某水库库岸边坡开挖加固弹塑性有限元分析

为进一步分析边坡开挖加固过程中位移、稳定性和危险滑裂面的变化情况,以弹塑性有限元法为计算工具,对某水库边坡的开挖加固过程进行数值模拟分析,计算考虑了开挖不加固和开挖并及时加固2种情况。计算结果表明:开挖不加固时,边坡整体发生很大位移,开挖完成后安全系数小于1,塑性破坏区贯通内部的软弱夹层,边坡不能保持自身稳定,将沿着软弱夹层发生滑动;开挖并及时加固后,边坡发生位移得到有效控制,安全系数提高141%,软弱夹层内部的塑性区分布范围也大大减少,且锚杆将软弱夹层两侧岩体连接起来,滑裂面往内部发展趋势明显。说明采用的加固措施能有效保证边坡开挖过程中的施工安全,成果对类似边坡工程有一定参考价值。     

不良地质条件下高陡边坡施工稳定技术

通过采用地质勘探、测量、现场测试等多种手段,获得大伙房水库输水(二期)工程取水头部竖井高陡边坡开挖范围地质体的基础地质资料,建立能够反映地质体结构特征并具有清晰边界条件的地质模型,综合分析潜在的内外部影响因素,对取水头部竖井开挖边坡的稳定性进行初步定性评价,并对可能的失稳模式作出判断,针对可能的破坏机制,采用相应的边坡稳定分析计算方法,根据计算分析成果,对可能失稳的边坡采取工程加固处理措施。     

龙滩水电站右岸航道出口边坡施工期安全监测

边坡工程由于其地质条件的复杂性和变形机制的多样性，使得对边坡稳定性及其支护效果进行准确的预测和判断存在着很大的难度。而全面的现场监测和分析将为这方面的工作提供强有力的支持。根据龙滩水电站右岸航道出口边坡的监测设计、监测成果和开挖支护情况，分析了各段边坡变形和稳定状况，对加固处理措施和效果进行了初步评价。结果证明，航道出口边坡的监测为边坡工程施工和运行过程的安全提供了可靠的依据，经过一系列的加固措施的实施，边坡呈现比较稳定的状态，但仍需进行进一步的监测和维护。     

九甸峡水电站厂房后边坡稳定有限元分析

采用弹塑性有限元法和强度折减法,对九甸峡水电站厂房后岩体边坡进行稳定性计算分析和评价.根据边坡工程地质条件以及开挖和支护加固过程建立了边坡分级开挖支护的准三维有限元分析模型.模拟了开挖和支护过程,计算分析了开挖完成、支护完成、降雨和地震条件下边坡的应力分布和稳定安全系数.结果表明,该边坡在加固前安全系数小,存在不稳定的可能性,支护加固后边坡的稳定安全系数有较大提高,可满足正常运用要求.     

小湾电站进水口边坡的三维刚体极限平衡分析

利用三维刚体极限平衡法对小湾电站进水口边坡进行了稳定分析，计算了边坡开挖成型后不加固及加固情况下的稳定安全系数，并进行了参数变化的敏感性分析，比较了锚索和洞塞两种加固方案的优缺点，分析结果对实际工程的加固设计具有较大的参考价值。     

DDA在裂隙岩体边坡工程中的应用

本文介绍了ＤＤＡ在裂隙岩体边坡工程中的应用，该边坡靠近大坝的拱座附近，边坡的开挖将影响边坡及大坝的稳定。设计中采用预应力锚索加固边坡。本文介绍了采用ＤＤＡ方法对原绐边坡和开挖后的边坡进行了计算。这里给出的是计算结果和分析讨论     

古洞口水电站溢洪道高边坡稳定性分析

介绍古洞口水电站溢洪道高边坡的地质条件，通过有限元的计算，评价分析了该边坡的稳定性，并指出在山区狭谷建面板堆面坝，溢洪道的布置对减少边坡开挖量，降低边坡加固处理工程量和节约工程投资都是十分重要的。     

某水电站开挖岩质边坡稳定分析及加固措施优化

某水电站泄洪洞进水口边坡为典型的岩质高陡开挖边坡,其稳定性对水电站的安全施工及运行影响重大。为此,建立了泄洪洞所在开挖高边坡的三维有限元模型,并运用有限差分软件进行稳定性分析计算;综合考虑边坡在天然、开挖、卸荷、暴雨蓄水、地震工况下的应力、应变的大小及分布状况,同时结合典型剖面边坡二维极限平衡计算,计算结果中的安全系数大小,综合分析判断泄洪洞进口边坡的稳定性状况;最后结合稳定性分析结果对边坡的加固措施进行了优化分析。成果为工程施工提供参考依据。     

姚家山电站输水隧洞进口边坡稳定性分析与抗剪洞加固措施

文章以具有独特坡体结构的姚家山水利枢纽工程输水隧洞进口边坡为研究对象,展开高陡边坡的稳定性与开挖效应研究。针对开挖过程中的边坡变形迹象,采用数值模拟与微震监测的手段,对边坡稳定性进行了系统评价。根据边坡结构的承载特征,提出了抗剪洞加固设计方案,结果显示这种加固措施能够有效控制边坡渐进性破坏。     

青居水电站岩石高边坡稳定分析与加固处理

四川华能青居水电站是一个以土石方开挖为主的混合式开发电站，土石方开挖总量超过200万m^3，从引水渠，前池到厂房，尾水渠，其开挖边坡高度大多在40m以上，且边坡较陡，地质条件较差，边坡稳定已成为工程的突出问题，经分析计算，决定采用系统砂浆锚杆锚固，边坡挂钢筋网，喷射混凝土支护，施工期加强排水等措施进行加固处理，效果较好。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.