基于反翘电压的脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊熔透控制系统

采用无源探针检测系统从脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊的反翘电压信号中实时、准确、便捷地提取了熔池熔透信息.并以此作为反馈信号,以每个脉冲周期小孔存在时间作为被控制量,脉冲峰值电流作为控制量,采用MATLAB模糊逻辑工具箱进行熔透控制器的设计与仿真,以查表法完成了模糊控制系统的开发.结果表明,该系统可以在脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接中实现"一脉一孔"过程,不仅保证了连续、稳定、可靠的穿孔焊接过程,而且可以得到良好的焊缝成形.     

等离子弧焊小孔行为的反翘电压检测

在穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中,小孔稳定性对焊接过程的稳定和优质的焊缝成形是非常关键的。文中采用无源探针对由等离子弧梯度电压和等离子鞘层电压构成的等离子反翘(等离子云)电压进行检测。根据等离子鞘层理论,随等离子反翘长度和角度变化的反翘电压可以反映小孔的状态信息及其形成、坍塌过程。文中讨论了检测信号的特征,以及材料、探针位置、焊接电流,等离子气流等因素对检测信号的影响。试验证明,该方法可以有效的预测小孔信息和焊缝熔透情况。     

等离子弧焊中电弧反翘现象的数值模拟

根据流体的质量、动量、能量守恒方程,建立了穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中的等离子电弧三维数学模型,用磁矢量法求解磁场问题.模型包括了一部分喷嘴和钨阴极,小孔也被包含进模型中.利用ANSYS有限元分析软件求解模型,得到等离子电弧的温度分布,以研究等离子弧焊中电弧反翘现象.结果表明,等离子电弧反翘随小孔尺寸的增大而减弱,电弧尾焰随小孔尺寸的增大而增强;而适当的增加焊接速度以使小孔轴线与电弧轴线之间形成一定的偏差是形成等离子电弧反翘现象的必要条件;焊接电流主要是通过改变小孔尺寸而对电弧反翘产生影响.     

穿孔等离子弧焊的熔深检测

在小孔等离子弧焊接过程中，首次利用鞘层电压获知等离子云喷封角，从而获知熔深情况。从以往研究只停留在实时检测小孔是否穿透的状态信息，前进到通过等离子云喷射角来检测熔池熔深的状态。设计了无源探针检测等离子云装置，该装置简单、可靠，具有较好的工业应用前景。     

脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的等离子云传感

在探针法检测等离子云理论基础上,研制了实用化的多探针等离子云传感器,并利用尾焰传感器对比检验了所设计传感器的可靠性和检测精度.将等离子云传感器应用于脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池小孔状态检测,并对检测信号的波形特征做了深入研究.分析表明,等离子云检测信号中负脉冲信号可以作为脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的状态变化的特征判据,负脉冲信号的频率则可以作为脉冲焊接是否保持"一脉一孔"焊接的特征判据.等离子云电压信号可以很好的反映穿孔熔池的状态.     

不锈钢穿孔等离子弧焊热源模型的探讨

根据K - PAW“倒喇叭”状的焊缝形状特点和热流沿工件板厚方向分布的特点,讨论了计算K- PAW温度场的组合式体积热源.通过比较热源组合模式,得到适合于K - PAW的组合式体积热源作用模式,即沿板厚方向,工件的上部采用双椭球体热源,下部为中心轴热流峰值线性递增的圆柱体热源,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好.同时讨论了能量分配系数γ1和γ2的选取及热源作用高度C和H的选取对焊接温度场的影响.结果表明,热源参数选择不合适会导致一个热源的作用淹没另一个热源的作用.     

PAW受控脉冲穿孔状态的检测与控制

根据受控脉冲穿孔的控制策略,研制出等离子弧焊接(PAW)小孔状态的检测与控制系统,采用等离子弧尾焰电压作为表征小孔状态的传感检测信号,对不同焊接电流作用下的焊接过程进行实时监测,系统可以同时采集焊接电流和尾焰电压信号,并对信号进行分析、处理,建立了焊接电流、尾焰电压和背面熔宽三者之间的定量关系曲线.结果表明,尾焰电压信号能够迅速准确地反映出小孔状态和焊缝背面熔宽.根据检测试验得到的数据,建立穿孔型PAW焊接闭环控制系统,通过对普通平板和改变散热条件工件进行闭环控制焊接试验,获得了适当的焊缝背面熔宽及良好的焊缝质量,证明了该系统运行稳定、可靠.     

基于单片机控制的脉冲等离子弧焊过程控制系统研究

采用单片机控制技术代替传统的模拟控制技术,设计研制出一套小型化、逆变式的自动等离子弧焊系统.主电路由两个逆变电源供电,控制系统以高性能单片机AT89C51为核心,实现对焊接过程的自动化控制.     

焊枪行走角变化对等离子弧穿孔立焊焊缝成形的影响规律

以5 mm厚的5A06铝镁合金板材为主要研究对象,焊缝的正面熔宽和背面熔宽为成形特征参数,通过正交试验确定焊枪行走角变化对焊缝成形影响的显著性,从能量传递的角度研究了焊枪行走角的变化对等离子弧穿孔立焊焊缝成形产生影响的机理.结果表明,焊枪行走角对焊缝成形的影响在焊接电流和离子气体流量之间;焊枪与试板垂直时正面熔宽最大,而随着行走角的减小,焊缝背面熔宽逐渐增大.焊枪行走角的改变使熔池正面的能量密度以及背面最高温度截面和最大熔宽截面的相对位置发生变化,对焊缝背面熔宽的影响可归结于厚度方向不同截面热源位置的偏离与工件厚度导致的传热滞后之间相互作用的结果.     

不锈钢在等离子弧焊过程中的温度场变化及计算机仿真分析

基于等离子穿孔型弧焊(K-PAW)的焊缝成形结构特点,通过对多种不同的热源作用模式进行比较,获得了适合K-PAW焊接成形工艺的体积热源组合式作用模式。把组合式模式应用到K-PAW焊接成形热过程中的SYSWELD软件有限元数值模拟分析中,计算了不锈钢K-PAW焊接工艺中的温度场及成形焊缝的结构尺寸大小,结果表明了所采用热源模式的准确性。     

A computer-based control system for keyhole plasma arc welding

A new kind of control system for keyhole plasma arc welding （K-PAW） was developed based on the computer and the Graphics Language--LabVIEW. It can set and output the required current waveforms with desired decreasing slopes so that the corresponding ＂opening and closing＂ of keyhole can occur periodically. With this control strategy of welding current waveforms, the workpiece is fully penetrated while no burn-through Occurs. Keyhole plasma arc welding experiments were conducted to verify the stability and reliability of the developed system.     

激光焊接中的等离子体与小孔行为分析

试验采用光、声信号检测设备,对1.8 mm镀锌钢板的CO₂激光焊接过程中的蓝紫光信号、红外辐射信号、可听声信号进行了高速采集,对比激光深熔焊与热传导焊过程中三路信号的联系与区别,分析研究了激光深熔焊过程的小孔与等离子体产生过程的瞬态行为.结果表明,等离子体与小孔并不总是同时产生,等离子体要先于小孔产生,热传导焊过程中也可能存在等离子体,在试验条件下,等离子体在激光作用于工件后3~4 ms产生,稳定的小孔在焊接后约14 ms后形成,并且激光焊接中产生等离子体的激光功率密度阈值要小于产生小孔的阈值.     

NTWV-based sensing keyhole dimension in plasma arc welding

During stable keyhole plasma arc welding, the pilot arc and the transferred arc exist at the meantime, and the arcs can be considered as a composition of two parts inside and outside the nozzle, respectively. Under the mechanical constriction and thermal contraction effects, the inside arc has certain arc length, electron density and arc profile etc. inducing constant tungsten-to-nozzle voltage. However, the arc outside the nozzle diverges at about 5 degrees and has certain characteristics similar to the free arcs. The nozzle-to-workpiece voltage （NTWV） depends mainly on the length of the arc, which gets bigger as increasing of the weld penetration and keyhole size. The NTWV sensor is developed for monitoring NTWV in real time. The welding experiments are designed to get different penetrations and keyhole sizes. It is found that as the weld penetration and the keyhole size increase, NTWV also increases linearly. The NTWV signals can be used as the feedback variable in automatic control of keyhole plasma arc welding.     

Analysis of keyhole geometry in plasma arc welding

The key problem for numerical simulation of plasma arc welding （PAW） process is to develop a suitable and adaptive volumetric heat source mode which reflects the physical characteristics of keyhole PAW. To this end, the keyhole geometry under different PAW process conditions must be predicted. In this paper, a mathematical model for determining the keyhole shape is developed with considering the mass and momentum conservation of the in-keyhole plasma jet as well as the pressure equilibrium at the plasma jet/liquid metal boundary. A suitable heat source model related to the keyhole shape is applied to the calculation of PAW weld dimensions. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

小孔等离子弧焊接中小孔状态的传感技术研究

小孔等离子弧焊接是一种高能量密度的高效焊接方法。小孔的稳定性是影响小孔型等离子弧焊接过程稳定性和接头质量的重要因素。在焊接过程中及时获取表征熔池小孔特征行为的信息．就成为等离子弧焊接研究的前沿课题。介绍了小孔等离子弧焊接中小孔状态的传感检测原理，指出利用声音信号、电弧孤光强度、尾焰电压、熔池图像信号、多传感信息融合和等离子云导电性都能在一定条件下实现小孔状态的检测．并分析了这些传感方法的特点。     

一种新型等离子小孔焊接熔透闭环控制系统

建立了以电流和等离子体气流为控制变量的等子体小孔焊接熔透闭环控制系统，采用小波方法从焊接电弧电压信号中实时、准确地提取熔池穿孔信息，通过对2个参量的协调控制，成功地实现了“一脉一孔”的焊接工艺。实验表明，该系统不仅显著地提高了电弧穿透力，．能够有效地对10mm厚不锈钢进行小孔型焊接，而且具有良好的快速响应性能，成功克服了3－6mm厚度渐变及附跃变化带来的扰动，实现连续、稳定、可靠的较厚板穿孔焊接。     

Modeling the keyhole shape and dimension in plasma arc welding

It is of great significance to model the keyhole shape and dimensions to optimize the plasma arc welding process parameters. In this study, through employing a combined volumetric heat source mode, the weld pool in keyhole plasma arc welding is determined firstly, and then the dynamic force-balance condition on the interface between the plasma jet and the molten metal is dealt with in describing the keyhole formation inside the weld pool. The effects of welding current on the shape and size of keyhole are numerically analyzed. The sharp transformation from a partial keyhole to a full-penetration keyhole is quantitatively demonstrated.     

等离子弧焊中小孔检测的研究

在小孔等离子弧熔透焊接中，利用等离子云电压能够检测小孔的成形。本文首次应用等离子鞘层理论，指出尾焰电压和等离子云电压的本质特点，提出计算尾焰电压和等离子云电压公式。为用简单方法检测小孔成形奠定了基础。     

Numerical analysis of keyhole establishment time in keyhole plasma arc welding

Numerical analysis of keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time is of great significance for selection and optimization of the process parameters in keyhole plasma arc welding. In this paper, a three-dimensional transient model is developed to analyze the evolutions of keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time in continuous current plasma arc welding process. Firstly, a combined volumetric heat source model is used to simulate the transient variation of temperature field. And then the surfaced formation equation is adopted to calculate dynamic features of the keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time inside weld pool, in which the force action on weld pool surface is considered. Experiment is conducted to validate the numerical simulation results. The predicted keyhole size and keyhole establishment time are in agreement with the experimental measurement. And the calculated fusion zone geometry is consistent with the measured one.