大豆分离蛋白对涂抹型再制干酪质构的影响

添加大豆蛋白可降低涂抹型再制干酪的成本，但也会对再制干酪的质构产生一定的影响。设计4因素3水平正交实验．应用TA—XT2i型物性分析仪考察添加了大豆蛋白后的再制干酪产品的质构变化，使用Statistix 8.0统计分析软件对实验结果进行统计分析并作出比较和对正交试验作极差分析。结果表明，4个因素在水平不同的9组正交实验的结果的差异性显著（p〈0.05），在极差分析中，4个因素对硬度的影响排序为D〉C〉A〉B；4个因素对剪切功的影响排序为D〉A〉B〉C；4个因素对粘着性的影响排序为A〉B〉D〉C；4个因素对感官评价的影响排序为A〉D〉C〉B。最后重做不同的最优组并再次测定各项指标，得到最好的组合为大豆蛋白添加量6％．黄油添加量10％，乳化盐添加量1、5％，加水量50％（均为质量分数，下同）。     

Incorporated glucosamine adversely affects the emulsifying properties of whey protein isolate polymerized by transglutaminase

Glucosamine (GlcN) and microbial transglutaminase (Tgase) are used separately or together to improve the emulsifying properties of whey protein isolate (WPI). However, little is known about how the emulsifying properties change when GlcN residues are incorporated into WPI cross-linked by Tgase. We used Tgase as a biocatalyst to cross-link WPI in the presence of GlcN in a liquid system for 12 h at a moderate temperature (25°C). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses indicated that protein polymerization and GlcN conjugation occurred simultaneously, phenomena also supported by the loss of free amines (9.4–20.5%). Addition of 5 U Tgase/g protein improved the emulsifying properties of moderately cross-linked WPI polymers. The Tgase-treated WPI polymers had a larger particle size (～2.6-fold) than native WPI, which may have reduced coalescence and flocculation in an oil-in-water emulsion system. However, the incorporation of GlcN residues into WPI, predominantly via enzymatic glycation, partly inhibited the cross-links between the WPI molecules catalyzed by Tgase, reducing the size of the WPI polymers 0.81- to 0.86-fold). Consequently, WPI+GlcN conjugates provided less stability to the emulsion. Moreover, high NaCl concentration (0.2 M) decreased the emulsifying properties of the WPI+GlcN conjugates by neutralizing negative electric charges in the glycoconjugates. However, the improved emulsifying properties of WPI cross-linked by Tgase may be useful in food processing at higher NaCl concentrations due to the formation of the thicker steric barrier at the oil-water interface.     

Effect of pH and addition of corn oil on the properties of whey protein isolate-based films using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate pH and corn oil (CO) effects on the properties of films formed from whey protein isolate (WPI). Test films were evaluated for tensile strength (TS), puncture strength (PT), percentage elongation at break point (E), water vapour permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP). TS of WPI films increased with increasing pH, while addition of CO produced no trend. However, when WPI solution pH increased >10.0, film TS generally decreased with CO addition (>11%). E values increased dramatically with increasing levels of CO when pH for WPI solutions were >8.5. However, pH had no effect on E values. WPI solutions possessing high pH values (maximum pH value of 10.62) produced WPI films with the highest PT values. WVP had a quadratic relationship with pH and CO addition. OP had an inversely linear relationship with increasing pH (6.5–10.5) and a quadratic relationship with CO addition. Optimal pH (9.88) and CO level (2.93%), determined from physical test film data, were predicted by RSM.     

Effects of process variables and addition of polydextrose and whey protein isolate on the properties of barley extrudates

Extrusion cooking is commonly used in the production of snacks. In the present study, extrudates were prepared using barley flour alone and with the addition of either polydextrose (PD) or whey protein isolate (WPI) and both PD and WPI. Independent process variables were water content of the mass (17%, 20% and 23%), screw speed (200, 350 and 500 rpm) and temperature of section 6 and die (110, 130 and 150 °C). Expansion, hardness, water content, porosity and chemical composition of the extrudates were analysed. Highly porous and expanded snack products with high dietary fibre and protein contents were obtained from barley flour and WPI when water content of mass was 17%, screw speed 500 rpm and temperature of section 6 and die 130 °C. Barley flour alone or with PD resulted in hard and non‐expanded extrudates. Expansion of extrudates was statistically significantly increased with decreasing water content of the mass and increasing screw speed in all trials.     

超声辅助处理对乳清分离蛋白糖基化产物的理化特性影响

采用超声辅助技术对乳清分离蛋白(WPI)进行糖基化改性,并与水浴加热法进行比较,探究两种处理方式对糖基化反应产物理化性质的影响。结果表明,与水浴法相比,超声辅助法可以更快地促进糖基化反应的进行,且对糖基化产物的理化性质有较大改善;当超声温度为70℃,功率为300 W,超声时间为40min时,乳清分离蛋白和葡萄糖的接枝度达到48. 10%,且乳清分离蛋白—葡萄糖接枝物的乳化性、在等电点处溶解性均增大。乳化系数由23.67 m~2/g增大到40.84 m~2/g;等电点附近的溶解度由19.09%增大到47.95%。且以接枝物为基质的乳液的粒径更小,储藏稳定性更好。     

Improvement of functional properties of whey protein isolate through glycation and phosphorylation by dry heating

Whey protein isolate (WPI) was glycated with maltopentaose (MP) through the Maillard reaction, and the MP-conjugated WPI (MP-WPI) was then phosphorylated by dry heating in the presence of pyrophosphate. Glycation occurred efficiently, and the sugar content of WPI increased approximately 19.9% through the Maillard reaction. The phosphorylation of MP-WPI was enhanced with an increase in the dry-heating time from 1 to 5 d, and the phosphorus content of WPI increased approximately 1.05% by dry heating at pH 4.0 and 85°C for 5 d in the presence of pyrophosphate. The electrophoretic mobility of WPI increased with an increase in the phosphorylation level. The stability of WPI against heat-induced insolubility at pH 7.0 was improved by conjugation with MP alone, and further improved by phosphorylation. Although the emulsifying activity of WPI was barely affected by glycation and phosphorylation, the emulsifying stability of phosphorylated MP-WPI (5 d), was 2.2 times higher than that of MP-WPI. Gelling properties such as hardness, resiliency, and water-holding capacity of heat-induced WPI gel were markedly improved, and the gel was rendered transparent by phosphorylation. The calcium phosphate-solubilizing ability of WPI was enhanced by phosphorylation. These results suggested that phosphorylation by dry heating in the presence of pyrophosphate after conjugation with MP is a useful method for improving the functional properties of WPI.     

Physicochemical and emulsifying properties of whey protein isolate (WPI)-polydextrose conjugates prepared via Maillard reaction

In this study, whey protein isolate (WPI) and polydextrose (PDX) were used to produce WPI-PDX covalent conjugates via dry-heating Maillard reaction, and their characteristics and functional properties including abilities to emulsify and stabilise the corn germ oil/water emulsions were measured. Compared with WPI alone, the WPI-PDX conjugates had higher water solubility and DPPH radical scavenging ability, and the derived emulsions exhibited good storage stability over 60 days prepared under these conditions: reaction time 24 h, conjugate concentration 4–6%, oil fraction ratio 0.6 and emulsion system pH 3–8. Further, we found that the emulsion possessed the best storage stability under the condition of 4% WPI-PDX conjugates and 0.6% oil fraction. These results provide a potent to prepare a beneficial Maillard conjugation following an optimised reaction condition and highlight the potential use of WPI-PDX conjugates as the emulsifier in food industry.     

不同因素对乳清蛋白乳化凝胶特性的影响

探讨了葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯（GDL）、中性盐（NaCl、CaCl₂）以及增稠剂对乳清分离蛋白乳化凝胶强度、弹性以及保水性的影响。结果表明:GDL为0.6%、NaCl为1%、CaCl₂为0.25%、增稠剂卡拉胶为0.2%以及黄原胶为0.1%制备的乳化凝胶强度显著提高。GDL为0.4%、NaCl为0.75%、CaCl₂为0.25%、增稠剂卡拉胶为0.05%以及黄原胶为0.15%制备的乳化凝胶弹性显著提高。增稠剂卡拉胶为0.15%、黄原胶为0.1%所制备的乳化凝胶保水性显著提高。      

高酰基结冷胶对乳清分离蛋白热诱导凝胶特性的影响

蛋白质-多糖凝胶具有良好的稳定性和机械强度,在稳定和传递生物活性物质、营养强化剂方面的应用前景广阔。该研究以乳清分离蛋白、高酰基结冷胶为原料制备热诱导混合凝胶,分析高酰基结冷胶对乳清分离蛋白-高酰基结冷胶混合凝胶的凝胶强度、保水性及显微结构等,揭示乳清蛋白-高酰基结冷胶凝胶形成机理。结果表明,高酰基结冷胶促使蛋白质巯基暴露从而使凝胶形成稳定结构,提高混合凝胶的凝胶强度和保水性,且随着高酰基结冷胶含量增加而显著增大,其质量浓度为4 g/L时,复合凝胶的凝胶强度最大,为26.97 g;保水性最好,为97.41%;透光率最低,为1.87%。温度扫描结果表明,增加高酰基结冷胶可以提高乳清分离蛋白的相转变温度,傅里叶红外光谱显示,乳清分离蛋白与高酰基结冷胶存在分子间作用力,扫描电子显微镜表明高酰基结冷胶诱导混合凝胶形成结构紧密的三维网络结构。该研究为拓展乳清分离蛋白和结冷胶的新型凝胶食品,提高传统食品的质量,改善食品的加工工艺提供基础理论数据。     

The effect of homogenization and addition of polysaccharides on the viscoelastic properties of processed cheese sauce

This study was conducted to determine the effect of 1-stage homogenization (OSH) and 2-stage homogenization (TSH) and the addition of polysaccharides [κ-carrageenan (CR) or furcellaran (FR) at levels ranging from 0.000 to 1.000% (wt/wt)] on the physicochemical, viscoelastic, and mechanical vibration damping properties of processed cheese sauces (PCS) after 30 d of storage (6 ± 2°C). The basic chemical properties (pH, dry matter content) were similar for all tested samples. Viscoelastic measurements indicated that PCS rigidity was directly proportional to increasing CR or FR concentration and to the application of homogenization. The interactions between the application of homogenization and the concentration of polysaccharides used were also significant. Compared with OSH, TSH did not lead to any further increase in the rigidity. The preceding results were also supported by data obtained from a nondestructive method of mechanical vibration damping. No changes in water activity were observed in any PCS sample. Overall, the addition of FR or CR appeared to be highly suitable for increasing the emulsion stability of PCS. If PCS products with softer consistency are desired, then a concentration of CR/FR ≤0.250% (wt/wt) could be recommended together with OSH/TSH. For products for which a firmer PCS consistency is required, the addition of CR in concentrations of ≥0.500% (wt/wt) or FR in concentrations of ≥1.000% (wt/wt) together with OSH is recommended. Finally, as the concentration of polysaccharides increased, a darker PCS color was observed.     

不同酶切方式对乳清蛋白疏水性和乳化性的影响

采用不同的蛋白酶对乳清蛋白进行水解,考察了肽键断裂方式对乳清蛋白肽疏水性和乳化性的影响,以及乳清蛋白不同酶解产物的疏水性和乳化性的关系。结果表明:不同蛋白酶作用于乳清蛋白得到的水解产物疏水性不同,6种蛋白酶解液的疏水性均随水解度的增大而降低,其中以胰凝乳蛋白酶酶解液的疏水性下降的最慢。研究还发现,乳化性随着水解度增加而先升高后下降,以双酶复合酶解液最差。不同蛋白酶水解液的乳化性指数随疏水性指数的降低而升高,乳化性指数与疏水性氨基酸质量分数成正相关。     

使用圆二色性光谱分析二级结构对大豆分离蛋白表面疏水性的影响

旨在采用圆二色性光谱手段研究二级结构对我国六种经常使用的大豆品种制备而成的分离蛋白的表面疏水性的影响。实验先是对六个品种的大豆进行分离蛋白的提取,并对其性质进行测定,包括溶解度和表面疏水性;再对六种大豆分离蛋白的二级结构进行测定和分析;通过SPSS软件对六种大豆分离蛋白的表面疏水性和二级结构的数值进行线性相关性分析,探究二者之间的构效关系。研究中发现六个品种的大豆分离蛋白的二级结构、溶解性、表面疏水性都差异显著（p<0.05）,表面疏水性的大小随着α-螺旋含量升高而减小,随着无规则卷曲和β-折叠含量增大而提高,因β-转角含量变化的影响不明显。SPSS线性相关性分析表明品种间的表面疏水性与β-转角含量线性关系不显著,与无规则卷曲、β-折叠含量呈正向相关,与α-螺旋含量呈负向相关。      

Effect of denatured whey protein concentrate and its fractions on cheese composition and rheological properties

The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the effect of a denatured whey protein concentrate (DWPC) and its fractions on cheese yield, composition, and rheological properties, and (2) to separate the direct effect of the DWPC or its fractions on cheese rheological properties from the effect of a concomitant increase in cheese moisture. Semihard cheeses were produced at a laboratory scale, and mechanical properties were characterized by dynamic rheometry. Centrifugation was used to induce a moisture gradient in cheese to separate the direct contribution of the DWPC from the contribution of moisture to cheese mechanical properties. Cheese yield increased and complex modulus (G*) decreased when the DWPC was substituted for milk proteins in milk. For cheeses with the same moisture content, the substitution of denatured whey proteins for milk proteins had no direct effect on rheological parameters. The DWPC was fractionated to evaluate the contribution of its different components (sedimentable aggregates, soluble component, and diffusible component) to cheese yield, composition, and rheological properties. The sedimentable aggregates were primarily responsible for the increase in cheese yield when DWPC was added. Overall, moisture content explained to a large extent the variation in cheese rheological properties depending on the DWPC fraction. However, when the effect of moisture was removed, the addition of the DWPC sedimentable fraction to milk increased cheese complex modulus. Whey protein aggregates were hypothesized to act as active fillers that physically interact with the casein matrix and confer rigidity after pressing.     

Functionality of spray-dried strawberry powder: effects of whey protein isolate and maltodextrin

The effectiveness of two drying agents, namely whey protein isolate (WPI) and maltodextrin (MD), was evaluated during spray-drying of strawberry puree. With the increase of WPI substitution in the feed material, the surface tension of strawberry puree decreased, and powder recovery increased. Powder recovery (R_p) increased from 39.2 ± 2.3% (S:MD:WPI = 60:40:0) to 56.5 ± 2.8% when MD was replaced by WPI (S:MD:WPI = 60:39:1). Surface morphology of powders showed that the addition of WPI resulted in shrunken particle surface, which gave rise to smaller D_B and particle size. The particles were not spherical, and even with the addition of 0.5% WPI, the particle morphology was altered. The surface shrinkage of strawberry powder increased with increase in WPI from 0.5% to 10%. The production efficiency of strawberry powder could be greatly improved when MD was replaced by 1% WPI.     

Effect of temperature,pH and film thickness on nisin release from antimicrobial whey protein isolate edible films

BACKGROUND: An active packaging film based on whey protein isolate (WPI) was developed by incorporating nisin to promote microbial food safety. The effect of temperature and pH on the release of nisin from edible films of different thickness was investigated. The film mechanical properties and inhibitory effect were also evaluated. RESULTS: Nisin release was significantly favoured by low pH, with the highest release after 24 h (1325 IU), which was not significantly affected by temperature (5 or 10 °C). Thickness significantly affected film elongation, with thicker films showing the highest elongation (54.3 ± 2.7%). Water vapour permeability (0.15 ± 0.4 g mm m^?2 kPa^?1 h^?1) and elastic modulus were not significantly affected by thickness. The highest nisin effective diffusivity (5.88 × 10^?14 m² s^?1) was obtained using a solution at pH 4, 112 µm film thickness and a temperature of 5 °C. More than four log cycles of Brochotrix thermosphacta were reduced from the surface of a ham sample after 8 days of incubation at 4 °C by the active WPI film containing 473 IU cm^?2 nisin. CONCLUSION: Nisin diffusivity from WPI edible films was favoured at lower pH and film thickness. This active packaging film may be used to preserve the quality and safety of meat products. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Functional properties of films based on soy protein isolate and gelatin processed by compression molding

Soy protein isolate (SPI) based films, blended with gelatin and plasticized with glycerol at pH 10, were prepared by compression molding with the aim to obtain environmentally friendly materials for packaging applications. Different contents and types of gelatin were incorporated into SPI-based mixtures to improve mechanical properties. All films obtained were flexible and transparent. Films with 15% of bovine gelatin showed higher tensile strength and similar elongation at break compared with the ones without gelatin. Moreover, contact angle measurements showed that the addition of gelatin decreased the hidrophilicity of the films, while UV barrier properties were maintained. The effect of gelatin addition has been explained using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and the changes observed in the intensity of the bands corresponding to the amide group showed that gelatin interacts with SPI, which was confirmed by the decrease of total soluble matter.     

Influence of proteolysis of milk on the whey protein to total protein ratio as determined by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to determine the whey protein to total protein ratio in raw and UHT milk samples with different degrees of proteolysis caused by storage. In raw milks, the analysis of samples taken at regular times demonstrated the influence of proteolysis in the whey protein to total protein determination, which was overestimated after 4 d of storage. In UHT milks, the overestimation of the whey protein to total protein ratio took place after 30 or 60 d of storage. However, the ratios alphaS1-CN/beta-CN and alphas1-CN/kappa-CN permitted detection of the samples of raw or UHT milk with degraded proteins. The distorted capillary electrophoretic pattern obtained for UHT milks made necessary an integration of the electropherograms in a "valley-to-valley" way. Results for raw milk samples were identical when "valley-to-valley" was compared to standard integration techniques. This CE method could be considered an alternative method to derivative spectroscopy for the determination of the whey protein to total protein of milk and could be used to detect samples with proteolysis.