A study of the convection heat transfer coefficients of grinding fluids

By using hydrodynamic and thermal modelling, the variation of the convection heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) of the process fluids within the grinding zone has been investigated. Experimental measurements of CHTC for different grinding fluids have been undertaken and show that the CHTC depends on the grinding wheel speed and the fluid film thickness within the contact zone. The film thickness is determined by grinding wheel speed, porosity, grain size, fluid type, flow rate and nozzle size. The CHTC values are compared for a wide range of grinding regimes, including high efficiency deep grinding (HEDG), creep feed and finish grinding.     

A High Material Removal Rate Grinding Process for the Production of Automotive Crankshafts

In this paper the application of high efficiency deep grinding to cylindrical plunge grinding is demonstrated and thermal modelling used to optimise the grinding cycle for an automotive steel and cast iron. The benefits associated with the high work speed achievable in cylindrical grinding are highlighted and both thermal modelling and experimental measurements have established that low workpiece temperatures are possible even when specific material removal rates of 2000 mm³/mm.s are achieved. Surface integrity studies based on microstructural analysis and Barkhausen noise have also demonstrated the effectiveness of the process.     

单颗CBN磨粒高速磨削过程的仿真研究

为研究单颗CBN磨粒高速/超高速磨削的微观机理,以随机形状CBN磨粒为模型,采用Lagrange/Euler流固耦合方法,仿真分析不同工艺参数下的CBN磨粒磨削SHK-9高速钢的过程。结果表明:CBN磨粒（124~150μm）在切削深度a_p 20 μm、30 μm,切削速度120m/s时,切向磨削力达到最大,但在a_p 40 μm切削深度下反而最小。随着CBN磨料粒度尺寸变小,磨削力下降明显,磨粒可以在工件表面形成更为窄密的耕犁沟痕,配合适当的磨削深度有助于提高表面磨削质量。      

航发钛合金叶片金刚石砂带磨削的磨粒磨损研究

金刚石砂带精密磨削航空发动机钛合金叶片时,砂带磨损对加工精度及表面质量一致性影响很大。针对这一问题,利用ABAQUS软件开展单颗磨粒磨削过程仿真研究,进而进行航发钛合金叶片金刚石砂带磨削试验。仿真及试验结果表明:在磨削速度为10～20 m/s时,摩擦接触点的温度达700 K以上,且随磨削速度的增大而升高;砂带磨损程度随磨削速度的增大而升高,与磨削速度对摩擦接触点磨削温度的影响规律一致。M10/20金刚石砂带的磨损形式为磨粒损耗和磨粒脱落,磨屑的黏结加剧了砂带的磨损。      

高精度硬质合金球研磨实验装置的研制

本文研制了一种高精度硬质合金球研磨实验装置,该装置安装在钻床上由尼龙连接头、隔离环、加压机构等构成,加压平稳、转速可调。并通过研磨实验和精密测量结果验证了研磨装置的先进性。从实验角度证明偏心圆弧槽研磨方式,细分研磨工序能有效地保证高精度硬质合金球体的研磨质量。实验球体的球度小于1μm,合格率100%。     

小直径磨棒磨削加工TiC颗粒增强钢基复合材料GT35

为探究TiC颗粒增强钢基复合材料GT35合理的加工参数和冷却润滑条件,研究其对切削力、表面质量及刀具磨损的影响规律,采用小直径磨棒以侧面磨削方式开展试验。结果表明：干磨削会引起磨棒烧伤,极压磨削油的润滑效果优于水基合成磨削液的;磨棒在极压磨削油润滑下,磨削工件12 min后进入稳定磨损状态,其主要磨损形式为磨粒破碎、磨粒磨耗和磨粒脱落;主轴转速对切削力的影响大于进给速度的,且转速越高,切削力越小;工件表面粗糙度主要与磨棒磨粒出露高度的平整度有关,受加工参数的影响较小。用小直径磨棒磨削加工GT35材料时,应选择极压磨削油润滑,高主轴转速、中速进给的加工方式,以获得良好的刀具寿命、工件加工表面质量及适当的加工效率。     

安全阀关闭件研磨修复粗糙度预测与实验研究

目的优化安全阀关闭件研磨工艺参数,提高安全阀密封面研磨质量。方法采用Al2O3砂纸为磨具,通过正交试验研究了磨粒细度、研磨时间、研磨转速、研磨压力对阀座和阀瓣表面粗糙度的影响规律。采用粗糙度测量仪对阀座和阀瓣的表面粗糙度进行检测,初步获得了较好的研磨工艺参数。采用MATLAB中BP神经网络解决非线性映射逼近问题,建立表面粗糙度预测模型,分析安全阀研磨工艺实验得来的16组真实样本数据,并对不同工艺参数下的粗糙度进行预测。结果通过正交试验可以初步获得较好的研磨工艺参数,分别是:磨粒细度1500目、研磨压力100 N、研磨转速100 r/min、研磨时间10 min。进一步设计更全面的正交试验,验证粗糙度模型的预测结果,得到最好的研磨方案是:砂纸细度1500目、研磨压力120 N、研磨转速80 r/min、研磨时间12 min。结论粗糙度预测模型能够很好地预测表面粗糙度,并得到最佳工艺参数,表面粗糙度可以降低到0.074μm,有效地提高了研磨质量。     

Analysis and simulation of the grinding process. Part I: Generation of the grinding wheel surface

This paper is in three parts describing the analysis and simulation of the grinding process. This first part is concerned with the generation of the wheel surface by single point diamond dressing. In grinding, the grinding wheel has to be dressed periodically to restore wheel form and cutting efficiency. Understanding the process of generating the grinding wheel surface is important for the control of the grinding process. Generation of the wheel surface is simulated as a single diamond dressing process on a computer generated wheel. The wheel is simulated by grains randomly spaced in the wheel volume. The topography of the wheel cutting surface is generated by simulating the action of an ideal dressing tool as it dresses the wheel. The simulation of the wheel topography takes account of the motion of the dressing tool, grain size, grain spacing, grain fracture and grain break-out. The simulated cutting surface is used for further simulations of grinding. The simulation of grinding using the simulated grinding wheel surface is described in Sections 2 and 3 where a comparison is made of results predicted from simulation with results obtained from experiments. By matching simulated and experimental results, it is possible to explain the relative importance of dressing and grinding parameters.     

Study on axial-feed mirror finish grinding of hard and brittle materials in relation to micron-scale grain protrusion parameters

An axial-feed mirror finish grinding of hard and brittle materials is proposed by controlling grain protrusion parameters. In this grinding, the grinding wheel feed is along the wheel axial direction rather than in the traditional wheel cutting direction. The objective is to understand how micron-scale grain protrusion parameters influence ductile-mode grinding and ultimately to realize efficient mirror finish grinding using a coarse diamond grinding wheel. In this study, the grain tip truncation (GT-truncation) was performed after dressing to improve grain protrusion topography. First, a formation model of axial-feed ground surface was constructed to analyze the effect of grain protrusion parameters and grinding parameters on the critical cutting depth transferred from brittle-mode removal to ductile-mode removal; then GC dressing and GT-truncation of #180 diamond grinding wheel were experimentally performed to investigate surface roughness and ductile-mode grinding behavior with reference to grinding parameters and grain protrusion parameters; finally, a truncated coarser #60 diamond grinding wheel was employed for mirror finish grinding to observe active grain number and grain protrusion angle. Theoretical analysis shows that this ductile-mode grinding is dominated by active grain number, active grain protrusion angle, wheel rotating speed and axial-feed speed, but it does not depend on the depth of cut assumed to be less than the grain protrusion height. Experimental results indicate that the GT-truncation may increase active grain number and grain protrusion angle for ductile-mode grinding when the axial-feed speed decreases to some extent. Moreover, the micro tip radius of diamond grain also influences the ground surface. It is confirmed that by increasing active grain number and grain protrusion angle synchronously, a truncated #60 diamond grinding wheel can be applied for efficient mirror finish grinding of the SiC ceramic plate at the axial-feed speed of 50 mm/min and the tool path interval of 0.1 mm.     

高速磨削加工工艺及应用

高速磨削加工属于先进制造方法。与普通磨削比,它有很多优点,且集粗精加工于一身,达到与车、铣、刨等切削加工相媲美的金属磨除率,能实现对难磨材料的高性能加工。本文阐述了高速磨削加工工艺的确定,高速磨削加工在工业中的具体应用,以及进一步提高磨削速度的设想。     

磨削参数对陶瓷加工表面粗糙度影响的实验研究

通过对砂轮粒度、砂轮速度、磨削深度、进给速度等4因素及各因素之间交互3水平正交实验的数据分析，证明砂轮粒度对表面粗糙度影响最大，在各因素中起主导作用。发现砂轮粒度和砂轮速度的交互对表面粗糙度的影响大于砂轮速度单因素的影响，粒度和磨削深度的交互对表面粗糙度的影响大于磨削深度单因素的影响，砂轮粒度和工件速度的交互对表面粗糙度的影响大于工件速度单因素的影响。因此，应按砂轮粒度与切削用量的交互对表面粗糙度的影响规律来确定切削用量各参数的选择，而不能按单因素对表面粗糙度的影响规律来确定切削用量参数。     

Augmented semantic segmentation for the digitization of grinding tools based on deep learning

In order to analyze various process characteristics, grinding simulations can be used, which need accurate models of the tool and the individual grains. For this purpose, grinding tools can be digitized. To identify characteristic grains from a large number of measurements, each individual grain has to be analyzed and separated from the bond manually. Therefore, a deep learning-based methodology was developed to achieve a high segmentation accuracy of the grain boundaries efficiently. Additionally, a data augmentation approach was investigated to limit the data necessary for learning. The model transferability was quantified by analyzing different states of tool wear.     

氧化铝增韧陶瓷的高效ELID精密磨削实验研究

氧化物增韧陶瓷是一种高技术陶瓷材料,具有高强度、高韧性以及良好的耐磨、耐腐蚀性能。在一般的加工过程中,采用普通树脂砂轮对硬度较高的氧化铝增韧陶瓷材料进行磨削时,磨料的消耗比较快,磨削比较低,仅为8,10左右。通过ELID磨削对氧化铝陶瓷进行高效磨削实验,从砂轮速度、进给速度、砂轮粒度和砂轮电解活化钝化趋势等因素中,找到合适的加工工艺参数,使效率和精度达到最优。实验表明,砂轮速度和进给速度对磨削比影响较大;砂轮粒度和砂轮电解活化钝化趋势对表面质量影响较多。使用优化后的ELID磨削工艺使氧化铝陶瓷材料的加工效率提高了50％。磨削比增大到60～100。     

高速磨削加工工艺及应用

高速磨削加工属于先进制造方法.与普通磨削比,它有很多优点,且集粗精加工于一身,能达到与车、铣、刨等切削加工相媲美的金属磨除率,能实现对难磨材料的高性能加工.阐述了高速磨削加工工艺的确定,高速磨削加工在工业中的具体应用,以及进一步提高磨削速度的设想.     

高速磨削加工工艺及应用

高速磨削加工属于先进制造方法。与普通磨削比，它有很多优点，且集粗精加工于一身，能达到与车、铣、刨等切削加工相媲美的金属磨除率，能实现对难磨材料的高性能加工。阐述了高速磨削加工工艺的确定，高速磨削加工在工业中的具体应用，以及进一步提高磨削速度的设想。     

Identification of a grinding wheel wear equation of the abrasive cut-off by the modified GMDH

A grinding wheel wear equation is identified by the GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling) algorithm with successive determination of polynomial trends containing interactive terms, considering chemical compositions and mechanical properties of work materials, abrasive grain, grain size, grade, wheel speed and feed. The established model enables the grinding to be predicted for all combinations of work materials, grinding wheels and grinding conditions, and serves as an aid in the optimization of the grinding process.     

面向绿色制造的快速点磨削磨削液供给参数计算

高速／超高速磨削条件下,砂轮边缘的高速空气带会阻碍磨削液注入磨削区。空气带压力与砂轮速度的平方成正比。快速点磨削是一种新型高速／超高速磨削技术,接触区很小,实际磨削功率低,冷却及散热效果好。在分析了高速／超高速磨削砂轮周围旋转空气带动压力及速度分布特点的基础上,根据热力学原理及快速点磨削特点,分析并建立了磨削液的供给流量和供液速度的理论模型。在此基础上,建立了面向绿色制造的快速点磨削的磨削液喷嘴直径及供液压力的工程计算公式。     

磨粒有序多孔立方氮化硼砂轮高效磨削高温合金烧伤研究

针对高温合金高效磨削过程中存在磨削烧伤问题,基于氧化铝空心球造孔与高温钎焊技术,研制了多层磨粒有序排布的多孔立方氮化硼(Cubic Boron Nitride,简称CBN)砂轮,开展了高效磨削GH4169镍基高温合金试验研究,分析了缓进给磨削中工件表面突发性烧伤特征,并提出采用添加石墨导流块来抑制工件烧伤策略。研究结果表明:添加石墨块导流后,缓进深切磨削砂轮最大材料去除率可提高3倍以上。当切深为0.2mm时,高速磨削时砂轮最大材料去除率可达20mm3/(mm·s)。当材料去除率为2mm3/(mm·s)时,随着磨削速度增大,磨削温度先下降后上升,当vs=80m/s时磨削温度最低。越过临界速度100m/s,磨削温度则呈下降趋势。     

Study on the grinding of P/M high speed steel ASP60

Several studies involved in grinding the P/M high speed steel ASP60 were carried out. The influence of the grinding mode under different grinding conditions was investigated. The grinding process was described and identified by using grinding parameters such as dimensionless maximum grain depth of cut h_g, arc of contact l_c, equivalent chip thickness h_eq. The optimum grinding parameters for ASP60 are suggested.     

单颗磨粒的平面磨削三维动态有限元仿真

将磨粒简化为圆锥形,利用Deform-3D软件,进行了单颗磨粒的平面磨削的三维动态有限元仿真。分析了砂轮与工件表面之间的摩擦系数相同而磨削速度不同时对磨削力产生的影响,以及磨削速度相同而摩擦系数不同时对磨削力产生的影响。结果表明：未变形磨屑厚度不变时,单位磨削力随着砂轮速度的增加而增大,在砂轮速度的低速区,单位磨削力增加较快,而在砂轮速度的高速区,单位磨削力增加得较慢;在磨削速度不变时,单颗磨粒的磨削力随着摩擦系数的增加而增加。