Effect of the frequency of the mixing of coffee cherries put out for drying on the kinetics of drying and the relationship to ochratoxin A production

The effect of the frequency of the mixing of coffee cherries put out for sun drying on the kinetics of the drying, fungal growth and kinetics of ochratoxin A production was evaluated. The results showed that the more coffee cherries were mixed, the quicker they dried. This rapidity of drying led to a reduction of fungal development. Indeed, coffee cherries mixed eight and ten times a day, dried quickly and were free inside of fungi. However, infection by fungi gives little indication of ochratoxin A production in coffee cherries. Indeed, although coffee cherries mixed twice a day were more contaminated by fungi, the analysis of ochratoxin A content showed they were free of this mycotoxin. The coffee cherries that were more contaminated by ochratoxin A were those mixed four times a day (containing 0.35-5.46 µg kg^-1 ochratoxin A). Ochratoxin A contamination was essentially due to the presence of Aspergillus species capable of producing ochratoxin A inside the coffee cherries.     

IRRADIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO METHYL BROMIDE FOR QUARANTINE TREATMENT OF STONE FRUITS1

Irradiation can be used with cherries, apricots, or peaches as a quarantine treatment at 300gy's or less with little quality loss. Either irradiation or methyl bromide (MeBr) can be used as a quarantine treatment for ‘Bing’‘and ‘Rainier’ sweet cherries with acceptable results and similar fruit quality. Difference in stem condition and bruising were more evident for irradiated ‘Rainier’ cherries than for MeBr treated ‘Rainier’ cherries, but these differences were small. Use of irradiation results in some firmness loss, for ‘Bing’ cherries when compared with MeBr, but irradiation treatment of cherries does not result in a loss of fruit and stem color, where the use of MeBr doses result in both fruit and stem color loss. Apricots (‘Perfection’ and ‘Rival’) and peaches (‘Regina’) are tolerant to irradiation at 300 gy with little quality loss. Loss of firmness, color changes and increased internal breakdown are evident in both apricots and peaches at irradiation dose above 600 gy. If irradiation dose above 600 gy is required to meet quarantine requirements unacceptable qualidy loss will occur in cherries, apricots and peaches.     

Use of modified atmospheres to prolong the postharvest life of Burlat cherries at two different degrees of ripeness

The effects of degree of ripeness and packaging atmosphere on the quality of the very early season cherry (Prunus avium) cultivar ‘Burlat’ have been studied. Cherries were classified into two groups depending on their stage of ripening, taking colour as a maturity index (red and purple). After rapid chilling, cherries were sealed in 50 µm low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) bags in four different atmosphere compositions. Packages were stored at 2 °C and cherries were analysed weekly until they were deemed to be commercially unacceptable (after 4 weeks for red cherries and 3 weeks for purple cherries). Changes in atmosphere composition, skin colour, pigment content, titratable acidity, soluble solids, firmness and sensory quality were monitored. Acceptability was higher for the less mature group of cherries. Colour shifted in both groups, initially from red to blue/red and later on back to red. Titratable acidity decreased at the end of the experimental period for all samples. Firmness increased at first, but towards the end of the experiment it was similar to the initial value. The gas composition of the four modified atmosphere conditions approached a final equilibrium consisting of 9–12% CO₂ and 1–3% O₂. For long‐distance transportation of Burlat cherries the following procedure is recommended: harvest at the red colour stage, package in air using LDPE bags and maintain the temperature at 2 °C. Under these conditions, red Burlat cherries can be kept in an excellent commercial state for 3 weeks. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of an edible coating, fungicide and cold storage on microbial spoilage of cherries

The effects of an edible coating, i.e., Semperfresh^TM, fungicide, i.e., Imazalil, and cold storage on microbial spoilage of cherries were studied. Two group of cherries (Prunus avium) were coated just after harvest with 1% and 2% Semperfresh^TM fruit coating. Two other group of cherries were treated with 75 ppm and 150 ppm concentrations of Imazalil and then coated with a 1% concentration of Semperfresh^TM fruit coating. Half of the cherries from each of the above groups was stored at ambient temperature (~30Dž °C) and at 40-50% relative humidity, the other half of the cherries was stored at cold storage (0 °C) and at 95-98% relative humidity. Each group was analyzed for the mold and yeast count. The Semperfresh^TM edible coating resulted in a slightly increased fungal spoilage of fruits. Imazalil fungicide treatment clearly decreased and retarded the microbial spoilage of fruits. As a result, low temperature storage was the most effective solution for both microbial spoilage and delay in the ripening.     

Phenolic Compounds,Volatiles, and Sensory Characteristics of Twelve Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Cultivars Grown in Turkey

The paper reports the phenolic, anthocyanin, and volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of 12 cultivars of sweet cherries including cvs. Belge, Bing, Dalbasti, Durona di Cesena, Lambert, Merton Late, Starks Gold, Summit, Sweetheart, Van, Vista, and 0–900 Ziraat. Eight individual phenolic compounds were determined by the HPLC‐DAD method. Among these cherries, cvs. Bing, Durona di Cesena, and Lambert contained higher levels of total individual phenolic compounds than the other cultivars. Six anthocyanins were detected in cherries and cyanidin‐3‐O‐rutinoside was principal and it was the highest level in cv. Bing. The major volatiles found were 1‐hexanol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, benzylalcohol, hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, and benzaldehyde. Sensory evaluation of the cherries showed that cvs. Belge, Bing, Dalbasti, and Summit have higher textural and flavor scores than others. It was concluded that the same compounds for phenolic or volatiles profiles of sweet cherries were similar in qualitative; however, quantitative differences were observed in these cultivars.     

STABILIZATION OF ANTHOCYANINS IN FROZEN TART CHERRIES BY BLANCHING

SUMMARY— Unpitted red tart cherries (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) were blanched in steam (100°C) for 0, 30, 45 and 60 sec, then frozen at −20°C. The anthocyanin color of the fruit was determined periodically during frozen storage for 3 months in one experiment and 10 months in another. When the cherries were not allowed to thaw before the analysis, no color loss due to anthocyanin destruction was observed in either the blanched or unblanched cherries. When they were thawed at room temperature (22° C) in single layer for 2 and 4 hr, the unblanched cherries lost 14 and 25% anthocyanin color, respectively; cherries subjected to 45- or 60-sec blanching showed no significant color loss. When the cherries were disintegrated in a Waring Blendor for up to 30 min, the unblanched cherries lost considerable color (70%) after 30 min under oxygen or air, but those blanched for 45 or 60 sec suffered no color loss. Some anthocyanin destruction was Observed in the 30-sec blanch lot. Blending under oxygen was slightly more deleterious to the color than blending under air. Blending under nitrogen minimized the color loss but did not eliminate it. Blanching resulted in a 4–7.5% loss of weight.     

Color Characteristics and Stability of Nonbleeding Cocktail Cherries Dyed with Carotenoid Pigments

Experimental cocktail cherries dyed with carotenoids and commercial cherries were compared by spectrocolorimetry to determine color characteristics and stability. Cherries dyed with canthaxanthin, apo-carotenal and oleoresin paprika were more tomato- or orange-red than cherries dved with Red No. 40. Red No. 3. or carmine. No color bleeding was observed with carbtenoid-dyed cherries. The color of cherries dyed with canthaxanthin was stable for 1 year at 4°C. Color stability was not as good in cherries dyed with apo-carotenal but could be improved greatly by addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ascorbic acid to preservative solutions in which cherries were stored.     

APPLICATION OF A COMPRESSION-RELAXATION TEST FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF BURLAT SWEET CHERRY

Mechanical parameters of Burlat sweet cherries (Prunus avium) were studied as a function of ripening during three consecutive years by using a penetration test, a compression test between two plates, and a compression-relaxation test. The latter yields the "apparent secant modulus," i. e. the ratio of the initial maximum compression force over the applied strain. This modulus is one of the most useful mechanical parameters to discriminate between batches because its value is clearly related to the variety and degree of ripeness. Thus, the compression-relaxation test consistently allowed the differentiation of cherries in five degrees of ripeness.     

Effects of an Edible Coating and Cold Storage on Shelf-life and Quality of Cherries

The effects of an edible coating, i.e. Semperfresh^TM and cold storage on shelf-life and quality of cherries were studied. Two groups of cherries (Prunus avium) were coated just after harvest with 10 and 20 g/L Semperfresh^TM fruit coating which is composed of sucrose esters of fatty acids, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and mono-diglycerides of fatty acids. Half of the cherries from each of the above groups was stored at ambient temperature (∼30±3 °C) and at 40-50% relative humidity, the other half of the cherries was stored at cold storage (0 °C) and at 95-98% relative humidity. Each group was analysed for the following quality parameters: firmness, weight loss, titratable acidity, soluble solid content, sugar content, ascorbic acid content, and external color. It was demonstrated that Semperfresh^TM was effective to reduce the weight loss and increase firmness, ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity and skin color of cherries during storage time. However, soluble solid content and sugar content were not affected by coating. The results of this study suggest that Semperfresh^TM increased the shelf-life of the cherries by 21% at 30±3 °C and by 26% at 0 °C without perceptible losses in quality.     

Peck Substances of Sweet Cherries and Their Alteration during SO2 Brining

SUMMARY— During ripening the proportion of protopectin in the cherries decreased as did the average intrinsic viscosity of the pectic material. Brining of the cherries resulted in a further decrease in the intrinsic viscosity and a conversion of protopectin and pectinic acid to the pectic acid form. The texture of the brined cherries softened with increasing maturity of the starting material. On prolonged storage in SO² brine the texture of the cherries softened, and the intrinsic viscosity of the pectic materials decreased. The use of brines with pH levels above and below pH 3.1-3.5 caused a decrease in the intrinsic viscosity. A slight increase in pectic breakdown was seen when the SO² was raised to the 2% level. The overall effect of brining on the pectic materials of the cherries was to cause extensive de-esterification and a decrease in the viscosity average molecular weight.     

OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF FRUIT

Influence of the osmosis time on the stability of processed cherries ("Vittoria", "Durone Nero I" and "Starking" cultivars) was studied.
The cherries were osmo-dehydrated for two, four, six hours, vacuum packed, pasteurized and then analyzed for ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose and maltose content by HPLC, for pH, total titrimetric acidity, dry matter, color and for organoleptic characteristics, during the process and up to six months of storage.
The dehydration of the fruit and the exchange with the osmotic syrup took place chiefly during the first two hours of the process. No substantial differences were noted though, in the cherries, processed at different time, both for chemical and organoleptic characteristics. Color data showed the importance of the variety in order to obtain good products. Thus it was concluded that a two hours'osmodehydration process is suitable to achieve very acceptable products.     

Total Anthocyanins and Total Phenolics of Fresh and Processed Cherries and Their Antioxidant Properties

ABSTRACT: Total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and the antioxidant activities of 1 sour cherry cultivar ( Prunus cerasus L.) and 3 sweet cherry cultivars ( P. avium L.) were determined. Bing cherries were highest in anthocyanins, whereas Montmorency cherries were highest in total phenolics and antioxidant activities (oxygen radical absor-bance capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power). Total phenolics and anthocyanins for all cultivars were concentrated in the skin. More than 75% of anthocyanins in frozen Bing cherries were destroyed after 6 mo of storage at -23°C. During canning, about half the anthocyanins and polyphenolics leached from the fruits into the syrup with little total loss. Spent cherry brine contained substantial anthocyanins and polyphenolics.     

Production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus carbonarius on coffee cherries

Robusta coffee cherries collected before and during sun drying from two coffee farms in Thailand were examined for moulds producing ochratoxin A (OA). Aspergillus ochraceus was only detected in one sample, whereas Aspergillus carbonarius was isolated from 7 out of 14 samples. On gamma-irradiated coffee cherries, each of the six tested A. carbonarius strains produced OA. More than 4800 microg kg(-1) of toxin were detected under optimal conditions (25 degrees C, a(w) 0.99). OA production was strongly reduced (230 microg kg(-1)) at an a(w) of 0.94.     

苦荞粗多糖涂膜处理对中国樱桃的保鲜效果

为延长中国樱桃采后保质期,探究苦荞粗多糖涂膜处理对中国樱桃的保鲜效果,本研究对新鲜中国樱桃采后用不同浓度的苦荞粗多糖进行涂膜处理,塑料包装盒包装置于4 ℃下贮藏6 d,测定贮藏期间樱桃的理化、微生物和感官指标来分析苦荞粗多糖可食涂膜对中国樱桃的保鲜作用。结果表明:苦荞多糖可食涂膜保鲜有效降低中国樱桃除采后果实失重率（<3%）,贮藏第6 d可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度、维生素C和总酚含量维持在新鲜采收时的87%、60%、40%、44%以上;延缓果实硬度和颜色的劣变,抑制贮藏期间细菌、霉菌和酵母的增殖,菌落总数<7 lg CFU/g,霉菌和酵母总数<6.2 lg CFU/g;0.4%和0.8%的苦荞粗多糖对中国樱桃的保鲜效果与相同浓度的壳聚糖相当,保鲜期延长至4 d,而1.2%的苦荞粗多糖显著增加樱桃保鲜期至5 d。苦荞粗多糖涂膜处理可作为有效的方式用于中国樱桃的采后保鲜。     

吉林省不同区域毛樱桃中重金属的检测与分析

吉林省不同区域毛樱桃中包含铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)5种重金属,本实验通过原子吸收光谱法对五种金属进行含量测定。首先通过使用各种标准系列溶液,设定适当的仪器参数,得到线性方程和相关系数,测得精密度及回收率,最后测定样品重金属含量。实验结果表明,不同区域的毛樱桃重金属含量并不相同,长白山地区均低于长春、吉林、四平、白城和通辽地区;不同种植环境的毛樱桃重金属含量也不相同,城市绿化种植的毛樱桃重金属含量略高于野生毛樱桃重金属含量。铅的限量标准是0.1 mg/kg,镉的限量标准是0.05 mg/kg,锌的限量标准是5 mg/kg,铜的限量标准是10 mg/kg,铬的限量标准是0.5 mg/kg,不同区域被检测的毛樱桃重金属含量均低于国家限定标准,这一实验结果显示毛樱桃作为药食同源可以放心食用。     

QUALITY RESPONSE OF 'BING' AND 'RAINIER' SWEET CHERRIES TO LOW DOSE ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION

'Bing' and 'Rainier' sweet cherries were irradiated at doses of 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 and 0.90 kGy using a linear accelerator. Cherries were evaluated for quality immediately after treatment and again after 14 days storage at 1C. No variation in soluble solids, titratable acidity or flavor were noted at any of the irradiation doses. Defects were increased for 'Rainier' cherries at irradiation doses above 0.60 kGy, but no change in defects of 'Bing' cherries were present regardless of irradiation doses. Objective color of 'Bing' cherries was lighter with more red at irradiation doses greater than 0.30 kGy, but this change in color was not evident visually. Objective color of 'Rainier' cherries was reduced at irradiation doses of 0.60 kGy and greater. This reduction in 'Rainier' red color was evident visually at an irradiation dose of 0.90 kGy. No change in 'Bing' green stem color was evident, but 'Rainier' stem color improved at irradiation doses above 0.60 kGy. Firmness of both 'Bing' and 'Rainier' cherries was reduced at irradiation doses of 0.60 kGy and greater. By using the linear accelerator at doses of 0.60 kGy or less, 'Bing' and 'Rainier' cherries can be irradiated with no major quality loss to meet quarantine requirements.     

Preservation of sweet cherry by isochoric (constant volume) freezing

Due to the perishable nature of fruits and the importance of reducing food waste, an effective preservation technique is required to prolong the shelf life and maintain the physical and nutritional properties of seasonal fruits. In this study, we evaluated isochoric freezing for preserving the quality of sweet cherries. We examined the physical characteristics and nutritional values of thawed cherries frozen to −4 °C or −7 °C in an isochoric system and compared them with those of fresh cherries, thawed cherries that were individually quick frozen and thawed cherries frozen to −4 °C or −7 °C in an isobaric system. We found that isochoric freezing decreased the drip loss and better preserved the color, texture, structure, ascorbic acid, phenolic and antioxidant content of frozen cherries, thereby proving their potential in frozen fruit applications.     

不同地区玛瑙红樱桃品质差异分析

目的：通过对贵州省不同地区的玛瑙红樱桃品质进行对比分析,探索不同地区间玛瑙红樱桃的品质差异。方法：以开阳、纳雍、织金三个地区的玛瑙红樱桃鲜果为试材,采摘同一时期相同成熟度的果实,测定其重量、可溶固形物、总黄酮、多酚等含量及相关酶活性。结果：从果实的外观来看,三个地区樱桃果实的大小无显著性差异,但纳雍地区樱桃果实颜色相对较红。在质地方面,纳雍地区樱桃果实的硬度为861.14 g,分别是织金与开阳的1.82倍、1.50倍。从营养价值方面评价,织金地区樱桃果实的的游离氨基酸含量最高为46.01 mg·100 g-1,而开阳地区的硒离子含量为153.51μg/g,分别是纳雍的11.73倍、织金的1.27倍。从不同角度分析,三个地区的樱桃果实各有优点,纳雍地区樱桃果实的外观相对较好,而织金和开阳地区樱桃果实的游离氨基酸与金属离子含量相对较高,这可能是由于地理、气候、光照时长等因素所导致。     

Effect of chitosan and chitooligosaccharide on vitamin C and polyphenols contents in cherries and strawberries during refrigerated storage

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of treatment with chitosan and chitooligosaccharide on vitamin C and polyphenols contents in cherries and strawberries during refrigerated storage. Chitosans and chitooligosaccharides, as well as vitamin C and polyphenols are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Synthesis of vitamin C in strawberries and loss of vitamin C in cherries were observed during refrigerated storage. The treatment with chitosan and chitooligosaccharides inhibits vitamin C synthesis in strawberries and promotes vitamin C synthesis in cherries. Lower values of anthocyanin content for strawberries and higher values of anthocyanin content for cherries treated with chitosan and chitooligosaccharide compared with anthocyanin content in control strawberries and cherries were found after 7 days storage at 4 °C. Total phenols content in strawberries decreased and in cherries increased after storage 7 days at 4 °C and more pronounced changes observed for samples treated with high molecular weight chitosan. The correlation between moisture content in treated and non-treated strawberries and contents of vitamin C, anthocyanin and total phenols was shown. No correlation between moisture content and content of vitamin C, anthocyanins and total phenols was found for cherries.     

Using survival analysis to investigate the effect of UV-C and heat treatment on storage rot of strawberry and sweet cherry

Ultraviolet light and heat treatment are proposed as alternative techniques for the use of chemicals to reduce the development of the spoilage fungi Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructigena on strawberry and sweet cherry, respectively, during storage. In order to investigate the effect of both physical techniques on microbial inactivation and on fruit quality, inoculated berries were subjected to different temperatures (40-48 degrees C) and UV-C doses (0.05-1.50 J/cm2). For each condition, 20 berries were used. After the treatment, fungal growth, visual damage (holes, stains) and fruit firmness were evaluated during a period of 10 days. The experimental data were analysed statistically using survival analysis techniques. Fungal growth on strawberries was significantly retarded using UV-C doses of 0.05 J/cm2 and higher. The same treatment had no significant effect when applied to cherries. The highest doses (1.00 and 1.50 J/cm2) had a negative effect on the calyx of the strawberry, causing browning and drying of the leaves. No beneficial effect of a low temperature treatment (40-48 degrees C) on the shelf life of strawberries was observed, but fungal development on cherries was retarded at temperatures of 45 and 48 degrees C. These temperatures caused severe damage on strawberries (soft stains, holes, decreased firmness), but had no influence on the quality of sweet cherries.