低蛋白面条挤压熟化加工技术研究

为开发糖尿病肾病患者专用主食,以低蛋白主食常用的小麦淀粉为原料,以咀嚼度和膨胀度作为品质评价指标,通过单因素及响应面优化探讨螺杆转速、加水量、挤压温度对淀粉面条品质的影响,建立低蛋白面条挤压熟化加工工艺的回归模型。各因素对面条品质的影响主次顺序为:加水量﹥螺杆转速﹥挤压温度;最佳加工工艺:螺杆转速为93 r/min,加水量为31%,挤压温度为70℃。此工艺条件下,小麦淀粉挤压面条的咀嚼度(3 908±40)g、感官评分(73.65分)略低于市售意大利面[(4 661±61)g,81.91分],面条直径[(2.80±0.05)mm]略粗于意大利面[(1.94±0.02)mm],基本不影响糖尿病、肾病患者膳食习惯。     

温度、水份对大豆组织化蛋白物理性能的影响

本研究以冷榨豆饼为原料,在小型单螺杆挤压机（ＦＭ－７０）上,研究了温度和水分对组织蛋白产品的物理性能的影响。综合质量考虑。２００℃、１０：１３料水比为最佳工艺参数。     

甘薯挤压膨化工艺及产品特性的研究

本实验以4种甘薯为原料，利用双螺杆挤压膨化机，研究甘薯品种和膨化温度对于甘薯膨化特性（膨化率、膨化粉粘稠度）及工艺参数（扭矩、压力）的影响。结果表明：在实验设计范围内，品种和膨化温度对于甘薯挤压膨化特性和膨化参数有显著的影响（P〈0．01）。在本实验使用的4种甘薯中，当膨化温度为140℃时，以京6甘薯品种的膨化硬度和膨化粉粘性为最大；而当膨化温度为145℃时，以红冬甘薯品种的膨化硬度、膨化粉粘性为最大。     

大米-牛肉挤压膨化产品研发及性质研究

利用自熟双螺杆多功能食品膨化机,进行挤压膨化大米-牛肉制品的开发与研究。应用正交试验以感官评价为指标研究牛肉的添加量、物料湿度、螺杆转速及挤压温度4个操作参数对挤出物的的影响。确定了最适工艺条件:进料湿度是17%,螺杆恒定转速为160 r/min,挤压温度为160℃,牛肉的添加量是10.00%。在此条件下产品的硬度为4.2 N、脆度为21.4 mm、膨胀度为329%,产品口感细腻,酥脆可口,有牛肉的香味。感官评价得分最高。经电镜观察挤压之后淀粉颗粒膨胀,彼此间距增大且变得更光滑。     

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rice Bran Processed by Dry Heating and Extrusion Cooking

Abstract

Rice bran was stabilized by dry heat and extrusion cooking method. Physico-chemical, functional, and storage characteristics of stabilized rice bran were evaluated. The rice bran stabilization affected its crude fat and crude ash contents significantly, whereas the other constituents remained almost unchanged. The content of reducing, nonreducing, and total sugars remained unaffected and did not differ significantly from raw rice bran. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of raw and dry-heat treated rice bran did not differ significantly. However, after extrusion stabilization, the NDF increased significantly. Similar effects were observed in composition of gum fiber and total fiber. The stabilization of rice bran had a significant reduction in lysine and phytic acid content. Bulk density and water absorption were higher in extruded stabilized rice bran than dry-heat treated bran. Protein solubility was maximum in raw bran, whereas damaged starch content was higher in stabilized bran. Color of the extruded bran was dark brown, whereas that of dry-heat stabilized was light brown. It was observed that dry-heat treated bran was stored up to 30 days, whereas extruded bran was stored up to 60 days without any changes in the free fatty acid content.     

Effect of Steam-Assisted Hybrid Cooking on Textural Quality Characteristics,Cooking Loss,and Free Moisture Content of Beef

Semitendinosus muscles were cooked in a steam-assisted hybrid oven and also convection ovens at three different oven temperatures (180, 210, and 240°C) until three different end point temperatures [65°C (medium-rare), 72°C (medium), 80°C (medium-well)] were reached. Textural properties of cooked beef were investigated by the Warner Bratzler shear test and texture profile analysis. Cooking loss and free moisture content of muscle tissue was determined for each cooking condition. In addition, sensory analysis was carried out in order to compare with the instrumental results and correlations between instrumental texture parameters and sensory results. Steam-assisted hybrid oven cooking of beef resulted in a tougher texture, higher cooking loss, and lower free moisture content than convection cooking. High correlation coefficients (r² > 0.70) were observed between instrumental texture measurements and sensory results for all ovens, especially in terms of tenderness. The free moisture content and adhesiveness values were also correlated well with juiciness (r² > 0.70) for all oven types.     

龙虾片挤压食品研究

本文对龙虾片的蒸煮挤压工艺进行了探索性的研究,发现在挤压机筒温度T_b=90℃,挤压螺杆旋转速度V_s=78r/min,绝对干料进料速度V_F=150g/min~(-1)以及物料水分含量M_c=50%的工艺条下,可以生产出品质优良的龙虾片。本文还就龙虾片的油炸膨化机理进行了讨论。     

Ohmic Cooking of Processed Meats and its Effects on Product Quality

ABSTRACT: A basic bologna emulsion (lean and fatty pork meat, sodium chloride, sodium erythorbate, and sodium nitrite) was cooked in 1-kg portions, either in a smokehouse (180-min cycle; to 70 °C at core) or by ohmic heating (64 to 103 V; 3.9 °C/min to 10.3 °C/min; to 70 °C to 80 °C), and the finished products were compared for color, texture, pH, drip, Eh, and rancidity. Heating rates, final temperatures, and a 20-min holding time had little influence on the quality of ohmic sausages. In addition, ohmic sausages were always found to be similar to smokehouse products except for texture, which was significantly softer (P > 0.05) in ohmic products but could be hardened by use of binders.     

Extrusion Cooking of Starches for Semi-Products

Extrusion cooking is introduced as a modern high-temperature-short-time process. The cooking time at high temperatures is a matter of seconds, which has a favourable effect in maintaining the properties of the ingredients and active substances, while giving high rates for the destruction of micro-organisms. The end-products have a long shelf-life on account of their low process moisture content. The quality of extruder-cooked products depends on the extrusion system. The self-cleaning co-rotating twin-screw extruder with its narrow residence time spectrum is the optimum system. However, the counter-rotating intermeshing machine has certain advantages for products of low viscosity. Continuous extrusion cooking has economic advantages mainly because it replaces many batch processes and because extrusion is carried out entirely or almost entirely with the final moisture content, thus avoiding the necessity to evaporate huge quantities of water.     

蒸煮挤压过程中淀粉的变化

研究了挤压过程中，挤压温度、螺杆转速、进料速度、原料水分含量对淀粉的糊化、降解及对挤出物的溶解指数和膨化度的影响。     

挤压玉米方便面的研究

本文研究了利用挤压法生产玉米方便面的工艺,分别考察了玉米粉添加比例、物料水分、螺杆转速和机筒温度对产品糊化度的影响规律。初步确定在玉米粉添加比例为15%时,最佳挤压参数为：物料水分30%,螺杆转速60r/min,机筒温度120℃。     

热塑挤压操作参数对低值水产蛋白组织化产品功能特性的影响

以北太平洋鱿鱼加工边角料为原料,采用双螺杆挤压技术及响应面分析方法研究主要操作参数——物料湿度、机筒温度和螺杆转速对鱿鱼蛋白挤出物的持水性和持油性的影响,分别建立挤出物持水性指数、持油性指数与操作参数的回归拟合方程.试验结果表明,物料湿度、螺杆转速以及物料湿度和机筒温度的交互作用对挤出物持水性和持油性均有显著影响,物料湿度与螺杆转速的交互作用仅对挤出物持水性有显著影响:持水性、持油性指数与操作参数的回归拟合方程的相关系数R2分别是0.890和0.979,表明拟合的统计模型可信度较高.     

挤压工艺参数对高水分组织化小麦蛋白产品特性的影响

研究含水量、螺杆转速、喂料速度、挤压温度等挤压工艺参数对高水分组织化小麦蛋白产品特性的影响。以小麦蛋白为主要原料,采用高扭矩双螺杆挤压装备开发高水分组织化小麦蛋白,并分析了产品色泽品质(L~*、a~*、b~*、ΔE)、质构特性(组织化度、硬度、黏着性、弹性、聚结性、咀嚼度)、感官评价。结果表明:随着含水量的升高,组织化蛋白产品色泽品质呈上升趋势,质构特性(组织化度先下降后升高)呈下降趋势;随着螺杆转速的升高,组织化蛋白产品色泽品质呈先升高后下降趋势,质构特性呈先下降后升高趋势;随着喂料速度的升高,组织化蛋白产品色泽品质、质构特性(组织化度先下降后略有升高)呈上升趋势;随着挤压温度的升高,组织化蛋白产品色泽品质、质构特性呈先升高后下降趋势。综合考虑组织化蛋白产品色泽品质、质构特性和感官评价,较适宜的挤压工艺为含水量49%,螺杆转速330 r/min,喂料速度10~11 kg/h,挤压温度170℃。     

The Extrusion Cooking of Potato Starch Material

The effect of extrusion cooking on the pasting properties of potato starch materials is examined using a Couette rheometer. The dispersion viscosity of aqueous dispersions of potato starch, pregelatinized potato starch and commercial potato granules has been investigated. The effect of extrusion moisture and progress down the extruder on this property has been studied. The dispersion viscosity response is related to the gelatinization and disruption of starch granules. Extrusion at high moisture levels leads to high viscosity dispersions tending to that of gelatinized starch whereas low moisture levels result in lower viscosity dispersions.     

Kinetics of Starch Gelatinization During Extrusion Cooking

Ordinary corn (30% amylose) and waxy corn (1% amylose) were extruded at 17.8, 20, 30, 40 and 42.2% product moisture contents (d.b.) and extruder barrel temperatures of 116°, 120°, 140°, 160° and 164°C. Screw speeds of 93.5, 100, 130, 160 and 166.5 rpm were used to generate different residence times. The extruded products were evaluated for extent of starch gelatinization. Results indicate that the degree of gelatinization decreased with increasing moisture content but increased with increasing temperature. Starch gelatinization exhibited pseudo-zero-order reaction kinetics with higher rate constants for waxy corn than for high amylose corn. The rate constants decreased with decreasing temperature.     

Gelatinization of Corn Grits by Roll Cooking,Extrusion Cooking and Steaming

A large variety of cooked corn products can be prepared on rolls, in extruders or by steamcooking. Slight changes in operating conditions of the cooking equipment can bring about significant changes in absorption, solubility and viscosity properties of the cooked products. Production of processed materials with high water absorption and retaining high cooked paste viscosity appears more difficult by direct steaming than by use of the other methods. Roll-cooking should be better than extrusion-cooking for preparing materials of maximum water absorption and minimum water solubility. Such materials are well suited either for thick gruels or for industrial thickening or gelling agents. Extrusion-cooking should be better for preparing materials of minimum water absorption and maximum water solubility. Such materials are well suited either for beverages or for industrial uses where adhesive properties are desired. Steamcooking should be suitable for preconditioning before roll- or extrusion-cooking, but it appears that heating time must be held to a minimum.     

香菇粉挤压膨化产品研发及其性质研究

以香菇粉为原料,添加一定量的玉米淀粉,采用双螺杆挤压机挤压膨化生产营养健康的香菇膨化食品。以综合评分为指标设计正交试验,得出香菇粉挤压膨化最佳工艺条件为:香菇粉添加量25%,物料水分含量20%,挤压膨化温度140℃。在此条件下,香菇粉挤压膨化食品成浅褐色,有光泽,内部有均匀小孔洞,口感细腻,酥脆可口,有特殊的香菇风味,感官评分最高为9.96分。在针对产品截面膨化率的单因素试验中,结果表明香菇粉添加量为20%时,产品截面膨化率最大为20.81;物料水分含量为25%时产品最大截面膨化率为25.41,温度在140℃时出现最大截面膨化率19.55。热特性分析表明挤压后产品的结晶温度和焓变值均低于未挤压的香菇粉,经电镜观察香菇粉由挤压前的松散无规则片状变成挤压后的规则颗粒状。     

Effect of Extrusion Cooking on Molecular Parameters of Corn Starch

By using a systems analytical model (SAM) and a fuzzy logic control software (fuzzy CIM) extrusion experiments were designed, that enabled a differentiation of the influence of the thermal energy input, expressed by the product temperature (PT), and the influence of the specific mechanical energy input (SME) on the molecular structure of extruded starch. The chromatographic examination of the molecular changes in the starch clearly revealed the influence of the extrusion cooking conditions on molecular degradation. The molecular size of extruded starch, expressed as the weight average of the molecular weight (M̄ _w), decreased exponentially when SME increased. In the range of 110—180 °C, PT had no significant influence on M̄ _w so that the observed reduction of M̄ _w was primarily dependent on the increase in SME. By contrast, the polydispersity depended both on PT and SME. The influence of PT on the polydispersity was of minor significance up to 160 °C, increasing more steeply at higher temperatures. PT increase above 180 °C resulted in increasing reducing power of the extruded starch, whereas SME had almost no effect on reducing power. Only at a PT of more than 180 °C small amounts of short chain molecules with a degree of polymerisation (DP) smaller than 6 could be determined.     

高水分挤压纤维化蛋白不同储藏方式对品质特性的影响

本研究以大豆分离蛋白、小麦蛋白、豌豆蛋白为原料,采用高水分植物蛋白双螺杆挤压纤维化技术制备蛋白样品,并探讨不同储藏方式对其品质特性的影响。通过对四种不同储藏方式的安全指标进行检测,未杀菌-18℃储藏和121℃杀菌后24℃储藏条件下,其储藏时间较长,在检测的180天内,各项安全指标均在安全范围内。对上述两种储藏方式下随着储藏时间的增加,其品质特性的变化规律进行研究,结果表明：不同储藏方式对高水分挤压纤维化蛋白品质特性的影响显著。未杀菌-18℃储藏条件下,可以很好的维持样品的组织化度,同时样品的水分在储藏过程中从内部向外部发生迁移,随着样品水分不断减少,亮度下降,颜色变深,硬度和咀嚼度升高,弹性下降;121℃杀菌24℃储藏条件下,样品受到高温高压作用,蛋白变性,纤维状结构被破坏,其组织化度下降,样品发生美拉德反应,颜色加深,硬度和咀嚼度升高,弹性下降。对高水分挤压纤维化蛋白产品各品质指标之间进行相关性分析。组织化度与L*值、b*值和弹性呈现显著正相关,与a*值、硬度和咀嚼度呈现显著负相关;L*值与弹性呈显著正相关,与a*值、硬度和咀嚼度呈现显著负相关;a*值与硬度和咀嚼度呈现显著正相关,与弹性呈现负相关;b*值与弹性呈现负相关,与硬度呈现正相关;硬度与咀嚼度呈现正相关,与弹性呈现负相关;弹性与咀嚼度呈现负相关。