Microstructure optimization design methods of the forging process and applications

A microstructure optimization design method of the forging process is proposed. The optimization goal is the fine grain size and homogeneous grain distribution. The optimization object is the forging process parameters and the shape of the preform die. The grain size sub-objective function, the forgings shape sub-objective function and the whole objective function including the shape and the grain size are established, respectively. The detailed optimization steps are given. The microstructure optimization program is developed using the micro-genetic algorithm and the finite element method. Then, the upsetting process of the cylindrical billet is analyzed using a self-developed program. The forging parameters and the shape of preform die of the upsetting process are optimized respectively. The fine size and homogenous distribution of the grain can be achieved by controlling the shape of the preform die and improving the friction condition.     

钛合金双安装板静子叶片精锻成形工艺优化

为了缩短双安装板结构的TC4合金低压第二级静子叶片精锻工艺流程,并得到更优的金相组织、力学性能,首次将等温锻造方法引入叶片精锻工艺中,采用一火次等温预锻代替两火次普通预锻.利用刚粘塑性有限元法模拟等温预锻过程,分析了金属流动规律、应变场等的变化情况.结果表明,所成形的等温预锻件应力较低、应变分布比较均匀.经叶片成形工艺试验,得到了采用等温预锻的叶片精锻件,将采用普通预锻的叶片精锻件与之对比,发现采用等温预锻的叶片较采用普通预锻的叶片金相组织均匀性好,而两者的力学性能相当.     

6700 转向直臂成形过程设计及微观组织预测

通过对锻件结构的分析,设计了辊锻制坯+终锻的生产工艺。 运用有限元分析技术,通过对比分析,重点研究了新过程终锻成形时金属流动情况、等效应力应变分布,并对锻件的晶粒度进行了预测。 通过对锻件成形、载荷及质量等的综合评定表明,新的生产工艺在改善锻件质量、提高材料利用率与模具寿命等方面具有明显优势。     

Experimental Study and Microstructure Analysis of Aviation Component by Isothermal Forging Process

The isothermal forging process of a typical aviation component with complex shape of high ribs and thin webs was simulated based on the finite-element method, aiming to obtain a set of optimal process parameters. According to the simulation results, the aviation component was successfully formed with a good surface quality by the isothermal forging process. Metallographic analysis shows that recrystallization took place all over the cross section of the forging. The grain size of different areas is basically the same. As indicated by the transmission electron microscope micrographs, dislocations at the surface of the forging have almost the same distribution as those at the core, whereas the dislocations at the surface of the billet by hot forging process are much denser than those at the core. Moreover, the precipitates in the forging by the isothermal forging process were basically of the same small size. On the contrary, larger precipitates were formed at the grain boundaries than in the matrix of the billet through the hot forging process. In one word, uniform grain size and homogeneous distribution of dislocations and precipitates were found in the aviation component by the isothermal precise forging process.     

模锻坯料尺寸选择的新方法—反向成形模拟

本文应用上限单元法(UBET)对H型零件模锻的金属成形过程进行了反向流动模拟设计。本文还结合正向流动模拟分析讨论了不同飞边高,不同坯料尺寸对成形能耗的关系和最佳成形过程及最佳坯料尺寸的概念。     

TC17合金后轴颈锻件工艺优化

目的 解决后轴颈锻件在理化测试中组织不合格的问题。方法 基于Deform软件,建立后轴颈有限元分析模型,通过分析塑性变形,探索组织不合格的原因。通过对坯料结构和模具结构优化,增加坯料终锻变形量。结果 当坯料最终锻造时等效应变小于0.7,β晶界上α相为呈现连续形态;当坯料最终锻造时等效应变大于0.7,β晶界上α相为呈现断开、弯曲形态。结论 变形量是影响β晶界上α相形态的主要因素,优化后的后轴颈锻件,组织及力学性能优异,满足相应的技术标准。     

OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR NON-STEADY-STATE METAL FORMING PROCESSES—II. APPLICATION OF SHAPE OPTIMIZATION IN FORGING

This paper is the second part of a two-part article about shape optimization of metal forming processes. This part is focused on numerical applications of the optimization method which has been described in the first paper. The main feature of this work is the analytical calculations of the derivatives of the objective function for a non-linear, non-steady-state problem with large deformations. The calculations are based on the differentiation of the discrete objective function and on the differentiation of the discrete equations of the forging problem. Our aim here is to show the feasibility and the efficiency of such a method with numerical examples. We recall the formulation and the resolution of the direct problem of hot axisymmetrical forging. Then, a first type of shape optimization problem is considered: the optimization of the shape of the initial part for a one-step forging operation. Two academic problems allow for checking the accuracy of the analytical derivatives, and for studying the convergence rate of the optimization procedure. Both constrained and unconstrained problems are considered. Afterwards, a second type of inverse problem of design is considered: the shape optimization of the preforming tool, for a two-step forging process. A satisfactory shape is obtained after few iterations of the optimization procedure.     

锻造技术在轻金属中的应用

随着社会的发展,材料的研发与设计向着轻量化、高强化发展,轻金属在航空航天以及汽车工业上表现出了良好的应用潜力,同时也对材料加工成形方式,如锻造技术等提出了更高的要求。简要介绍了金属锻造技术,如自由锻造、等温锻造和多向锻造技术,分析了锻造技术在轻量化金属如钛合金、铝合金以及镁合金上的应用,经过锻造处理后,金属的微观组织及力学性能得到了提升,锻件质量得到了改善。还介绍了数值模拟在锻造过程中模具设计及工艺优化上的研究及应用现状,同时对金属锻造未来向精密化、复杂化以及智能化的发展趋势进行了分析与展望。     

轮毂轴管终锻成形模拟研究

根据某规格汽车轮毂轴管零件的形状尺寸特点,设计了预锻毛坯和2种终锻成形方案,并对所制定的2种终锻方案进行了工艺和模拟分析。2种方案的模拟结果显示,顺序成形过程稳定,变形只局限于端部;一次镦粗变形不局限于变形的端部,在变形结束时有少量金属流入杆部,这将会使端部缺料和杆部出现折叠和缩径缺陷。顺序成形可改善模具的受力状况,成形力有所降低,提高了模具寿命。根据力-行程曲线,应严格控制变形部位金属的体积,实现小飞边精密锻造,避免成形力在成形最后阶段急剧增大,以致损坏模具和设备。     

带径向扭曲叶片转子精密塑性成形技术的研究

设计了一套带有组合凹模的等温闭塞式成形试验模具，利用模拟试验方法研究了模具形状、坯料形状和成形力等对金属变性流动规律的影响。研究结果表明；采用等温成形和闭塞式成形复合技术可以整体精密成形带径向扭曲叶片的转子锻件；利用组合凹模结构能够解决转子锻后的顺利脱模问题，等温变形条件使薄而长的铝合金叶片的成形性大大提高，而锥底凸模和分流原理可以有效地降低模压力和提高金属充填模腔能力，所成形的锻件的叶片部分接近零件的形状和尺寸，金属的流线方向完全沿零件的几何外形分布，可以有效地提高构件的强度。     

变形程度对复杂铝合金锻件组织性能的影响

为确定最佳成形工艺,通过拉伸试验、金相观察、TEM和SEM观察等方法,研究了不同制坯变形程度对7A09铝合金复杂筋板类锻件组织性能的影响.实验结果表明:随着制坯变形量的增加,所得锻件的强度和硬度升高,而塑性和抗应力腐蚀性能下降;随制坯变形程度的增加,热变形时储存的变形能增多,可以得到更加细小的晶粒,而且储存变形能的增多有利于固溶程度的提高和强化相的析出,因而可以提高锻件的强度和硬度.晶粒细化使晶界面积增加是造成电导率降低的主要因素.因此,在设计成形工艺时,应根据零件按上述规律来调整变形程度.     

复杂构件锻造预成形坯料设计综述

锻件预成形坯料设计是保证成形工艺顺利进行、获得无缺陷锻件、降低锻造载荷的关键环节。对于大型复杂构件,其预成形坯料形状影响到制坯工艺的周期、成本、预成形组织性能。分别从基于反向模拟技术的预成形坯料设计、基于优化设计方法的预成形坯料设计、基于正向过程分析的预成形坯料设计等方面,评述了复杂构件锻造预成形坯料设计的国内外研究现状,指出了大型筋板类构件的预成形坯料形状要求以及设计方法。     

高强钢控制臂件冲压工艺优化及稳健性分析

为获得高强钢控制臂件冲压工艺参数最优解,提高冲压工艺稳健性,基于6sigma稳健设计理论,采用数值模拟方法分析预成形模具间隙、局部翻边模间隙、预成形压边力、摩擦系数、板料轮廓尺寸等对拐角处材料减薄率的影响规律;将坯料位置、料片厚度、摩擦系数、塑性应变比、屈服强度、抗拉强度、板料尺寸等作为噪声变量输入,分析工艺的稳健性;根据敏感性分析结果,选用局部翻边模间隙、预成形模具间隙为变量,3σ水平设为目标,成形过程能力Cp值为1.0,进行优化计算;最后采用优化后的局部翻边模间隙、预成形模具间隙值,其他噪音变量不变,再次进行稳健性分析.研究发现,影响控制臂局部过度减薄甚至开裂的主要因素为预成形模具间隙及局部翻边模具间隙.根据模拟结果试模,零件的壁厚分布与模拟结果相比,最大误差小于6%.通过对关键参数的敏感性分析以及考虑噪声因素的稳健性分析,优化工艺参数后,成形质量水平提高,成形结果可靠.     

TC8合金转子叶片锻造工艺研究

为研制一项TC8合金转子叶片,并达到提高锻造生产效率、降低生产成本的目的,进行了锻造工艺性试验、工艺参数试验,研究了TC8合金锻造工艺适应性以及加热温度、变形程度对低倍组织、显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,TC8合金十分适合锻造工艺,采用较低的锻造加热温度能够获得初生α相含量更高的等轴组织,变形程度在40%以内所获得的组织均匀性较好.在此基础上,依据TC8合金转子叶片单榫头、小尺寸的结构特点,采用了高效的挤压制坯+终锻成形工艺,通过叶片锻造成形试验,试制出了具有均匀且状态理想的金相组织、良好表面质量的TC8合金转子叶片锻件,表明了所制定的叶片成形工艺及工艺参数合理可行.     

航空锻件常见表观缺陷及其控制研究

目的 揭示服役寿命长、工况苛刻、锻造成本高、质量控制难度大的航空结构件与发动机盘件用钛合金、高温合金等锻件外观缺陷的产生原因及控制措施。方法 按照航空锻件锻造流程(开坯、制坯、模锻和锻后热处理),分别研究裂纹、折叠、错移等锻造缺陷产生的原因。结果 航空锻件产生表观质量缺陷的原因一般由工艺设计不合理、锻造操作不当、工装设备保障不到位等导致,需结合锻件材料、形状、变形过程等采取对应措施进行优化解决。结论 对航空锻件缺陷产生原因进行了研究,给出了行之有效的解决措施,对于航空锻件质量的提高,尤其是新材料、大尺寸、复杂结构的航空锻件研制具有重要的工程指导意义。     

基于目标应变分布的TC17合金双性能盘预成形形状优化设计

目的 研究TC17合金双性能盘目标应变分布下的预成形形状优化设计方法.方法 采用拉丁超立方试验设计方法对预成形形状设计变量抽样选取样本点,并通过Deform有限元数值模拟获得样本设计变量下的局部应变分布.以局部应变分布与目标应变分布之间的方差最小为目标函数,采用Kriging方程建立近似替代模型预测响应应变误差,并结合...     

Effect of forging conditions and annealing temperature on fatigue strength of two-phase titanium alloys

This paper reports on the results of studies on the influence of deformation degree and temperature in the die forging process and annealing temperature on fatigue strength of forgings made of two-phase, martensitic titanium alloys (Ti–6Al–4V and Ti–6Al–2Mo–2Cr). Dilatometric and metallographic studies have been carried out along with fatigue tests. The influence of phase composition and microstructure obtained after cooling at different rates on fatigue strength has been determined.     

Sensitivity Analysis Based Multiple Objective Preform Die Shape Optimal Design in Metal Forging

The multiple objective preform design optimization was put forward. The final forging＇s shape and deformation uniformity were considered in the multiple objective. The objective is to optimize the shape and the deformation uniformity of the final forging at the same time so that a more high integrate quality of the final forging can be obtained. The total objective was assembled by the shape and uniformity objective using the weight adding method. The preform die shape is presented by cubic B-spline curves. The control points of B-spline curves are used as the design variables. The forms of the total objective function, shape and uniformity sub-objective function are given. The sensitivities of the total objective function and the sub-objective functions with respect to the design variables are developed. Using this method, the preform die shape of an H-shaped forging process is optimally designed. The optimization results are very satisfactory.     

基于类等势场和响应面法的复杂锻件预成形优化设计

为实现复杂锻件的预成形设计,以连杆的热锻预成形设计为研究对象,建立基于类等势场和响应面分析的三维复杂锻件的预成形设计方法。在分析毛坯与终锻件间等势场分布规律与特点的基础上,采用逆向拟合法提取等势面及线面光顺处理,实现等势面的高效精确重构。针对长轴类锻件的预成形设计要求,提出沿零件的长、宽、高分别设置合理的缩放因子的非均匀缩放方法。实现了预成形件材料分布的合理调控,获得了优化的预锻件和辊锻毛坯,最终获得了充填完整、无任何成形缺陷且飞边小的连杆终锻件。数值模拟结果表明,所建立的方法能较好实现复杂锻件的预成形优化设计。     

连杆断裂失效分析及锻造折叠缺陷控制研究

目的 确定连杆断裂失效模式、机理和原因,找到有效预防连杆锻造缺陷的措施。方法 针对连杆断裂失效问题,在对连杆合格件和故障件进行符合性对比试验分析的基础上,对故障件进行断裂失效模式、机理和原因分析,并对连杆锻造折叠缺陷产生类型、机理、原因、条件和时段进行分析。结果 只有在连杆制坯坯料形状与尺寸不合理、制坯坯料在预锻模膛中位置不合理、预锻形状与尺寸不合理、预锻成形打击力或变形速度不合理、终锻形状与尺寸不合理、锻模导向功能失效等多种极端不利因素同时存在的条件下,才具有产生复合型锻造折叠缺陷的可能性。结论 通过连杆锻造过程控制和锻造首锻控制,可有效预防锻造折叠缺陷产生,满足锻件高优质性、高可靠性和高有效性要求。