Ag-Cu离子注入SiO2玻璃后形成纳米颗粒的研究

Ag、Cu离子经200和110keV加速后分别以5×1016和1.5×1017ions /cm2的剂量在室温下先后注入到非晶SiO2玻璃中.注入后样品的光学吸收谱显示两个吸收峰,其峰位为407和569nm,分别对应单独Ag和单独Cu纳米颗粒的等离子体共振吸收峰,样品在还原-保护气氛下退火后吸收峰峰强明显增加.样品的透射电镜选区电子衍射花样含有Ag、Cu两套衍射环,透射电镜的明场像观察到大量的纳米颗粒呈现出中心亮斑特征.在样品倾转过程中,中心亮斑特征依然存在,证实这种现象是离子辐照产生的纳米空位团簇.扫描透射电子显微镜高角环形暗场像进一步证实了这一点.综上所述,样品中形成了单Ag和单Cu包裹空位团簇的纳米颗粒.     

Ag离子注入石英玻璃光学透射率研究

用Mevva离子源,将Ag离子注入到石英玻璃中形成纳米晶粒。离子注入的能量为90keV,剂量分别为5×1015、1×1016、3×1016、5×1016、1×1017ions/cm2。X光电子能谱(XPS)分析纳米Ag颗粒没有发生化学反应,说明Ag仍以金属态形式存在。光学透射率测试表明,吸收峰的位置在400nm,当剂量大于5×1016ions/cm2时,发现在440nm左右有一伴峰。分析表明400nm的峰来源于表面等离子体共振吸收,而440nm的伴峰是注入离子形成了少数非常大的纳米颗粒以及纳米颗粒之间相互作用引起的。样品退火后,表面等离子体共振吸收峰红移,而伴峰消失。随着退火的温度升高,峰位红移越大,说明纳米颗粒尺寸增大。     

Ag离子注入单晶MgO光吸收和透射电镜研究

能量为200kev的Ag离子注入到单晶MgO中，透射电镜明场像和高分辨像证明了该样品中形成了Ag纳米颗粒,未退火样品以及还原气氛下退火样品的光吸收谱都观察到Ag的吸收峰,发现随退火温度的升高，Ag的吸收峰先向短波方向移动，随退火温度的进一步升高又向长波移动，退火温度达到900℃时吸收峰红移到未退火前的位置,由透射电镜明场像和相应的选区电子衍射花样发现，由于离子辐照效应使得Ag离子注入单晶MgO非晶化，且注入层被部分损伤。     

退火气氛对镶嵌在SiO2中Ag纳米颗粒热演变影响效应的研究

将70 keV的Ag离子以5×10¹⁶ cm^-2的剂量注入到SiO₂基底中, 随后分别在400~800℃的Ar、N₂、空气气氛中退火, 详细研究了样品的表面形貌、光吸收特性、结构及成分随退火气氛及退火温度的变化规律。原子力显微镜、紫外-可见分光光度计及掠入射X射线衍射仪的测试结果显示: Ar气氛退火样品中形成的Ag纳米粒子(NPs)细小均匀, 其颗粒密度在700℃时达到最大值, 光吸收性能最佳; N₂气氛退火引发Ag纳米颗粒的团聚生长, 在样品近表面形成较大的Ag NPs, 其颗粒密度也在700℃时达到最大值; 而空气中退火后, 由于AgO的形成、分解, 样品的光吸收强度随退火温度升高持续下降。最后, 卢瑟福背散射研究结果表明, 样品的这些变化主要归因于Ag原子在不同退火气氛下随退火温度的扩散行为不同。     

Ag、Cu离子先后注入SiO2玻璃后形成的米题粒的光学性质研究

采用由金属蒸汽真空弧离子源(MEVVA)引出的强束流脉冲Ag、Cu离子,先后注入到SiO2玻璃.注入的剂量均为5×1016ions/cm2,Ag的加速电压为43kV,Cu的加速电压为30kV.光学吸收谱显示吸收峰的位置在442nm,可以推测Ag、Cu在SiO2玻璃表层形成了纳米合金.借助X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)考察注入样品的价态分布,观察到Ag、Cu仍大多以金属态形式存在.对样品进行退火后,发现光学透射率发生了明显的变化.     

Ag、Cu离子先后注入SiO_2玻璃后形成纳米颗粒的光学性质研究

采用由金属蒸汽真空弧离子源(MEVVA)引出的强束流脉冲Ag、Cu离子,先后注入到SiO2玻璃。注入的剂量均为5×1016ions/cm2,Ag的加速电压为43kV,Cu的加速电压为30kV。光学吸收谱显示吸收峰的位置在442nm,可以推测Ag、Cu在SiO2玻璃表层形成了纳米合金。借助X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)考察注入样品的价态分布,观察到Ag、Cu仍大多以金属态形式存在。对样品进行退火后,发现光学透射率发生了明显的变化。     

Ag/Cu离子先后注入形成合金和核壳结构纳米颗粒

具有核壳结构的纳米颗粒由于它独特的性质已经成为目前材料科学研究的热点.本文介绍用离子注入并退火的方法制备核壳结构的纳米颗粒.Ag/Cu离子以13的剂量比先后注入到非晶SiO2中形成了Ag-Cu合金纳米颗粒.当样品在还原气氛中600℃退火后,光学吸收谱在400nm附近出现了一个新峰,透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察发现纳米颗粒中心出现亮的衬度,相应的选区电子衍射(SAED)出现了两套斑点,因而形成了Ag-Cu合金核Cu壳纳米颗粒.用Mie理论模拟了核壳结构光学吸收谱,其结果与实验符合较好.     

自组装Ag纳米颗粒的表面等离子体共振及其对CdSe量子点的荧光增强效应

采用柠檬酸三钠还原硝酸银的方法制备了Ag纳米粒子溶胶,利用静电自组装技术制得单分散Ag纳米颗粒薄膜.研究了该Ag纳米颗粒薄膜的光学特性,通过改变反应物浓度和后期的热退火温度,有效调控了Ag纳米颗粒尺度和其在外场作用下产生的表面等离子体共振(SPR)特性.将所制备的Ag纳米颗粒薄膜与CdSe量子点耦合,利用SPR对荧光的...     

退火对Ag-SiO2复合薄膜形貌和光学特性的影响

使用磁控溅射制备Ag和SiO2相间的多层膜，系统研究了退火对复合薄膜形貌和光学特性的影响。实验发现退火时间越长，Ag颗粒直径越大，吸收谱峰位相对较短的退火时间有红移现象，并且吸收谱峰比较宽，比较强。在退火时间足够长的情况下，随着每层SiO2厚度的减小，Ag颗粒直径也减小，吸收峰强度变小，峰宽变窄，峰位有蓝移现象。我们做了大量实验，总结出了退火时间的计算公式。薄膜经过合适的退火时间，放置20d后发现出现小平面结构，Ag颗粒分裂，吸收谱峰宽变窄，吸收峰位蓝移。不同退火温度下的吸收谱表明500℃是一个比较理想的退火温度。     

溅射方法对FePt:Ag颗粒膜磁性能及微观结构的影响

分别采用共溅射和多层膜溅射方法制备了FePt:Ag颗粒膜.样品的磁性能和微观特性分别用振动样品磁强计(VSM)、磁力显微镜(MFM)和透射电镜(TEM)进行了表征.研究结果表明:多层膜溅射制备的FePt:Ag颗粒膜能在较低的退火温度下发生有序化相变;而共溅射制备的FePt:Ag颗粒膜经过相同的退火条件后,具有更高的矫顽力,及更细、分布更均匀的晶粒和磁畴结构.     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

Metrology in Chemistry in Germany

The system for Metrology in Chemistry in Germany is described. At the national standards level, a network of high-level chemistry institutes coordinated by the national metrology institute, PTB, provides the primary references for chemical measurements. A dissemination mechanism employs chemical calibration laboratories accredited within the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD). They act as “multipliers” between the national standards level and the user level by providing the user with calibration means which are traceable to the SI via national standards. Traceability structures in clinical chemistry, electrochemistry, elemental analysis and gas analysis are described     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Radiation Protection Dosimetry     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Natural radioactivity in drinking water was determined in population-based random study of 472 private wells. The mean concentrations of (222)Rn, (226)Ra, (234)U, (238)U, (210)Pb and (210)Po in drilled wells were 460, 0.05, 0.35, 0.26, 0.04 and 0.05 Bq l(-1), and in wells dug in the soil were 50, 0.016, 0.02, 0.015, 0.013 and 0.007 Bq l(-1), respectively. Approximately 10% of the drilled wells exceeded a radon concentration of 1000 Bq l(-1) and 18% a uranium concentration of 15 microg l(-1). The mean annual effective dose from natural radionuclides for a drilled well user was 0.4 mSv and 0.05 mSv for a user of a well dug in the soil. The effective dose arising from (222)Rn was 75% of the total of all natural radionuclides for drilled well users. As regards long-lived radionuclides, (210)Po and (210)Pb caused the largest portion of the effective dose. The dose arising from (238)U, (234)U and (226)Ra was only 8% of the total of all natural radionuclides.     

Trends in alcohol-impaired driving in Canada

While a general decreasing trend in the number of persons killed in a traffic crash involving a drinking driver has occurred in Canada since the 1980s, it is evident that much of this decrease occurred in the 1990s. Since 2002, less progress has been made as the number of persons killed in crashes involving drinking drivers remains high. To better understand the current situation, this paper describes trends in drinking and driving in Canada from 1998 to 2011 using multiple indicators based on data collected for the Traffic Injury Research Foundation's (TIRF) Road Safety Monitor (RSM), the National Opinion Poll on Drinking and Driving, and trends in alcohol-related crashes based on data collected for TIRF's national Fatality Database in Canada. There has been a continued and consistent decrease in the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver in Canada. This remains true when looking at the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver per 100,000 population and per 100,000 licensed drivers. This decreasing trend is also still apparent when considering the percentage of persons killed in a traffic crash in Canada involving a drinking driver although less pronounced. Data from the RSM further show that the percentage of those who reported driving after they thought they were over the legal limit has also declined. However, regardless of the apparent decreasing trend in drinking driving fatalities and behaviour, reductions have been relatively modest, and fatalities in crashes involving drivers who have consumed alcohol remain high at unacceptable levels.     

Radioactivity in building materials in Iraq

Activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in 45 samples of different building materials used in Iraq were measured using gamma-spectroscopy system based on high-purity germanium detector with an efficiency of 40 %. Radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index due to radon inhalation originating from building materials were measured to assess the potential radiological hazard associated with these building materials. The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides (226)Ra, (232)Th and 40K were found to range from below detection limit (BDL) to 223.7 ± 9, BDL to 93.0 ± 3 and BDL to 343.1 ± 12, respectively. Values of average radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, indoor and outdoor annual effective doses, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index ranged from 6.5 to 124.9, 16.2 to 89.5 (nGy h(-1)), 0.08 to 0.44 mSv, 0.02-0.11 mSv, 0.09 to 0.53, 0.13 to 0.69 and 0.03 to 0.62, respectively. These values indicate a low dose. Therefore, the building materials used in the current study are quite safe to be used as building materials.