直齿圆锥齿轮精密锻造工艺及模具设计

针对直齿圆锥齿轮精锻成形中齿形充填不满及成形力过大导致模具损伤等问题,制定了中心分流法精锻直齿圆锥齿轮的工艺方案.以工艺方案和数值模拟结果为依据,设计了预锻分流区和分流终锻两套模具,并对精锻模具的模膛和结构设计要点进行了阐述.     

Chip geometry and cutting force prediction in gear hobbing

This paper presents a tri-dexel geometric engine integrated simulation model for the gear hobbing operation. The process kinematics are modeled and validated using CNC signals from a Liebherr LC500 hobbing machine. Workpiece geometry updating and cutter-workpiece engagement (CWE) calculations are efficiently realized in the tri-dexel engine. 3D force contributions at discretized nodes along the hob's cutting edges are computed considering the localized principal cutting directions, and rake and inclination angles. To measure cutting forces, a rotary dynamometer is successfully adapted and used alongside a Kalman filter to compensate for structural dynamics. The predicted forces agree well with their experimental counterparts.     

Optimization of cutting parameters for maximizing tool life

Optimum use of the cutting tool is a growing need in modern industries since the cost of production is directly affected by this. This paper presents a new approach for improving the cutting tool life by using optimal values of velocity and feed throughout the cutting process. A tool life equation has been established from experimental data and the adhesion wear model. Optimization techniques have been used to maximize the tool life subject to practical constraints while maintaining a constant metal removal rate. The experimental results showed an improvement in tool life by 30%.     

小伞齿锻造工艺改进

介绍了小伞齿锻造的2种成形工艺,通过设计胎模达到工艺改进的目的,使原材料的消耗量从251.8 kg降低到99.5 kg,材料的利用率从25.5％提高到64.4％,机加工时减少了一半.结果表明,在小批量生产时,为达到或接近模锻件的质量,采用胎模锻,是一种经济、可靠、理想的方法.     

基于Matlab和UG的弧齿锥齿轮三维造型技术

弧齿锥齿轮三维几何造型是基于ANSYS进行弧齿锥齿轮应力分析的必要基础。精确的弧齿锥齿轮三维几何模型通常是基于Matlab计算生成的齿面离散数据点建立的。根据弧齿锥齿轮的加工原理,在Matlab中获取弧齿锥齿轮的齿面方程;对齿面进行网格划分,然后使用网格节点的坐标在UG/Open GRIP环境中建立相互独立的分片曲面,对分片曲面进行修补缝合生成实体模型,阵列后建立的弧齿锥齿轮的三维实体模型精确可靠,为基于ANSYS的弧齿锥齿轮有限元静动力分析奠定良好基础。     

Geometric error measurement of spiral bevel gears using a virtual gear model for STEP-NC

Geometric error measurement is required to evaluate the grade of the manufactured gears. Due to the complexity of the spiral bevel gear, direct measurement with the physical part has been conducted in a very limited way. In this paper, we present an indirect measurement based on the virtual gears model (VGM), obtained by NUBS fitting of the surface points measured by CMM (coordinate measuring machine). By comparing the VGM with CAD model (soft-master model), various errors such as tooth profile error and tooth trace error can be automatically measured. The developed method is simple and robust without requiring a special measuring device, and hence it can be applied for the industrial practice as a means for measuring the tooth profile and tooth trace errors which cannot be measured by the conventional method. Further, the model-based method can be incorporated on the advanced CNC controller based on the new CAM–CNC interface scheme of STEP-NC [STEP (standard for transfer and exchange of product model data) based data model for CAM and CNC interface] as an on-line inspection module. Algorithmic details together with experimental validation results are given.     

Simulation of cutting process in peripheral milling by predictive cutting force model based on minimum cutting energy

The cutting force and the chip flow direction in peripheral milling are predicted by a predictive force model based on the minimum cutting energy. The chip flow model in milling is made by piling up the orthogonal cuttings in the planes containing the cutting velocities and the chip flow velocities. The cutting edges are divided into discrete segments and the shear plane cutting models are made on the segments in the chip flow model. In the peripheral milling, the shear plane in the cutting model cannot be completely made when the cutting point is near the workpiece surface. When the shear plane is restricted by the workpiece surface, the cutting energy is estimated taking into account the restricted length of the shear plane. The chip flow angle is determined so as to minimize the cutting energy. Then, the cutting force is predicted in the determined chip flow model corresponding to the workpiece shape. The cutting processes in the traverse and the contour millings are simulated as practical operations and the predicted cutting forces verified in comparison with the measured ones. Because the presented model determines the chip flow angle based on the cutting energy, the change in the chip flow angle can be predicted with the cutting model.     

A cutting power model for tool wear monitoring in milling

This paper describes a cutting power model in face milling operation, where cutting conditions and average tool flank wear are taken into account. The cutting power model is verified with experiments. It is shown with the simulations and experiments that the simulated power signals predict the mean cutting power better than the instantaneous cutting power. Finally, the cutting power model is used in a cutting power threshold updating strategy for tool wear monitoring which has been carried out successfully in milling operations under variable cutting conditions.     

A worn tool force model for three-dimensional cutting operations

Previous studies have shown that there is a region on the flank of a worn cutting tool where plastic flow of the workpiece material occurs. This paper presents experimental data which shows that in three-dimensional cutting operations in which the nose of the tool is engaged, the region of plastic flow grows linearly with increases in total wearland width. A piecewise linear model is developed for modeling the growth of the plastic flow region, and the model is shown to be independent of cutting conditions. A worn tool force model for three-dimensional cutting operations that uses this concept is presented. The model requires a minimal number of sharp tool tests and only one worn tool test. An integral part of the worn tool force model is a contact model that is used to obtain the magnitude of the stresses on the flank of the tool. The force model is validated through comparison to data obtained from wear tests conducted over a range of cutting conditions and workpiece materials. It is also shown that for a given tool and workpiece material combination, the incremental increases in the cutting forces due to tool flank wear are solely a function of the amount and nature of the wear and are independent of the cutting condition in which the tool wear was produced.     

弧齿锥齿轮冷挤压预制坯的优化设计

针对三轮摩托车倒挡机构从动锥齿轮的结构特点,设计了冷挤压件.借助塑性有限元软件,模拟了弧齿锥齿轮的分流挤压成形过程,研究了预制坯的形状、锥角及直径对成形力及成形质贫的影响.模拟结果表明,圆柱锥形预制坯最适合冷挤压成形,当坯料锥角比冷挤压件锥角小7.～12.时,成形力较小;而预制坯直径选择不当,将会造成齿形无法充满.工艺...     

直齿锥齿轮冷精锻工艺的优化设计

提出一种新的冷精锻工艺:开闭复合式冷精锻.利用Deform软件对相同初始条件下的几种工艺方案进行数值模拟,通过分析齿轮最终成形效果及成形载荷变化曲线可知,新工艺在充填效率上与闭式模锻相当,大大优于开式模锻,成形载荷比闭式模锻下降10％,且在此工艺条件下,齿轮锻件出模后的回弹量较小,有利于齿轮修形,从而证明开闭复合式冷精锻的方法兼顾传统成形方案的优点,弥补了相应的缺点.     

基于蠕变模型倒装芯片焊点疲劳寿命预测

焊点可靠性预测研究多采用有限元仿真与单一精度近似模型相结合的模式,存在仿真时间长、效率低、准确性差等问题,为此,提出了一种基于变可信度近似模型的球栅阵列(ball grid array,BGA)焊点可靠性预测与优化方法.首先, 对不同网格细化方案进行收敛性验证,分别设计高/低精度样本点进行有限元仿真;其次,基于Co-Kriging模型融合高/低精度仿真数据进行焊点可靠性预测;最后,将预测结果与单一精度近似模型进行对比分析,并采用遗传算法优化模型获得对应结构参数.结果表明,在更少的仿真成本下,变可信度模型的预测效果更好,在同等预测精度下,变可信度模型高精度样本点数量仅为单一精度模型的1/4,相比高精度神经网络预测模型,在寻优过程中收敛更快.

     

Grain size based low cycle fatigue life prediction model for nickel-based superalloy

Nickel-based superalloys are easy to produce low cycle fatigue (LCF) damage when they are subjected to high temperature and mechanical stresses. Fatigue life prediction of nickel-based superalloys is of great importance for their reliable practical application. To investigate the effects of total strain and grain size on LCF behavior, the high temperature LCF tests were carried out for a nickel-based superalloy. The results show that the fatigue lives decreased with the increase of strain amplitude and grain size. A new LCF life prediction model was established considering the effect of grain size on fatigue life. Error analyses indicate that the prediction accuracy of the new LCF life model is higher than those of Manson-Coffin relationship and Ostergren energy method.     

A comprehensive dynamic cutting force model for chatter prediction in turning

This paper presents a model of the dynamic cutting force process for the three-dimensional or oblique turning operation. To obtain dynamic force predictions, the mechanistic force model is linked to a tool–workpiece vibration model. Particular attention was paid to the inclusion of the cross-coupling between radial and axial vibrations in the force model. The inclusion of this cross-coupling facilitates prediction of the unstable–stable chatter phenomenon which usually occurs in certain cases of finish turning due to process non-linearity. The dynamic force model developed was incorporated into a computer program to obtain time-saving chatter predictions. Experimental tests were performed on AISI 4140 steel workpieces to justify the chatter predictions of the dynamic cutting process model in both the finishing and roughing regimes. Experimental results corroborate the unstable–stable chatter predictions of the model for different cases of finish machining. In addition, experimental results also confirmed the accuracy of chatter predictions for various cases of rough turning.     

直齿锥齿轮摆线旋分加工数学模型及参数优化

针对直齿锥齿轮加工方法间歇分度、生产效率低的问题,基于直齿锥齿轮摆线旋分加工方法,采用空间曲线逼近直线的数学方法解释直齿锥齿轮旋分加工原理。在此基础之上,给出摆线旋分加工数学模型,即切削点轨迹的数学模型,并分析影响参数,确定各参数范围及影响规律,进而获得符合加工要求的切削点轨迹。     

基于Tanaka-Mura位错模型的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测

为建立焊趾疲劳裂纹萌生行为仿真方法,基于 Roe-Siegmund 循环内聚力模型对 ABAQUS 进行二次开发,形成用于反映疲劳累积损伤的VUMAT子程序,依据文献方法及试验数据获取Q345焊接区域材料的内聚力参数,通过Voronoi图法和内聚力单元法生成具有疲劳累积损伤特性和晶粒特征的微观模型,并与宏观对接焊缝模型合并,进行多尺度疲劳裂纹萌生仿真模拟,获得裂纹萌生路径、临界循环次数及晶粒力学响应特征. 结果表明,此方法能够自发地选择符合实际情况的裂纹萌生位置以及短裂纹扩展路径,完成对焊接区域材料微观断裂过程的模拟,不同仿真组获取的临界循环次数存在于一定的分布范围内,模型中的累积内聚力长度需通过试验数据进行拟合.

     

基于Tanaka-Mura位错模型的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测

为了准确预测材料的疲劳寿命,提高结构疲劳寿命预测精度,对ABAQUS有限元数值模拟预测试样疲劳寿命的方法进行了研究. 基于Tanaka-Mura位错理论,利用python语言对ABAQUS进行二次开发,模拟预测了S960QL马氏体钢和Ti₂AlNb钛合金接头各区域疲劳裂纹萌生寿命. 利用泰森多边形法生成了晶体特征单元建立了微观子模型,考虑了体心立方结构相互垂直的两条滑移带作为潜在的裂纹萌生位置,并对具有相同取向的多条平行滑移带都进行了模拟计算. 通过计算得到的裂纹扩展速率变化,给出了裂纹萌生阶段过渡到裂纹扩展阶段的临界点处的裂纹萌生寿命. 模拟结果表明,除焊缝柱状晶组织外裂纹萌生寿命与试验数据吻合良好.     

直齿锥齿轮毛坯形状摆辗成形三维数值模拟

利用三维有限元软件DEFORM-3D,在变形瞬间状态及力学量场可视化环境下,模拟了3种相同体积的毛坯形状成形时对填充质量的影响,得到了摆辗载荷-时间曲线以及成形过程的变形速度分布图.数值模拟分析结果表明:采用圆鼓毛坯时齿轮充填性良好;锥形毛坯中部局部"缺肉";圆柱毛坯的充填质量与锥形毛坯的充填质量相似,但稍好些.这对摆辗工艺的合理制订具有一定的理论意义.