功效系数法在生态环境影响评价中的应用——以环巢湖旅游大道为例

在研究功效系数法相关理论的基础上,提出了将其运用到生态环境影响评价中的思路。以环巢湖旅游大道的建设为例,综合考虑了经济、旅游和环境风险方面的因素,从自然、社会、旅游、生态四个方面选取了21个指标,建立了巢湖旅游大道生态环境综合评价指标体系。并运用功效系数法,设置了评价这些指标所参照的评价指标值范围,通过功效函数将指标权数转化为可以度量的评价分数,得出指标的综合评价分数。从而对环巢湖旅游大道的生态环境质量做了综合评价,得出环巢湖旅游大道生态环境质量良好的结论。并且综合指数法对评价结果进行验证。结果显示功效系数法运用在生态环境影响评价中是切实可行的。     

基于社区资源环境承载力水平的旅游资源开发潜力研究 ——以大鹏半岛主题公园建设可行性分析为例

资源环境是旅游业发展的重要载体,区域资源环境承载力水平则是旅游资源开发潜力评价的重要依据。本研究基于主题公园与区域资源环境承载力之间的关系,选取自然环境承载和人工环境承载2大系统的13个指标,构建了大鹏半岛社区级资源环境承载力评价指标体系,并对坝光、新大和西涌社区的资源环境承载力进行评价,根据以上3个社区现状资源环境容量预测大鹏半岛主题公园开发建设规模与潜力。研究结果表明以上三个社区的资源环境承载力处于适度承载状态,但各单项资源承载指数相差较大,其中土地资源和旅游资源仍有较大的开发空间,各社区水环境容量存在不同程度的超载情况,交通设施与环境基础设施均处于严重超载状态。河流水环境容量无承载空间、环境基础设施处理能力不足和交通设施不完善成为主题公园开发建设的限制因素。本研究将资源环境承载力概念系统运用于旅游开发研究范畴,可为研究区域产业准入和结构优化提供科学标准。     

水泥工业中煤的燃烧特性评价方法

水泥工业中煤的燃烧行为比较复杂,传统的工业分析评价方法已不能适用.本文通过六十余种烟煤、无烟煤等的热分析试验,从应用的角度,结合水泥工业分解炉炉型的特点,提出了燃烧烈度(I)、放热强度(Q)和燃烧特性指数(S)等三个评价指标.试验结果表明:评价一种煤的燃烧性能,要综合考虑燃烧烈度I、放热强度Q、燃烧特性指数S三个指标的大小,只有燃烧特性指数S较高、烈度I不高、平均放热强度Q较大的煤,其综合燃烧性能才堪称是较好的.对烟煤和无烟煤,在评价这些参数的时候本文还给出了量化指标.这种评价方法对分解炉的设计具有一定的指导意义.     

大连湾生态状况环境指标体系研究

借鉴欧盟的"生态状况评价综合方法"和美国"沿岸海域状况综合评价方法"的基本思想,结合近年来大连湾生态环境的调查研究,筛选影响大连湾生态环境的主要影响因子,以生物学要素为主,引入社会经济学影响因素,建立了反映大连湾海域的生态环境现状和特点的生态评价模型.模型包括物理化学、生物学和社会经济学3个子系统,共24个评价指标.根据专家打分,运用层次分析法求出了各指标因子的权重,建立评价等级标准.     

多产品工业系统的能值分析

介绍了起源于生态领域的能值分析方法. 为了扩展能值分析方法的应用范围,根据能值分析的基本思想,并以能量守恒和能值守恒为依据,建立了多产品工业系统能值分析模型. 将能量分率作为分配系数,提出了评价多产品工业系统的评价指标：共生指数. 为了获得对比结果,还对相应的单产物系统提出了数均指数. 若共生指数优于数均指数,则多产品联产系统优于单产系统. 通过垃圾焚烧热电联产方案的能值分析,验证了多产品的能值分析模型. 并与常规燃煤热电联产系统进行了比较,以说明能值分析方法的优势.     

基于SRP模型的区域生态脆弱性时空演化特征及评价——以四川茂县为例

区域生态脆弱性评价是落实生态文明建设的重要举措，可为当地的生态修复工程实施提供依据。干旱河谷是我国典型的生态脆弱区，以四川省阿坝州茂县作为研究区，基于“敏感度-恢复力-压力度”(SRP)模型，选取地形起伏度、土壤类型、岩性组类别、生物丰度等14个评价指标，结合专家打分法、层次分析法对各指标赋予权重，运用综合指数法对各指标因子进行空间叠加分析，得到了茂县2000年、2007年、2009年、2014年和2018年共5期生态脆弱性时空演化特征。研究结果表明：2000-2014年茂县的生态脆弱性逐期变差，而2014-2018年茂县的生态脆弱性逐期变好，并以轻度脆弱为主；生态脆弱性略微变差-显著变差区域主要集中在研究区中下部的岷江干流中低山区和土门河流域，并向研究区北部和西北部高山区-极高山区及龙门山山前区移动。利用地理探测器对5期茂县生态脆弱性结果进行了驱动力分析，单因子驱动力居前三位的因子为人口密度、高程、坡度，3种因子对应的双因子驱动力均在0.820 75以上。     

炼焦煤焦化特性评价指标探讨

介绍了奥亚膨胀度、基氏流动度、罗加指数、胶质层指数、黏结指数和镜质组平均最大反射率等冶金煤焦化特性评价指标的建立和测试方法,以及各评价指标在我国的应用情况。同时讨论了各个指标对胶质体的原生黏结性、膨胀程度引起的黏着性和焦炭残留物强度这3个焦化特性的表征。     

绿色过程系统合成与设计的研究与展望

过程工业的高速发展导致环境污染不断加剧，对传统工业的改造和实现清洁生产离不开绿色过程系统合成的理论和方法. 本工作对绿色过程合成的相关研究进展进行了综述. 首先对现有的环境影响评价体系进行了分类、归纳和总结，评述了其各自的特点和作用，以及具体应用；其次对绿色过程合成的模型化和算法的研究进展进行了详细论述，介绍了其在废物(水)最小化、分离系统集成等方面的应用；论述了绿色过程合成在化工过程绿色设计中的应用和发展趋势. 将绿色化学原理和系统集成的普适性理论相结合，提出了绿色度的理论和方法，阐明了其研究内容和拟解决的关键科学问题，提出量化物质、能量、过程和系统的绿色度的原则方法，通过多目标优化实现不同层次系统的生态、经济和社会效益的全局最优.     

脱硫效果评价指标及分析

介绍并分析７目前所采用的脱硫效果评价指标；提出了脱硫完善度指数修正值，计算并比较了原煤硫分、灰分及脱硫率芳对脱硫完善皮指数修正值的影响，认为该方法优于其他脱硫效果评价指标，能正确、合理地反映实际脱硫效果。     

水泥用煤燃烧特性评价的实践

水泥工业中煤的燃烧行为比较复杂,本文通过三十余种烟煤、无烟煤的差热分析试验,从应用的角度,结合本公司水泥工业分解炉炉型的特点,提出了煤的可燃性指数Cb、燃烧稳定性指数G、燃尽特性指数SN和燃烧特性指数等Hj四个评价指标。并引入了评分法对煤炭进行评价,构造了一个相对的可比为本公司水泥工业用煤采购提供了较好的参考。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。