Population change and migration in Britain since 1981: evidence for continuing deconcentration

Recent trends in spatial distribution and internal migration in Britain are reviewed using small-area statistics from the 1981 and 1991 censuses. "The results indicate that the differentials in the population growth rate between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan Britain narrowed somewhat between the 1970s and the 1980s, but the negative relationship between urban status and population change remained very clear. Moreover, contrary to the experience of the U.S.A. and a number of European countries, in the mid-1980s Britain saw a resurgence of nonmetropolitan growth which had widespread impact across the country."     

Urbanisation in Swaziland

Swaziland’s growing urban crisis, coupled with high levels of unemployment brings to attention the question, Do women migrate? Research on migration within Swaziland’s national boundaries has emphasised the role of men in the migration process, with the implication that women participate little in migration. The complexity of migration, involving social networks and connections in a number of places, as well as moves of individuals and groups between several places over time, needs to be considered for a more nuanced understanding of the role of women in migration (Trager 1995). Gould (1995:132) points out that migration does not cease in a collapsed economy, it merely takes on different forms, and in some cases the relative importance of urban and long-distance migration may be reduced. Certainly, changes in the political, social and economic structure of Swaziland and of her more powerful neighbour, South Africa, caused the migration of Swazi women to take on different forms at different times — a factor of social change within the fabric of Swazi society and economic restructuring within a Southern African regional economy. In this sense, it could be said that Swazi female migration has acted as a barometer to the continuously changing interrelationships between population movements and the development process which are intricately bound into the changing geographies of Southern African countries.     

Natural amenities and their effects on migration along the urban–rural continuum

The importance of natural amenities in promoting development and population change has been addressed in a large body of literature with recent studies identifying rather obvious spatial heterogeneity in the effects of natural amenities on migration. This said, the potential variation along the urban–rural continuum has not been addressed empirically. In this study, we examine and compare the migration effects of natural amenities in five specific urban–rural continuum types at the minor civil division level in the US state of Wisconsin. Results of spatial analysis suggest that natural amenities do indeed have differing effects on migration along this urban–rural continuum. Overall, natural amenities have the largest effect on in-migration into rural areas adjacent to metro areas and no effect on in-migration into urban areas. The effects of natural amenities on in-migration into remote rural areas rely more on growth trends within these regions. These findings have important implications for rural development, land use policy, and natural resource management.     

Urbanization and cancer: changing mortality patterns?

"Analysis of the relationship between cancer rates and urbanization for United States counties for the period 1950-54 reveals the expected urban/rural differences for many digestive, urinary and respiratory organ cancers and for female breast cancer. Similar urban/rural differences existed in many other Western countries. By 1970-75, however, urban/rural differences in the United States had substantially narrowed." It is noted that "available data do not allow formal tests of the relationship between these changes and specific etiological factors, but the data suggest that the spatial convergence is related to the changing geography of such risk factors as smoking, alcohol consumption, manufacturing, and socioeconomic status and to the diminished size and role of the white foreign-born population, as well as to such confounding factors as medical practices and population migration."     

The demographic profiles of the world's largest cities: a baseline analysis and policy implications.

"This paper examines the demographic profiles of 74 of the world's largest cities through cluster analysis, which classifies the cities into distinctive groups based on population size, net population change, rate of natural increase, sex ratio, age composition, and dependency ratios. Discussions of the results focus on: the strikingly different demographic profiles of the large cities in more developed countries (MDCs) and less developed countries (LDCs); the simultaneous similarities and differences among MDC cities and socialist and former socialist cities; and the particular demographic characteristics of certain MDC and LDC cities. The paper also draws research implications for the data and method used and urban policy implications for the demographic and socioeconomic conditions in very large MDC and LDC cities."     

Testing the recession theory as an explanation for the migration turnaround

"In this paper the so-called recession theory explanation for the decline of net migration to large metropolitan core areas of industrialized countries is tested with an econometric time-series model. In the explanation it is contended that the migration turnaround represents only a temporary fluctuation in the general trend of urban economic and demographic spatial concentration, caused by the business cycle downturns of the 1970s. Our results show that the migration turnaround cannot be attributed exclusively to these business cycle fluctuations. For many of the countries tested, the business cycle operated simultaneously with other factors suggested as explanations for the turnaround. We conclude that several explanations should be combined to build a theory of the migration turnaround."     

城市空间分异探讨

当前我国城市空间分异产生的主要原因有：城市功能结构的转变加速了社会分层;国际资本和技术的引人产生产业布局空间分异;人口自由迁徙、流动加快了城市空间的分异;城市建设加速了城市物质环境空间的分异。城市空间分异的解决手段有社区建设、城市规划等。     

Understanding the role of centralization processes for cities – Evidence from a spatial perspective of urban Europe 1990–2010

In the 21st century, the urban systems in most countries have undergone constant change, ranging between shrinkage, growth, and non-linear trajectories. All trends have an effect on the hinterland and are discussed in the context of agglomeration effects or hinterland shrinkage due to reurbanization. Thus, cities' population trajectories are not independent but rather is reinforced or runs contrary to the hinterland development.In order to simultaneously capture trends in cities and their hinterlands, urban life-cycle models are used. Using a systematic differentiation between the trend in the core and the hinterland, it is possible to distinguish between a stronger population growth of core cities and a situation in which the hinterland is growing faster – labeled centralization and decentralization, respectively. Developed in the 1980s, the widely used model of van den Berg reveals, however, some major drawbacks.Against this background, the paper will revisit van den Berg's et al. model and test it against the urban conditions in Europe between 1990 and 2010 by asking whether cities are decentralizing or centralizing and whether there are differences between growing and shrinking cities. The paper develops a city delineation, covering large and small cities, uses data about age structure, and applies an adapted model by measuring the intensity of the trends. The rapidly changing population trends since the beginning of the global economic crisis and its effects in Europe since 2008 require that more attention be paid to changing configurations between cities and processes beyond cities' borders, which is essential for both scholars and urban planners.     

Urbanization within the Indonesian economy: a policy dilemma.

"Most Third World countries have serious problems relating to rapid urban growth but attempts to solve urban problems have generally failed. This paper looks at the urban issues of one country, Indonesia, and the attempts by the Indonesian government to control rural to urban migration. Contradictions between macroeconomic and urban policies, however, have undermined government programmes."     

The effects of in- and out-migration on urban growth in Turkey (1965–85) and a comparison with the developed countries

Lowry's (1966) study about in- and out-migration rates started a series of discussions on pull and push effects, net migration, and urban growth. This paper presents the results of a similar study, done in Turkey, that tests whether Lowry's hypothesis is valid for developing countries. The results of this study indicate that, for the Turkish case, the effects of migration on urban growth had been contrary to those found in the developed countries, but that, as Turkish development increased over the time period 1965–85, the effects of migration increasingly came to resemble those of developed countries.     

The planning of microdistricts in post-war North Korea: space,power, and everyday life

In the 1950s, the Soviet Union and other communist countries developed a unique method for allowing socialist ideology to manifest in urban spaces. The theory of the microdistrict was invented to establish self-contained urban units that included both housing and public amenities and resulted in a tremendous change in the planning of communist cities. Because microdistricts satisfied the communities’ social requirements and facilitated mass-produced urban housing, the North Korean regime enthusiastically appropriated the microdistrict concept to fit its own reality. This theory has been applied to the country’s urban projects since 1955, a time when the urban population grew rapidly and construction boomed. The design and construction of microdistricts reflected North Korea’s power relation and substantially impacted everyday life. Thus, to more thoroughly understand post-war North Korean society and its urban planning principles, the microdistrict theory should be carefully examined. In light of this historical background, this paper analyses urban projects that were designed based on this theory and explores the impact of the microdistrict theory on the structure of large cities in North Korea.     

Sustainable urban growth in peripheral areas

The monograph addresses the factors affecting the degree of sustainability exhibited by population growth in peripheral urban settlements. Development differentials between core and peripheral regions in countries of different size and various level of economic development are discussed and specifically, the following issues are considered: 1, core versus periphery: inequalities and development needs; 2, development peculiarities of peripheral urban settlements; 3, criteria for sustainable urban growth; 4, factors influencing urban growth in peripheral areas; and 5, planning strategies for regional development. Two major theoretical considerations are posited for discussion. First, that ‘sustainable population growth' of an urban settlement is defined according to the settlement's ability to attract newcomers and retain current residents (migration attractiveness). Second, that the preconditions which are essential for sustainable population growth in peripheral areas are not identical to those in the core. A set of analytical models designed to explain development peculiarities of peripheral settlements are suggested and several planning strategies are also proposed, aimed at enhancing the socio-economic sustainability of existing settlements in peripheral areas. These include: 1, the formation of compact development clusters; 2, the concentration of state and local financial resources on selected development settlements; 3, the adoption of a system of progressive economic incentives to promote private investment in peripheral areas; and 4, stricter regulation of land use in core regions.     

中国控制城乡人口迁移的体制根源

讨论社会主义体制与城乡人口迁移控制的逻辑关系。认为计划经济时期国家对城乡人口迁移的绝对控制是生产资料公有制下产权虚置的一个内生结果。经济体制转轨时期减少了国家的控制能力,但尚未发育出城乡人口自由迁移的环境,反而驱生了城市政府控制城市人口的必要,城乡人口迁移的控制在经济体制转型时期依然存在。     

Temporary migration and regional development in China

"A new approach to migration in developing countries is used in this paper, which integrates into the migration process the experiences of moving to cities, working in urban areas, and returning to the countryside. As a result, rural labor migration is directly linked to rural development through remittances, as well as through physical and human capital brought back by return migrants. Migration information is mainly drawn from China's 1995 1% National Population Survey.... It has been found that patterns of temporary migration are mainly shaped by the magnetic force of the growth-pole region. Job opportunities created there in labor-intensive industries have attracted large numbers of migrants, first from the surrounding rural areas and then from the peripheral regions, enhancing migration propensity in both areas."     

Housing Migrant Workers in Rapidly Urbanizing Regions: A Study of the Chinese Model in Shenzhen

China has experienced a huge wave of rural to urban migration over the last 25 years; however, Chinese cities do not have the large-scale slum settlements found in other developing countries. Has China found a new way to solve the housing problems of migrants and the urban poor? This paper addresses this question and reports the findings of a recent research project carried out in Shenzhen City. In general, Chinese migrants are poor in comparison with official urban residents. The majority of them live in shared rooms or small apartments in the so-called urban villages. Housing poverty, especially overcrowding, is a serious problem. This paper also highlights the positive contributions made by urban villages and private landlords in housing the large number of migrants in cities.     

快城快客 第七届上海双年展的学术思考与艺术实践

第七届上海双年展“快城快客”以城市人作为对象和主题,将移民作为主体,进而揭示城市迅捷变化中人群的多元身份。通过“外乡人与城里人”空间迂徙的观点,“移民与市民”身份转换的观念,以及“过客与主人”家园融入的观感这三个层面,切入城市与移民的命题,突出以人为本的根本关怀。展览回溯了移民文化与城市历史的关系,刮析移民与港口、资本和贸易之旬的关系,并展示了今日国际大都市中“积极移民”与文化融入的新趋势。     

城市阴影区的形态特征及模式机制研究——上海“人-地-业”多源大数据视角的实证

城市空间的不均衡发展导致阴影区现象,这种现象包含了人群活动聚散、物质空间形态变化、服务业态布局在城市地理上的投影,并在形态特征、空间模式和内在机制上体现出一定的规律性。本文在城市全域三维街坊建筑、人群活动手机信令、业态POI等多源大数据平台的基础上,以上海为实证样本,从城市阴影区的空间界定入手,通过对其空间形态、用地结构、人群聚散变化、业态机构分布等进行量化分析,以解释阴影区的各项特征规律,分析城市阴影区的特征指标以及与城市土地价值、空间形态布局的关系,据此可探析城市阴影区的空间深层次规律,进而探讨城市空间要素集聚与扩散效应的叠合机制,阐明城市阴影区形成与演化机理。     

大城市内部人户分离的空间特征与城市发展探析

我国大城市内部人户分离人口已具有相当规模,且有继续增长的趋势,这已成为城市发展中的一个重要问题。上海、北京、广州等城市人户分离现象所呈现出来的空间特征与城市结构变化,反映了城市规划对人口分布的影响,以及人口分布对城市发展的引领作用。基于这一现象,城市规划应引导城市建立合理的空间结构,顺应人口流向与城市空间结构变化,改进管理方式,优化人口布局。     

City-size distribution and the size of urban systems

"This paper is an analysis of the city-size distribution for thirty-five countries of the world in 1975; the purpose is to explain statistically the regularity of the rank-size distribution by the number of cities included in the urban systems. The rank-size parameters have been computed for each country and also for four large urban systems in which several population thresholds have been defined. These thresholds seem to have more influence than the number of cities included in the urban system on the regularity of the distribution." The data are from the U.N. Demographic Yearbook.     

Does crime affect migration flows?

The influence of urban externalities on migration flows has not been fully examined in the previous literature. This paper investigates whether a change in dwellings across cities is associated with a specific urban externality, crime rates, using urban‐to‐urban migration data at the municipal level. Gravity equation results show that migration is affected by crime rates, not only locally but also when neighbouring effects are taken into account.