Scientometrics of laser research literature as viewed through the Journal of Current Laser Abstracts

An analysis of 4650 publications abstracted inJournal of Current Laser Abstracts Vol. 27 (April 1990-March 1991) indicates that 14 countries contributed about 94% of the research output with USA toping the list followed by Japan and the erstwhile USSR. Technical reports and patents, besides articles in scientific journals constitute an important source of information on laser science and technology. “Spectroscopy of laser output” is the sub-speciality which has received maximum emphasis. USA has paid almost equal emphasis for theoretical, experimental and applications of laser research, while such pattern is not applicable for other countries. For USSR, China, and India, the impact of research did not commensurate with the publication effort.     

Fusion research programme in India

The fusion energy research program of India is summarized in the context of energy needs and scenario of tokamak advancements on domestic and international fronts. In particular, the various technologies that will lead us to ultimately build a fusion power reactor are identified along with the steps being taken for their indigenous development.     

Structural changes in S&T research in India

Before India became an independent country, its scientists and policy makers could foreseethe importance of science in its development, and accordingly a number of research anddevelopment (R&D) institutions were established. However during these five decades ofindependence, the choice between basic sciences and technology was always a subject of debate.It will be appropriate now to examine the changing patterns of Science and Technology (S&T)manpower growth to find out the ground truth reality. The present study pertains to the analysis ofS&T outturn data in various fields of scientific research that can provide a base for S&T planningand policy making. These S&T indicators will be helpful in estimating future requirements, whichin turn can be useful to a great extent in science and technology policy formulation. Theseestimates and future projections are based on mathematical modelling of the data pertaining to theoutturn of highly qualified Scientific and Technical (S&T) personnel in India from differentfaculties over the period 1990-1998. From the trend analysis it is evident that research is no moreperceived as an interesting career except in the field of engineering and medicine. The findingsfurther suggest that there is a noticeable shift from basic sciences to technology.     

IEC与中国工业自动化

随着科学技术和经济的全球化,IEC国际标准作为重要的技术性贸易措施在国际贸易中的影响和作用日益显著,各国出于国际市场竞争的考虑,均积极采取措施,努力实现国家标准与IEC国际标准的一致化,获取在国际竞争中的主动权。中国自加入WTO后,逐渐意识到技术标准对整个国家宏观经济发展的影响,在各个领域开展了与IEC的广泛合作。2005年,通过将自主技术引入到IEC工业通信标准,中国在工业自动化领域引起了极大反响。一、工业自动化标准面临的商业环境和市场需求1.商业环境全球工业自动化设备市场需求持续扩展,安全方面以及多厂商设备互操作和…     

Biotechnology research profile of India

Summary The study explores the chronological growth of Indian Biotechnology. Applicability of Lotka's law has been examined for the authorship pattern. Productivity of authors is analyzed and a list of 35 authors publishing more than 10 publications is given. Bradford's law of scattering is used to identify the core journals which cover most of the research and development output of Indian Biotechnology. The study also shows the active authors, institutions and statewise distributions of Indian Biotechnology research output.     

Scientometrics of laser research in India and China

An analysis of 1223 papers published by India (347papers) and China (876papers) at conferences and in journals during 1993 and 1997 in the field of laser S&T indicates that China"s output was twice to that of India. However, Activity Indices for both the countries in 1993 and 1997 were almost the same. Chinese scientists preferred to publish in domestic journals, while Indian scientists published in foreign journals. The number of papers by Indian scientists in SCI covered journals and journals with high-Normalized Impact Factors was more than for China, and, thus India was better connected to the mainstream science compared to China. The impact made by Indian papers was more than for Chinese papers, as reflected by normalized impact per paper, proportion of papers in high quality journals, and publication effective index. Indian papers also got more citations per paper than Chinese papers. Team research appears to be better in China than in India, as reflected by the number of mega-authored papers produced by the two countries. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The flexure and torsion of bones viewed as anisotropic poroelastic bodies

Two-phase poroelastic material is taken as a model of the bone, in the sense that the osseous tissue is considered as a perfectly elastic solid and the fluid substances filling the cavities as a viscous compressible fluid. Biot's theory of consolidation is adopted, assuming interconnections between the cavities. For a transversely isotropic body the theory leads to seven linear constitutive equations, connecting seven stress components with seven deformation components, by means of eight material coefficients. The theory is applied to beam-like structural elements by using the procedure of Michell, consisting of representation of stress and deformation components as rational integral functions of the axial coordinate z.

General equations are derived for two particular cases; (a) when the stress and strain components do not depend on z, (b) when the latter are linear functions of z. The first case corresponds to the action of terminal couples (both flexural and torsional); the second case is associated with the action of terminal forces.

Illustrative examples are solved, involving (a) cylindrical bending of poroelastic plates by terminal couples, (b) pure bending of poroelastic beams of arbitrary cross section having one axis of symmetry, (c) pure torsion of poroelastic beams of arbitrary cross section.

The explicit solution of the case (b) shows that the behavior of the poroelastic material is analogous to that of a three-element visco-elastic model. This agrees qualitatively with the experimental findings of Sedlin for bones.     

A continuum theory of diatomic solids: viewed as directed media

Summary A generalized continuum model for diatomic solids is presented in this study. Considering the relative displacement of a particle in a cell as a single director, the field and the constitutive equations of diatomic solids are obtained through the use of Toupin's [3] variational principle. Propagation of a longitudinal wave in such a medium is also reported, and the result found here is compared with those of lattice dynamics.     

Scientometrics of computer science research in India and China

Summary An analysis of 2058 papers published by Chinese authors and 2678 papers published by Indian authors in the field of computer science during 1971-2000 indicates that India's output is significantly higher than the Chinese output. However, China is catching up fast. Chinese researchers prefer to publish their research results in domestic journals, while Indian researchers prefer to publish their research results in journals published in the advanced countries of the West. Also the share of papers in journals covered by SCI for India was higher than from China. However, no significant difference has been observed in the impact of the research output of the two countries as seen by different impact indicators. Team research is more common in India as compared to China.