Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane with CO2 Over Cr/H[B]MFI Catalysts

Abstract  

Cr/silicalite-1 and Cr/H[B]MFI catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method, and Cr/H[B]MFI were further treated by steaming. The catalysts were employed for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with CO₂ as the oxidant. Cr/H[B]MFI showed significantly higher catalytic activity than Cr/silicalite-1, and steamed Cr/H[B]MFI was superior in the reaction stability to Cr/H[B]MFI. The nature of the supported chromium species have been characterized by a number of physicochemical techniques, such as Raman, UV–vis and NMR. It is concluded that the steaming led to the auto-reduction of some Cr⁶⁺ to Cr³⁺, and resultant Cr³⁺ species might be located near the boron center in the borosilicate framework to counterbalance the negative charge of the framework. The transformation of Cr⁶⁺ species to Cr³⁺ species, facilitated by the steaming process and the presence of boron in the catalyst, is responsible for the enhanced stability of oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with carbon dioxide as the oxidant.     

Chromium Oxide Supported on Mesoporous SBA-15 as Propane Dehydrogenation and Oxidative Dehydrogenation Catalysts

The catalytic activity and selectivity of Cr₂O₃ supported on mesoporous SBA-15 for non-oxidative and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by O₂ and CO₂ have been studied and compared with those of Cr₂O₃/ZrO₂ and Cr₂O₃/-Al₂O₃ catalysts. Cr₂O₃/SBA-15 and Cr₂O₃/ZrO₂/SBA-15 are more selective to propene and more resistant to coking in comparison with Cr₂O₃/ZrO₂ and Cr₂O₃/-Al₂O₃ for non-oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. In oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by O₂ and CO₂, Cr₂O₃/SBA-15 also displays better activity, selectivity and stability than the other two supported catalysts. The propane conversion and propene yield on Cr₂O₃/SBA-15 catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by CO₂ at 823 K reach 24.2 and 20.3%, respectively. XPS and TG/DTA have been used to characterize the catalysts before and after reaction. The differences in catalytic behavior of various supported Cr₂O₃ catalysts in the reactions have been discussed on the basis of the characterization results.     

The Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane Using Vanadium Oxide Supported on Nanocrystalline Ceria

Nanocrystalline ceria was prepared as a support for vanadium oxide catalysts and tested for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Nanocrystalline ceria is very active for the total oxidation of propane under conditions used for oxidative dehydrogenation. The addition of vanadium results in a switch of activity to produce propene with appreciable selectivity. The catalyst performance depends on the vanadium loading. Lower vanadium loadings resulted in catalysts with highly dispersed vanadia species, which were selective towards propene production. Higher vanadium loadings resulted in the formation of a mixed cerium–vanadium phase, which was also active for propane selective oxidation. A catalyst with an intermediate loading was far less selective. Catalysts were characterised by a range of techniques (including XRD, laser Raman, TPR, SEM/EDX and XPS), and the activity of the catalysts can be related to their structure and chemistry.     

Dehydrogenation of Propane in the Presence and Absence of CO2 Over β-Ga2O3 Supported Chromium Oxide Catalysts

The dehydrogenation of propane to propene in the presence and absence of CO₂ over β-Ga₂O₃ supported chromium oxide catalysts has been studied. The effect of chromium content and feed composition on the dehydrogenation of propane has been investigated. It has been found that deposition of chromium oxide enhances the dehydrogenation activity and resistance to coke deposition. Moreover, it has been shown that CO₂ promotes the dehydrogenation of propane above 848 K. At that temperature in the presence of CO₂ both the yield of propene and conversion of propane were higher than in the inert gas atmosphere.     

丙烷氧化脱氢负载型催化剂的研究

制备了V2O5/TiO2和V2O5/TiO2 ZrO2负载型催化剂,并对催化剂进行了反应评价和BET、XRD、H2-TPR表征。通过研究验证了利用溶胶凝胶技术制备的负载TiO2催化剂有较好的低温反应活性,在250℃下反应得到2 2%的丙烯收率。对TiO2进行离子掺杂后催化剂活性组分能够和混合氧化物载体进行键合,形成稳定的O—V—Zr键和O—V—Ti键,使催化剂的还原温度从480℃增加到650℃,在350℃下反应得到12%的丙烷转化率和55%的丙烯选择性。     

Redox Behaviors of Magnesium Vanadate Catalysts During the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane

In order to examine the mobility of lattice oxygen in magnesium vanadates, these catalysts were employed for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in the absence of oxygen for 2.25h, followed by the addition of gaseous oxygen into the feedstream. Depending on the degree of the abstraction of lattice oxygen from these catalysts during the oxidation in the absence of the gaseous oxidant, oxygen in the effluent was detected at approximately 1.4 and 9min with Mg₃V₂O₈ and Mg₂V₂O₇ respectively, after the addition of gaseous oxygen under the present reaction conditions. However, no oxygen was detected with MgV₂O₆ even after 18.5min from the addition of gaseous oxygen. ⁵¹V MAS NMR was also employed for the observation of redox behaviors of vanadium species in these catalysts during the reaction.     

Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane Over Zirconia‐Supported Lithium Chloride Catalysts

A series of Li‐doped catalysts on zirconia or sulfated zirconia were prepared and investigated in the catalytic reaction of ethane oxidative dehydrogenation into ethylene. It is found that zirconia and sulfated zirconia supports prepared by different methods show varying nature and thus influence the catalytic performance of their supported Li catalysts in this reaction. Li catalysts doped on the sulfated zirconia prepared by a two‐step method can exhibit high ethane conversion, selectivity towards ethylene and ethylene yield as well as a stable catalytic performance. The Li precursors also affect the catalytic behavior. LiCl doped on sulfated zirconia can give high ethane conversion and ethylene selectivity. Addition of transitional and lanthanide metal oxides to the LiCl/SZ system significantly improves the activity and yield of ethylene in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. Among the oxides studied, NiO and Nd₂O₃ demonstrate the best promoting effect in terms of catalytic conversion and ethylene yield.     

Highly Effective Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane Over Vanadia Supported on Mesoporous SBA-15 Silica

Vanadia-containing mesoporous SBA-15 catalysts were prepared and characterized for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane. It is demonstrated that the vanadia-supported SBA-15 catalysts exhibit a much higher catalytic activity than those reported in the literature obtained over vanadium-supported mesoporous MCM-41 catalysts in the ODH of propane. The high catalytic performance of the mesoporous SBA-15 catalysts is attributed to the particularly large pore diameters and low surface acidity.     

Vanadium Oxide Based Nanostructured Materials: Novel Oxidative Dehydrogenation Catalysts

Novel vanadium oxide based catalyst derived from the open-framework solid, [Co₃V₁₈O₄₂(H₂O)₁₂(XO₄)]·24 H₂O (X = V, S) (1) catalyses oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Catalyst activity was evaluated in the temperature range 250–400 °C with varying gas hourly space velocity (GHSV). At 350 °C and GHSV of 9786 h^?1 and at 1.3% propane conversion the selectivity to propylene was 36.8%. The major products obtained were propylene and CO _x (CO₂ and CO). The ratio of the propylene to CO _x depended directly on the catalytic sites present. Thus, as the amount of the catalyst was decreased, the conversion decreased with an increase in the propylene selectivity and a decrease in the selectivity to carbon oxides—CO _x . The catalyst has been characterized by temperature programmed reduction and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS).     

Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over Mesoporous HMS Silica Supported Vanadia

Vanadium-containing mesoporous HMS catalysts have been prepared and characterized for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane. It is demonstrated that the vanadium supported HMS catalysts exhibit a much higher catalytic activity than the literature results obtained over the vanadium supported MCM-41 catalysts in the ODH of propane. The improved catalytic activity of the V-HMS catalysts has been attributed to the presence of high concentration of well-dispersed vanadium species on the surface of the mesoporous HMS materials.     

Supported Vanadia Catalysts for Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene with CO2

Alumina supported vanadia catalysts (V/Al) for selective oxidehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂ were prepared by impregnation method. During preparation the effect of promoters and calcined temperature was investigated, it was found these two items had a strong influence on the activity of V/Al catalysts. Dehydrogenation reaction with CO₂ was happened in the fixed-bed reactor at 450 °C. Results showed that 15.2% ethylbenzene conversion and 99.2% styrene selectivity were acquired when V₂K/Al catalyst was used.     

Characterization and Catalytic Behavior of VO x -CeO2 Catalysts for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane

A series of ceria-supported vanadium catalysts was prepared via impregnation of the support with an ammonium metavanadate solution. The 723 K calcined samples were tested for propane oxydehydrogenation (ODH) activity and selectivity. The sample exhibiting the highest propane conversion was found to be the ceria support material itself, although this showed essentially no selectivity towards propene. An optimum propene yield of 4.2% was obtained at 673 K for the 6 wt% V₂O₅-CeO₂ sample. Conversion decreased with increasing V loading which was attributed to the formation of cerium vanadate (CeVO₄). This phase was found in all samples after calcination, its abundance rising in proportion to the V loading. In the 6 wt% V₂O₅ catalyst hydrated surface VO_x species were present, although they underwent conversion to CeVO₄ at temperatures above 573 K. The low reducibility of these surface vanadates was linked to the oxidation activity. It is inferred that surface polyvanadate species are responsible for the selective ODH of propane with V-O-V and/or V-O-Ce being the active oxygen species.     

Chromium Supported on Mesocellular Silica Foam (MCF) for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane

A series of chromium-containing mesocellular silica foam (MCF) catalysts have been prepared and characterized in the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane between 350 and 600 °C. It is demonstrated that the chromium catalysts supported on MCF exhibit much higher catalytic activity in terms of propane conversion and propylene yield than literature results obtained over chromium-supported mesoporous SBA-15 or MCM-41 catalysts during the ODH of propane. Enhanced catalytic performance of the chromium-containing mesoporous MCF catalysts has been attributed to the unique three-dimensional (3D), continuous, ultralarge mesopore structure of the MCF materials, which allow a much faster internal molecular transport during the ODH of propane.     

Catalytic Transfer Dehydrogenation of Geraniol to Geranial Over Palladium and Copper Supported Catalysts

Dehydrogenation of geraniol into geranial in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor (alkene) was studied. Supported palladium catalysts were not suitable for this transformation, but supported copper catalysts showed promising results at 150 °C; selectivity to the expected geranial was strongly dependent on the support and the calcinations/reduction procedure (>50 % in the presence of Mg–La hydrotalcite-supported copper).

     

Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane over Ce-based Monolithic Catalysts using CO2 as Oxidant

Highly active Ce-based monolithic catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane with CO₂ were prepared and characterized by various techniques. The high oxidation state Ce⁴⁺ species had higher catalytic activity than the Ce³⁺ species in the monolithic catalysts. The Ce⁴⁺ species was reduced to Ce³⁺ species in the ethane dehydrogenation process, and the reduced Ce species was reoxidized to the Ce⁴⁺ species by treatment with CO₂ at 750 °C, the Ce redox cycle played an important role in the catalyst’s high activity.     

Dehydrogenation and Isomerization of n-Butane or Isobutane Over Cr Catalysts Supported on Zeolites

Dehydrogenation and isomerization of n-butane or isobutane into isobutene over Cr catalysts supported on zeolites were investigated. We found that Cr catalyst supported on H-SSZ-35-type zeolite, having one-dimensional cage-type channel structure, was very effective for this reaction and the yield of isobutene was 5.44% from n-butane and 9.57% from isobutane. In this reaction, it is suggested that dehydrogenation of butanes is accelerated by Cr₂O₃ loading, and solid acidity of the zeolite support favors isomerization.     

氮掺杂石墨烯整体式催化剂设计制备及其在丙烷氧化脱氢反应中的应用

以吡啶、吡咯和尿素为含氮元素前驱体,通过水热自组装结合热处理法制备了氮掺杂的石墨烯整体式催化剂,考察了其催化丙烷氧化脱氢反应的活性。催化剂结构表征和反应活性测试结果表明：以吡啶为前驱体很难有效地引入较高含量的氮原子;以吡咯为前驱体时能够一定程度地增加氮原子的掺杂量,但对石墨烯表面氧物种含量的调控并不明显,对石墨烯催化活性的改善比较有限;尿素分子具有一定的还原性,在水热过程中能与石墨烯表面的氧官能团发生化学反应。尿素前驱体不仅能作为氮源被引入到石墨烯的结构中,而且能有效提升石墨烯整体式催化剂中活性氧物种的数量,进而显著改善了石墨烯整体式催化剂的性能,使丙烷转化率和丙烯产率明显提高。这一优化策略对杂原子调控石墨烯整体式材料的催化性能和构效关系研究以及新型高效碳基整体式催化剂的设计制备具有指导意义。