脂类物质在火腿风味形成中的作用

脂类物质在火腿风味形成中起重要作用,他们既是形成风味物质的前体,也是风味化合物蓄积的溶剂。火腿中的脂类物质主要是甘油脂和磷脂,磷脂对风味物质形成的贡献更突出。腌制过程中,脂类物质主要发生了水解、氧化,氧化产物还可以通过美拉德反应与其它化合物进一步作用形成风味物质。本文综合论述了脂类物质在火腿加工过程中所发生的变化及变化机制,讨论了这些变化在火腿风味形成中的作用。     

干腌火腿加工中脂类物质变化研究

干腌火腿加工中，脂类物质经过降解(脂解和氧化)作用，形成了大量的挥发性风味物质，这些物质对干腌火腿的最终风味起了决定性的作用。综述了干腌火腿加工中脂类物质的降解过程。     

中国传统火腿风味分析研究进展

从中国传统火腿加工过程中的生化变化入手,结合火腿风味物质的形成过程,总结了火腿风味化合物的组成以及火腿风味的测定方法,为火腿的加工工艺控制及研究提供理论依据。     

脂肪相关酶类在干腌肉制品风味形成过程中的作用

风味是消费者选择食品的主要依据之一。风味的形成是个复杂的生化反应过程,对其的研究至今依旧还未完全明晰。干腌肉制品由于其具有独特的风味而受到消费者的广泛欢迎,经过复杂的加工过程形成了其特征性风味物质,其中较大部分是由脂类水解、氧化而来,随之还会通过美拉德等反应形成各种风味物质。脂类物质是风味物质形成的前体物质,脂质的酶控反应是干腌肉制品风味物质产生的决定性因素。本文对国内外各类干腌肉制品中脂肪水解酶、磷脂酶和脂肪氧合酶在加工过程中的活性变化及其在干腌肉制品中的作用进行了归纳;概述了这几类酶对不同种类风味物质及产品感官品质的影响;综述了加工因素介导这些酶类对风味物质形成的调控作用。为科学认识干腌肉制品风味物质的形成机理、传统工艺改进和参数优化提供参考。     

金华火腿生产过程中脂质水解特性研究

60只重量为6.2～6.9 kg的原料腿按传统工艺加工金华火腿.分别于原料腿、盐后、晒后、成熟中期、成熟结束、后熟1和后熟2七个工艺点随机取5只腿的股二头肌为样品,分析总脂肪、甘油酯、磷酯、游离脂肪酸和相关指标的变化.结果显示：生产过程中磷脂的变化较大,约有66.67%的磷酯发生了水解.相关性分析发现：磷酯和甘油酯含量与游离脂肪酸含量之间的R2分别为0.91和0.67,磷酯是脂类物质中最主要的风味前体物质.生产过程中总游离脂肪酸含量呈上升趋势,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量提高,多不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量下降,其中亚油酸的含量下降最明显,为4.48%.亚油酸可能是氧化形成风味成分的主要脂肪酸.     

海洋磷脂氧化及其对食品风味的影响

海洋磷脂因其独特的结构和生物活性引起人们的关注。海洋磷脂广泛存在于水产品中,由于多不饱和脂肪酸含量高,在加工和储运过程中易发生脂质氧化反应、非酶促褐变反应等,这一系列反应生成的产物一方面引起水产品的酸败,降低食品的品质;另一方面适当的磷脂氧化,提供了脂质来源的风味前体物质,是水产品特征香气物质产生的关键。在水产品的挥发性风味物质中已鉴定出醇、醛、2-戊基呋喃、苯甲醛等特征香气成分,此类风味物质的形成来源于脂质氧化以及非酶褐变等反应,受这些反应共同作用的影响,形成了食品独特诱人的品质和风味。该文综述了海洋磷脂氧化及其在食品风味中的作用,为深入理解食品特征风味物质形成提供参考。     

干腌火腿中的滋味物质及其形成机制

本文综述了近年来国内外关于干腌火腿风味物质的研究资料,重点介绍了干腌火腿中的小分子多肽和游离氨基酸在火腿滋味形成的作用,并对这些风味物质的产生机制进行总结.     

金华火腿特征风味物质研究进展

金华火腿是我国传统的干腌火腿,以其特殊的风味而著称。通过对金华火腿及其它干腌火腿主要风味物质、形成机理、提取及鉴定方法等研究现状的综述,表明对金华火腿特征风味物质的深入研究有利于了解风味物质形成规律,为金华火腿加工工艺控制及火腿调味料开发应用提供理论基础。     

传统干腌火腿脂类水解氧化机理的研究

主要介绍在传统干腌火腿加工中脂类物质的变化，影响脂类变化的因素及其降解产物对产品品质的影响，比较全面地反映了当前人们对传统干腌火腿加工中脂类水解氧化机理的认识。     

水解酶对风味物质产生的作用

干腌火腿的加工过程中包括大量的生物化学反应，其中主要是蛋白质和脂肪在酶的作用下产生大量的小分子物质，如氨基酸、游离脂肪酸及碳氢化合物等。这些物质正是干腌火腿特殊风味的主要呈味物质以及前体物质。对干腌火腿加工过程中的这些酶解反应以及其对风味物质产生的作用作简要介绍。     

Lipid and protein oxidation and sensory properties of vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham subjected to high hydrostatic pressure

The effect of HHP treatment (600 MPa) on the oxidative stability of lipids and proteins of vacuum-packaged Iberian dry-cured ham and the impact on the sensory characteristics of the product was investigated. In order to assess how different commercial presentations are affected by HHP treatment, three different presentations of vacuum-packaged Iberian dry-cured ham were considered, namely, (i) intact format (IF) corresponding to non-sliced vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham, (ii) conventional-sliced format (CSF) corresponding to dry-cured ham slices placed stretched out in the package and (iii) alternative-sliced format (ASF) corresponding to dry-cured ham slices piled up horizontally. The oxidation of dry-cured ham lipids and proteins was enhanced by HHP-treatment with the presentation being highly influential on these oxidative reactions. Pre-slicing dry-cured ham results in a more susceptible product to oxidative reactions during pressurisation and subsequent refrigerated storage. Possible mechanisms, by which HHP-induced oxidative reactions would affect particular sensory traits in vacuum-packaged Iberian dry-cured ham such as colour, texture and flavour attributes, are discussed.     

游离脂肪酸在几种常见食品风味形成中的作用

游离脂肪酸在许多食品的风味形成中起着十分重要的作用,一方面是直接作为风味化合物起作用;另一方面游离脂肪酸作为风味前体物,对食品特有风味的形成做出贡献。但是,在不同的食品风味形成的过程中,游离脂肪酸的作用是不同的。文章综合论述了它在腊肉、香肠、火腿、奶酪、茶叶及啤酒等常见食品的风味形成过程中的作用。     

葡萄籽提取物对火腿发酵成熟过程脂质氧化的影响

脂质分解氧化是干腌火腿工艺过程中一个主要的生化反应过程,对干腌火腿风味形成具有十分重要的作用,但脂质过度氧化对火腿品质安全也会产生重大影响.本文采用天然抗氧化剂-葡萄籽提取物对传统发酵工艺火腿进行抗氧化处理,研究其对火腿脂质的抗氧化效果.结果显示:抗氧化处理组在发酵成熟时期能有效抑制火腿脂质氧化.成熟结束时,经葡萄籽提取物(GSE)抗氧化处理的火腿半膜肌过氧化值(POV)、TBA值、羰基值和双烯值分别比对照组降低了57%、48%、29%、18%;表层脂肪降低了60%、24%、42%、36%;而经葡萄籽提取物和猪油联合处理的火腿(GSE+Lard)半膜肌各氧化指标分别比对照组降低了20%、8%、14%、6%;表层脂肪降低了27%、5%、25%、24%.GSE处理组抗氧化效果优于GSE+Lard处理组.     

Lipolysis in intramuscular lipids during processing of traditional Xuanwei ham

Lipolysis in intramuscular lipids during the processing of Chinese Xuanwei ham has been studied by analyzing the changes of glycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acids in biceps femoris muscle. Results showed that the glycerides accounted for 73.2% of total lipid content in fresh ham, the phospholipids represented 25.3% and the free fatty acids 2.3% of the total lipid content, respectively. A rapid lipolysis of phospholipids occurred during the first 4 months of processing and slowed down during the rest period. A preferential hydrolysis for palmitic, linoleic and arachidonic acids in phospholipid fraction was observed. Glycerides only changed a little throughout the process, while an increase of free fatty acids during processing was observed. The results suggest that phospholipids are the main substrate of lipolysis in the intramuscular lipids of Chinese Xuanwei ham.     

Changes in the volatile flavour components of Jinhua ham during the traditional ageing process

Changes in volatile flavour compounds of Jinhua ham were studied during the traditional ageing process of sun‐drying, loft‐ageing and post‐ageing. About seventy‐eight volatile compounds were tentatively identified, including aldehydes (ten to fifteen), carboxylic acids (eight to ten), alcohols (thirteen to fourteen), ketones (eight), esters (eight to ten), aromatic hydrocarbons (five), sulphur‐containing compounds (two to three) and pyrazines (zero to four) which were the main components. The percentage content of aldehydes and ketones reduced over time as the temperature rose with each stage of the process, whereas alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, pyrazines and sulphur‐containing compounds increased gradually. Jinhua ham's high‐temperature maturating process (40 days at 30–37 °C) made the percentage content of carboxylic acids arising from Maillard reactions markedly increase (from sun‐dried ham 8.45% to fully aged ham 19.23%). This was the most obvious difference between Jinhua ham and the Mediterranean dry‐cured hams, and was the main factor leading to the unique flavour of Jinhua ham.     

Chemical and structural changes in lipids during the ripening of Teruel dry-cured ham

The aim of this paper is to investigate the chemical and microstructural changes in intramuscular and subcutaneous fat during the processing of Teruel dry-cured ham by gas chromatography and electron microscopy techniques. This paper will contribute to the specific characterisation of a product included in the European Union list of special quality products, and provides a new perspective for the identification of changes related to flavour development. There seems to be a relationship between the degradation of phospholipids and the increase in the free fatty acid content, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. The microstructural changes of the adipose tissue during the process would explain the availability of the fat to the lipolitic enzymes and the contribution to the typical flavour and taste of cured ham.     

Dry-cured ham quality and acceptability as affected by the preservation system used for retail sale

Dry-cured ham cuts and slices were stored at 4 ± 2 °C for 8 months under vacuum and modified atmosphere (20% CO₂ + 80% N₂), respectively. Instrumental colour and texture, pH, non-protein nitrogen, total volatile basic nitrogen, acidity, lipid oxidation, sensory profile and consumer acceptability and purchase satisfaction were measured throughout storage. The overall quality of vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham cuts showed limited changes. Significant changes of sensory attributes involved only loss of flavour. The overall acceptability assessed by both trained and consumer panels did not decrease significantly throughout storage and the willingness to purchase remained above 50%. Conversely, modified-atmosphere-packaged ham slices had intense and extensive changes affecting sensory quality, particularly in visual appearance, flavour loss, off-flavour formation, saltiness and rancidity. Some of these changes were related to oxidation caused by low pH due to the presence of carbon dioxide in the protective atmosphere. Acceptability was significantly lower from the 4th month of storage and willingness to purchase fell below 50% at the same time.     

金华火腿的质量和色香味形成与霉菌关系的研究

为探索金华火腿上的霉菌与火腿质量和色香味形成的关系,我们首先研究了火腿上的霉菌种类、分布和生长规律,并又通过五个方面的试验,证明这些霉菌与火腿质量和色香味的形成没有直接关系.同时又通过火腿上的霉菌与污染腐败细菌之关系的研究,发现许多霉菌都有抑制腐败细菌生长作用,由于有了这种抑菌作用,才使火腿在漫长的加工过程中不会腐败变质,因而才有可能保证火腿的质量和色香味的形成.本研究结果将为目前这种生产周期长、产量低、对人类又有污染霉菌之害的传统生产工艺的改革提供科学依据,