20世纪荷兰乡村景观发展概述

对20世纪荷兰乡村景观的发展历程进行了回顾。土地开垦将荷兰部分自然景观转变成文化景观;20世纪,在不断出台的一系列的土地整理政策的指导下,荷兰的乡村景观开始发生演变,从丰产的景观,过渡到农业、休闲和自然保护平衡发展,再到注重＂新自然＂的创造这样一个动态发展过程。＂二战＂之后,乡村景观规划在乡村景观的重塑中扮演了重要作用,使得荷兰乡村景观表现出功能性、可读性和生态性的特征。20个国家景观区域的确立将保持荷兰的景观独特性。     

遗产景观的韧性设计——历史庄园景观保护与发展的景观导向区域设计方法

气候变化与城市化对圩田景观、历史村庄及其周围环境,以及那些不能只被当作“纪念碑”来保护的考古景观等文化遗产景观的管理和保护有重大影响。本研究主要关注历史庄园景观,即由乡村庄园及其所在土地决定其特征的景观。首先,气候适应是一项重大挑战,亟须解决由于温度升高而导致的水资源“盈亏”与植被的变化。此外,持续的城市化与人类日益增长的休闲需求也给庄园景观带来了空前的压力。如何应对由城市化带来的空间碎片化问题,以及如何回应休闲旅游业需求的增加而带来的庄园产权转换和功能置换等问题,是现如今庄园景观面临的巨大挑战。这些挑战的复杂性需要从区域或“直升机”视角（helicopter view）来理解庄园之间的系统性关系和内涵,从而找到各利益相关方可协作的平台。以荷兰格尔德兰省（Gelderland）为例,介绍一种基于景观的区域设计方法来理解、规划和设计历史庄园景观,即“通过设计来保护”的方法：以历史景观的空间发展结构为基础,执行核心利益相关者全过程参与机制,结合以图像为主要媒介的沟通方式,建构基于合作与共创的空间策略与准则。这是如何利用设计研究以及通过设计进行研究的典型例子。     

基于森林景观恢复策略的庄园遗产景观设计探寻——以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例

庄园遗产景观是指包含花园和农业用地的历史乡村庄园集群。在气候变化、工业发展和快速城市化的背景下,庄园遗产景观正面临水生态环境失衡、空间碎片化和文化特征消失等挑战,而这些挑战只能从区域规划尺度去应对。以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例,在考虑地方景观异同的同时,以景观自身特性为基底,结合未来发展趋势,进一步诠释了一种旨在提升庄园遗产景观韧性的多尺度景观设计方法。发现森林砍伐为地域空间变化的主要因素之一,它对水系统与生态多样性造成了负面影响。基于在区域尺度上对庄园遗产景观历史发展的分析,森林景观恢复(FLR)作为主要设计策略,旨在从不同尺度上对“退化的”景观进行生态功能修复并提升人类福祉。这种新的空间设计方法将在不同尺度上促进文化遗产景观发展。     

四川盆地传统庄园景观特征分析

庄园是四川传统民居的重要类型,其发展贯穿了长达数千年的农耕文明时代,直至今日仍有大量留存,既反映了四川盆地景观营造艺术和技术传统、也体现了显著的地域特征,具有极高的研究价值。该文选取江安黄氏庄园、大英罗氏庄园和大邑刘氏庄园三个典型案例,首先通过实地调研,从选址、空间布局、建筑及园林设计等方面对庄园景观展开全面深入的分析,由此归纳出四川盆地传统庄园的景观特征,以期为进一步发掘庄园的文化景观价值和内涵提供参考。     

从荷兰景观魅力看中国景观设计前景

通过分析荷兰景观发展的社会历史条件及其地域特点,指出荷兰景观在时代发展中的优势和影响,进一步提出借鉴荷兰景观对中国景观设计发展有重要意义,强调中国景观的发展方向应在尊重历史现实的基础上顺应时代需求,兼容并蓄。     

欧盟景观政策发展研究

对欧盟景观政策产生的背景和过程进行分析和阐述,总结了欧盟政策产生的阶段和特点。对欧盟景观政策发生、发展及背景进行解析有助于对欧洲景观学科研究现状的了解,有助于我国景观政策的研究,进而推动景观政策的形成与发展。欧盟景观政策使我们认识到综合协调环境政策的重要性,为景观保护、管理和规划提供了一个新工具,也为我们提供了一个重要的、思考景观未来的新出发点。     

新型景观生态污水处理系统研究进展

针对传统污水处理工艺、污水生态处理系统存在的问题,总结了新型景观生态污水处理系统的原理及优点,展望了新型景观生态污水处理系统的应用前景,阐明了今后新型景观生态污水处理系统研究的主要构想与方向,以期促进新型景观生态污水处理系统的发展和应用。     

圩田景观:荷兰低地的风景园林

荷兰低地大部分都是圩田,人们通过人工控制水位,可以在圩田中工作和生活。人与水之间数百年来此消彼长的相互作用孕育了丰富多样的圩田景观。地质上底层土壤的差异、水与土的动态变化以及人类干预过程生成了种类繁多的圩田形式。本研究从风景园林的视角系统地探索了荷兰圩田景观形态塑造的成就,并将其视觉化呈现。圩田,不仅仅可以看作水力学现象的产物,同时也是空间结构和文化表达的结果:圩田景观不仅仅可观、可游,同时反映了荷兰文化。通过探索圩田景观形态,我们可以"解读"荷兰低地的场地精神,以便获取其后隐藏的信息及设计知识,并成为下一步发展的线索。本研究分两个阶段分析了圩田景观的风景园林化形式,并借助系统分析和制图的方式呈现了圩田景观的共通点和差异性。首先,调研所有圩田并进行数字化,得到第一张系统化的荷兰圩田地图。而地理信息系统(GIS)的运用不仅仅保证了精确度,也为使得将信息融入地图并组建空间数据库成为可能。在第二个阶段,进一步研究圩田这一低地基本景观单元。通过对选定的不同圩田类型(海岸黏土圩田、河流圩田、湖床圩田、和泥炭土圩田)的实例进行形态学分析,列举并解读每一种圩田类型的特征。截至目前,圩田景观的研究大多基于自然和历史地理学角度,而上述分析使得人们可以触及圩田景观的空间设计法则,并得到这类景观保护和转型的线索。     

海的土地——黄金时代北荷兰省湖床圩田景观分析

湖床圩田是荷兰最能代表其围垦成就和最具乡土景观特征的圩田类型,并深刻地影响了荷兰的水管理体系和城镇规划设计传统。17世纪是湖床圩田形成的主要时期,并主要集中在北荷兰省。从早期圩田的开垦、荷兰文艺复兴的影响、水利技术的发展等方面论述17世纪北荷兰省湖床圩田发展的背景,接着介绍了湖床圩田的开垦方式和过程,列举了具有代表性的圩田实例,并从风景园林的角度加以剖析圩田和花园之间的关系,最后,总结了湖床圩田对荷兰的水利景观、城镇设计的影响。     

疏浚、排水和开垦 荷兰低地圩田景观分析

荷兰低地的自然景观是由瀉湖、沼泽、海湾、河口组成的持续变化的三角洲景观体系,长达约6个世纪中大规模泥炭圩田开垦和始于17世纪的大规模湖床圩田的开垦,将这块介于大陆和海洋之间的流动的蛮荒之地转化为一个相对稳定丰产的富饶之地。圩田成为荷兰低地最为重要的乡土景观类型,综合了农业生产、水利调控和城镇建设,文章将简要论述荷兰低地圩泥炭圩田和湖床圩田的发展历程,然后从景观空间、水文流域和社会自治的角度对其加以分析,试图对圩田这一荷兰典型的乡土景观有一个较为全面和深刻的理解。     

重塑生活场域：英国乡村景观遗产地 活动策略研究及启示

以乡村庄园为代表的英国乡村景观遗产保护有着悠 久的实践历史,其近20年来借助系统而丰富的活动设置和灵 活的空间利用,从过去静态的博物馆式保护模式向融入当前各 阶层、各年龄段公众生活的可持续场所转变,代表着当前世界 乡村景观遗产保护与发展的理论与实践方向。通过对英国英格 兰地区36处乡村庄园遗产地的实地考察,结合以文献综述、 调查访问和案例分析为主的研究方法,梳理英国乡村景观遗产 保护理念转向注重活动、与公众健康与福祉相联系的发展历 程,从组织机构、活动类型与活动保障探讨其活动安排策略, 并结合中国乡村景观遗产实际总结出以“多元价值”为本、以 “儿童活动”为基、以“协同资源”为纲、以“公众参与”为 领的经验启示。     

景观的符号化

总体概述了中国景观园林的设计手法,通过列举一些景观园林设计实例,证实了运用新技术与新材料,并将整个传统园林景观元素进行提炼,只用一个符号来传达意境,这样更容易被人们接受,也更容易传播和发展.     

地铁上盖物业的建筑设计

通过设计实例,详细阐述在地铁上盖物业工程设计中,怎样体现地铁上盖物业的特色,建立完善的平面交通和垂直交通体系。并且满足车辆段的限界要求,体现"以人为本"的设计理念,塑造丰富多彩的现代都市生活空间,体现现代生活高效率、高品质、快节奏的特点。     

Changes to Continuing Landscapes: Industrialisation of Australia’s Productive Rural Lands

Abstract

Changes in scale and economies of Australia’s productive agricultural lands from small-scale family owned farms of mixed stock/crop production to large-scale agglomerations of vast monocultures especially grains and cotton will be examined. Rural heritage listing is concentrated on nineteenth century colonial rural homesteads, woolsheds and associated processing buildings and estates, mainly the built components of a designed landscape, or on forested lands in national parks and conservation reserves. Heritage landscapes associated with intensive production on small holdings specialising in vegetables, vineyards or orchards are under threat from subdivision for suburban expansion and rural lifestyle or hobby farms with associated development of utilities and access routes. The decline in sheep farming and its replacement in some regions by grain-growing agglomerations and the national spread of cattle raising has led to much abandonment of rural infrastructure. Agriculture has become more productive, but many cultural landscapes have not been identified as such for protection under local planning schemes. How much change should be permitted in small-scale ‘traditional’ rural landscapes and when do large-scale agri-business landscapes become significant?     

Modernity,Heritage and Landscape: The Housing Estate as Heritage

Abstract

Housing estates are rarely considered as specific landscapes with particular histories, social and physical fabrics, let alone considered of relevance to heritage debates. Both popularly and among experts, housing estates are often taken to be the symbols and materialisation of modernity’s failed planning and architecture, and consequently socially alienating and homogenising environments. In this article, we present findings from a qualitative study among residents in a housing estate in Trondheim, Norway. It is argued that the residents’ processual perspective on landscape, heritage and home produces an understanding of the housing estate, which rests on what the housing estate offers, rather than what it lacks. A processual perspective hence allows for a more critical understanding, socially and morphologically, not only of estate living “on the ground”, but of hegemonic discourses of contested relations between heritage, landscape and modernity.     

Post-war large housing estates in Norway – Well-kept residential areas still stigmatised?

The large post-war housing estates constitute an important part of the housing resources in the large Norwegian cities, and the estates seem to present fairly satisfactory conditions physically and socially, compared to similar areas in other countries. Even so, Norwegian large housing estates are held in low esteem. Many of them are stigmatised, and there are some examples of areas facing grave problems. There are several reasons why large housing estates are held in low esteem and have a rather low score on socio-economic and social indicators. Low attraction, low preference for high-rise living, a deregulated housing market, the labelling process, spatial inequality and increasing socio-economic inequality have an impact on segregation and deprivation. We identify some additional factors to explain why large housing estates in Norway still seem to offer fairly satisfactory conditions: a mixed housing stock, the small size of Norwegian cities and estates, a growing local housing market, tenure (low proportion of rented dwellings and public housing), the composition of the occupants, low unemployment rate and a highly redistributing welfare system. Still, many estates are stigmatised and to a certain degree deprived. In these areas we see a need for initiatives to improve the situation. The results of most area-based initiatives in Norway have been positive, but it requires a long-term engagement, a broad perspective and variety of actions, close cooperation with the residents and sufficient resources. The housing co-operatives (co-ops) can create a good starting point for such processes of change when most of the population are already organised through co-ops.     

Development Pathways of Large Housing Estates in Post-socialist Cities: An International Comparison

Large housing estates in former state-socialist countries had been hardly affected by social erosion before the political changes. However, the emergence of new, capitalist forms of housing after 1990 started to endanger the position of large housing estates on the local housing market. The question was repeatedly raised in the literature about whether large housing estates of post-socialist cities would experience physical decay and social downgrading similar to the West. This paper investigates the socio-economic differentiation of large housing estates in the former state-socialist countries using a case study approach. Housing satisfaction and mobility of residents in four post-socialist housing estates were analysed through a standardised household survey. Empirical data confirm that despite their similar physical appearance, the attitude of people towards large housing estates and their position on the local housing market vary significantly. The authors conclude that even though socialist large housing estates are affected by social downgrading, nevertheless they represent relative social stability and can offer affordable housing to people who are at the start of their housing career.     

社区重构视野下的邻里交往--对珠江三角洲若干住区的调查分析

居住的社区重构是当前的一个重大课题,邻里交往的形成、频度和强度等与住区环境有密切关系.把邻里交往放在社区重构这样一个大的视野下,通过对珠江三角洲11个住区的调研,可概括地反映本地区近年建成住区的邻里交往状况,并对规划设计观念提出思考.     

Master Planned Estates and Collective Private Assets in Australia: Research into the Attitudes of Planners and Developers

Master planned estates have grown in number Australia and internationally as a favoured form of development in new and infill estates. This paper explores the use of legal entities known in the state of Victoria as owners' corporations to hold communal assets in private ownership for the exclusive use of those living in master planned estates. The privatization of assets that would normally be held by municipal government has been associated by some with heightened conflict in estates, greater costs for residents and increased separation from the larger community. This paper seeks to investigate the motivations and attitudes of both local government planners and developers in utilizing forms of private collective ownership in residential estates in a major city of Australia, Melbourne. This empirical investigation demonstrates that developers generally utilize these ownership structures in order to provide a different, but not necessarily better, standard of facilities as a means of market differentiation. Planners, on the other hand, are more diffident in their endorsement of privatized community ownership and demonstrate a degree of concern about their changed relationship to residents in such estates. The research suggests that issues relating to this choice of ownership of community assets have not been fully considered by local government, particularly in terms of protecting the long-term interests of residents.