The next steps toward a science of agency.

Replies to the comments by S. C. Hayes; A. W. Staats; W. A. Hershberger; and J. D. Ford (see PA, Vol 75:10640; 10648; 10641; and 10635, respectively) about the authors' (see record 1987-07162-001) original article concerning a science of volitional action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

新高度新起点

文章论述了我国有色金属工业已达到有色金属产量突破 10 0 0万t的新里程碑 ,已成为拥有一定规模和竞争实力及具有发展优势的产业。我国有色金属工业要走新型工业化道路 ,实施可持续发展战略 ,当前 ,必须重视和解决好资源保障、实施集团化战略和贯彻科技兴国方针三个方面的问题。     

Trajectories of affective states in adolescent hockey players: Turning point and motivational antecedents.

This study examined longitudinal trajectories of positive and negative affective states with a sample of 265 adolescent elite hockey players followed across 3 measurement points during the 1st 11 weeks of a season. Latent class growth modeling, incorporating a time-varying covariate and a series of predictors assessed at the onset of the season, was used to chart out distinct longitudinal trajectories of affective states. Results provided evidence for 3 trajectories of positive affect and 3 trajectories of negative affect. Two of these trajectories were deflected by team selection, a seasonal turning point occurring after the 1st measurement point. Furthermore, the trajectories of positive and negative affective states were predicted by theoretically driven predictors assessed at the start of the season (i.e., self-determination, need satisfaction, athletic identity, and school identity). These results contribute to a better understanding of the motivational, social, and identity-related processes associated with the distinct affective trajectories of athletes participating in elite sport during adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ramped oscillatory testing: A new technique to examine dynamic strain ageing

A new experimental technique for examining dynamic strain ageing in solid solutions is proposed. It is based on the imposition of an oscillatory perturbation on a tensile specimen monotonically deforming under strain or stress control. Experimental measurements on an AlMgSi alloy show that the attendant oscillatory response has characteristic features which may be used to detect and characterize dynamic strain ageing. A constitutive model which accounts for dynamic strain ageing is used to provide a theoretical basis for the analysis. A closed-form solution of the governing equations is obtained under the assumption of small oscillatory perturbations. A full numerical solution is given for the AlMgSi alloy which was tested using the technique proposed. Good agreement of the predictions of the model with the experimental results is obtained.     

A new point mutation in a hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient patient

A 12-year-old boy was referred because of abdominal pain, gross hematuria, and passage of stones. Further evaluation showed growth delay, low average range of intellectual functioning, and a speech articulation disorder. No signs of self-mutilation or self-injurious behavior were present. He had hyperuricemia, hyperuricosuria, uric acid crystalluria, uric acid calculi, macrocytosis, megaloblastic bone marrow changes, and mild anemia. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) enzyme activity was reduced to approximately 26% of normal. Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of the HPRT gene in DNA isolated from the patient's blood lymphocytes revealed a single nucleotide substitution at codon 200 in exon 8. The base change was a guanine to cytosine transversion, resulting in the conservative amino acid substitution of threonine in place of arginine. To our knowledge, this mutation has not previously been reported.     

The new realities and federal support of science.

Suggests a compact among government, industry, and universities for the support of basic research. Such a compact would establish new national goals for the support of science. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A new approach toward analysis of quality of inpatient psychiatric care

A new approach to assessment of quality of psychiatric hospital care is proposed. It is based on comparison of goals of hospitalisation and results achieved. The necessary condition for such assessment is formulation of these goals for each patient. Three components should be considered: clinical which coincides with the prognosis; social which includes achievement of the patient adaptation and psychological which assesses patient's satisfaction with the treatment. The preliminary results of practical use of the proposed method are presented.     

Two new social science research units in industrial settings.

Recently 2 units concerned with fundamental social science research in psychology and sociology have been established in industry, one at the Bell Telephone Laboratories and the other at General Electric Company. Personnel, activities, and plans are considered for each organization. From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2LA87H. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Implications for psychology of the new philosophy of science.

Salient features of a new philosophy of science that has developed over the past few decades are identified and their implications for psychology drawn. All science only approaches closure in the laboratory; outside of the laboratory, the world is radically open. Although scientific theory is equally valid in and out of the laboratory, it is not sufficient to explain behavior, nor is it easily applied. Neither natural nor social science has as its central role the explanation and prediction of individual behavior. Just as the application of physics requires engineering technology, explaining the behavior of particular individuals requires not only psychological theory but also situational, biographical, and historical information. (64 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social science research in law: A new paradigm.

The law is hampered in using social science research by the obsolete notion that research used to change a legal rule is "legislative fact" and research in which only the parties to a case have an interest is "adjudicative fact." In important ways, however, social research is more akin to law itself than to "fact." We suggest a paradigm in which law-changing research is "social authority," case-specific research is "social fact," and a newer hybrid combination of these two is "social framework." In each of these areas, we propose that judges treat aspects of empirical studies much as they treat legal precedents under the common law. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The ageing worker

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of Nd:YAG laser membranectomy for reopening blocked glaucoma tube shunts and maintaining the patency over time. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the records of 13 patients (13 eyes) who, during the period January 1990 through June 1996, underwent Nd:YAG laser membranectomy in an attempt to reopen a blocked glaucoma tube shunt. Intraocular pressure and tube patency were evaluated at each follow-up visit. RESULTS: Nd:YAG laser membranectomy effectively opened the blocked glaucoma tube shunts in 11 (84.6%) of 13 eyes. Two tubes could not be reopened. Reblockage occurred in seven eyes (53.8%) within the first 11 weeks; four tubes (30.8%) remained patent through follow-up periods of 39, 82, 106, and 169 weeks. Postlaser complications were moderate anterior chamber reaction in four eyes (30.8%), hyphema in two eyes (15.4%), corneal edema in two eyes (15.4%), pressure spike in one eye (7.7%), and shallow anterior chamber in one eye (7.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Nd:YAG laser membranectomy is effective in reopening blocked glaucoma tube shunts but is associated with a relatively high rate of subsequent reblockage in the initially successful cases.     

Apoptosis and ageing

Stimulation of T cells from aged individuals leads to different kinds and/or size of responses if compared with the responses of T cells obtained from young individuals. In fact elderly is associated with a progressive decline of immune response besides an increasing incidence of autoimmune phenomena. These differences might be the result of modified cellular mechanisms controlling the immune system in the course of ageing. The apoptotic deletion of activated T cells has been proposed as the key mechanism to maintain T cell homeostasis, and in this respect CD95 (Fas antigen) seems to play a major role in this course of events. In this study we show that just collected lymphocytes from old subjects displayed an increased expression of the apoptosis molecule CD95. The expression of CD95 and the spontaneous apoptosis showed the same trend. In fact the percentage of apoptotic cells in blood collected from old subjects was enhanced too. The lymphocyte subpopulation analysis by flow cytometry did not show significant changes in T subset percentages between old and young subjects. Moreover mononuclear cells obtained from aged individuals underwent apoptosis in culture in response to a single stimulation with mitogen or anti-CD3, more than mononuclear cells from young controls. To gain insight into mechanisms of this increased apoptosis, experiments were performed to evaluate the behaviors of lymphocytes from old and young donors in respect of interleukin-2 (IL-2) rescue from apoptosis. Results show that IL-2 rescued only a little fraction of cells of old donors from apoptosis when activated by anti-CD3 and that this effect was not related to a different expression of CD95. Thus, during the course of ageing the different regulation of T cell homeostasis might be also explained by the modified proneness of lymphocytes to undergo apoptosis. The contemporaneous demonstration of a reduced Ca2+ influx in lymphoid cells of these subjects allows to suppose that multiple defects play a role in the pathogenesis of immunosenescence.     

Hospital administration--the new order; the medical administrator''s point of view

Urine from rats and sheep given single doses of [14C]propachlor contained 14C metabolites in which the chlorine of propachlor was replaced by a methylsulfonyl group. Methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites were also isolated from the urine of rats given an intraperitoneal dose of the cysteine conjugate of [14C]propachlor; this indicated that the methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites resulted from metabolic reactions subsequent to the mercapturic acid pathway.     

新世纪技术创新 科技进步 新举措集锦

加快管理与技术创新步伐全面提升矿山经济效益决定一个企业经济效益大小和资源效率高低的首要条件是资源的最优配置和最优利用 ,其手段就是管理 ,所以说 :管理出效益 ,管理是企业永恒的主题。加快管理创新步伐 ,始终是提升矿山经济效益的增长点 ;今年 ,我们要本着“走出去、引进来”的原则 ,逐步实现生产管理、安全管理、成本管理以及多种经营管理的全面创新。首先力争在 1～ 2年内通过公司“现场管理标准化矿山”验收 ;其次进一步引进国外先进矿山的管理经验 ,加强对外合作与交流 ,用 3～ 5年时间 ,不断构建有德铜特色的管理创新新格局 ,实…     

Genetics of oocyte ageing

OBJECTIVES: Correlations between parental age, aneuploidy in germ cells and recent findings on aetiological factors in mammalian trisomy formation are reviewed. METHODS: Data from observations in human oocytes, molecular studies on the origin of extra chromosomes in trisomies, experiments in a mouse model system, and transgenic approaches are shown. RESULTS: Errors in chromosome segregation are most frequent in meiosis I of oogenesis in mammals and predominantly predispose specific chromosomes and susceptible chiasmate configurations to maternal age-related nondisjunction. Studies on spindle structure, cell cycle and chromosome behaviour in oocytes of the CBA/Ca mouse used as a model for the maternal age-effect suggest that hormonal homeostasis and size of the follicle pool influence the quality, maturation competence and spindle size of the mammalian oocyte. Predisposition to errors in chromosome segregation are critically dependent on altered cell cycles. Compromised protein synthesis and mitochondrial function affect maturation kinetics and spindle formation, and cause untimely segregation of chromosomes (predivision), mimicking an aged phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Altered cell cycles and untimely resolution of chiasmata but also nondisjunction of late segregating homologues caused by asynchrony in cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation appear to be causal to errors in chromosome segregation with advanced maternal age. Oocytes appear to lack checkpoints guarding against untimely chromosome segregation. Genes and exposures affecting pool size, hormonal homeostasis and interactions between oocytes and their somatic compartment and thus quality of follicles and oocytes have the potential to critically influence chromosome distribution in female meiosis and affect fertility in humans and other mammals.