettuce was implicated as the food source. We simulated the restaurant's lettuce preparation procedure to determine the extent of possible EHEC cross-contamination and growth during handling. EHEC inoculation experiments were conducted to simulate the restaurant's cutting procedure and the subsequent storage of shredded lettuce in water in the refrigerator. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in inoculated water (2 x 10(9) CFU of EHEC per 3 liters of water) at room temperature or at 4 degrees C; EHEC levels associated with lettuce increased by > 1.5 logs on the second day of storage at 4 degrees C. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in water containing one inoculated lettuce piece (approximately 10(5) CFU of EHEC per lettuce piece) at both temperatures. The mixing of one inoculated dry lettuce piece with a large volume of dry lettuce, followed by storage at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 20 h resulted in 100% contamination of the leaves tested. Microcolonies were observed on lettuce stored at 25 degrees C, while only single cells were seen on leaves stored at 4 degrees C, suggesting that bacterial growth had occurred at room temperature. Three water washes did not significantly decrease the number of contaminated leaves. Washing with 2,000 mg of calcium hypochlorite per liter significantly reduced the number of contaminated pieces but did not eliminate contamination on large numbers of leaves. Temperature abuse during storage at 25 degrees C for 20 h decreased the effectiveness of the calcium hypochlorite treatment, most likely because of bacterial growth during the storage period. These data indicate that storage of cut lettuce in water is not advisable and that strict attention must be paid to temperature control during the storage of cut lettuce.     

库尔勒香梨贮藏期间酶促褐变机理的研究

以贮藏后期的库尔勒香梨为研究对象，在一定的贮藏期内，定期对香梨中多酚氧化酶活性、酚类物质含量、过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量作测定。结果表明，香梨在贮藏期间先进行酚类物质合成，后发生降解，多酚氧化酶活性呈先升后降的趋势，丙二醛含量总体上升。     

双孢蘑菇酶促褐变特性及褐变的控制

为有效控制双孢蘑菇褐变,研究pH值、温度、底物浓度以及抑制剂对双孢蘑菇的多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性的影响。结果表明：以邻苯二酚为底物,双孢蘑菇PPO最适反应pH6.8,最适反应温度20℃,最适反应底物浓度为0.06mol/L,米氏常数Km为0.1072mol/L。采用计算机图像处理技术对双孢蘑菇褐变程度进行定量检测,得出对双孢蘑菇贮藏保鲜效果较好的褐变抑制剂及其最佳配比为0.30mmol/L半胱氨酸、0.06％抗坏血酸、0.05%乙酸。     

短波紫外线处理对鲜切莲藕酶促褐变的影响

以'粉红藕'为试材,研究了短波紫外线处理对鲜切莲藕4℃冷藏过程中褐变效果的影响。主要分析了不同照射剂量(1.0、3.0和5.0 kJ/m2)下鲜切莲藕色泽、失水率、硬度、没食子酸含量、儿茶酚含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等对生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,5.0 kJ/m2剂量UV-C处理的鲜切莲藕褐变指数在贮藏第12 d时低于30,显著低于对照和其他处理组(P<0.05),5.0 kJ/m2剂量UV-C处理可通过抑制褐变底物儿茶酚、没食子酸与PPO反应来延缓鲜切莲藕的酶促褐变,并通过延缓硬度的下降,提高鲜切莲藕的贮藏品质。综合保鲜效果得出,12 d的贮藏期内,5.0 kJ/m2剂量UV-C处理抑制鲜切莲藕的褐变效果最佳。     

UV-C辐照处理对高节笋冷藏品质的影响

为研究UV-C辐照处理对采后剥壳后的高节笋的品质、木质化和褐变的控制效果,本文将UV-C 4.0 kJ·m-2强度辐照处理剥壳后的高节笋于(6±1) ℃、85%~90% RH环境下贮藏15 d,分析硬度、呼吸速率、失重率、腐烂率、纤维素和木质素含量以及4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性等指标的变化。结果表明:UV-C处理对抑制高节笋切面的褐变,延缓高节笋的硬度、呼吸速率、失重率、腐烂率、纤维素和木质素含量的上升,抑制4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性均有显著性作用(p<0.05)。研究发现,UV-C辐照处理能够通过降低木质素合成代谢的相关酶活以抑制采后去壳竹笋木质素的累积,从而延缓采后冷藏竹笋的木质化进程,使其保持良好的食用品质。     

POLYPHENOLOXIDASE ACTIVITY OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED 'JONAGORED' APPLES (MALUS DOMESTICA)

The influence of three chemical dips using ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA) and calcium chloride (CC) on the polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and on the total phenolic content of minimally processed (MP) apple (Malus domestica, cv. Jonagored) during cold storage was evaluated and a potential relationship with enzymatic browning was investigated. An ascorbic acid dip (42.6 mM) of 5 min duration was the most efficient chemical treatment in reducing the PPO activity of apple cubes. A 92% inhibition was achieved after 7 days of storage at 4C. All treatments were advantageous in comparison to the control in reducing color changes. Color changes, determined by absorbance at 420 nm (soluble pigments) and lightness (L) (insoluble pigments) of apple cubes treated with ascorbic acid were correlated with total phenolic content. No correlation was observed between PPO activity and tristimulus color parameters, browning index or total phenolic content of AA‐treated apple cubes.     

减压处理对菜花贮期生理效应的影响

研究不同强度减压处理对菜花贮期生理效应的影响。菜花在(1.0 ± 0.5)℃条件下贮藏40d,每隔24h 采用不同压力处理并维持此压力。结果表明：处理压力为60.7kPa 时呼吸强度比对照降低43%,PPO 和POD 活性分别比对照降低了28.8% 和32.7%,而VC 含量比对照高55.6%,褐变指数仅为0.21。适宜的压力处理能延缓菜花组织褐变和衰老,较好地保持其贮藏品质,具有良好的保鲜效果。     

Relationship between enzymatic browning and internal disorders in controlled-atmosphere stored pears

The relationship of browning potential and polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1) to the internal disorders brown heart (BH) and core breakdown (CB) was studied in pears stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) and ultra low oxygen atmosphere (ULO). Brown discoloration of the core and flesh areas depended on harvest date—the earlier the picking date, the higher the browning. In contrast to browning potential, which declined steadily during storage, PPO activity in flesh increased. No difference was found between the two storage atmospheres (CA and ULO). ULO-stored fruits showed the higher incidence in internal disorders. PPO activity was clearly inhibited in BH-damaged fruits but transiently increased in CB-damaged fruits. These results indicated that enzymatic browning and PPO enzyme are not directly correlated with the BH and CB disorders and not directly involved in their formation. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

鲜切苹果抗褐变研究

研究了不同褐变抑制剂对鲜切苹果PPO(多酚氧化酶)活性、褐变度、感官品质的影响。试验结果表明单一的1.5%L-半胱氨酸、1.0%D-异VC钠、1.0?TA-2Na处理均能较好地抑制鲜切苹果褐变。采用0.10%D-异VC钠 0.12?TA-2Na 0.13%L-半胱氨酸,浸泡2min的复合处理,可使鲜切苹果的PPO活性、褐变度、感官品质在14d内保持较优水平。