稀燃条件下射流点火与火花点火的燃烧特性

结合快速压缩机与高速摄影,对比研究了稀燃条件下射流点火和火花点火的火焰发展与爆震过程,并采用CFD模拟了射流点火燃烧过程．结果表明：相较于火花点火,射流点火可以降低爆震强度并加快燃烧速度;但射流在喷射阶段可能会发生淬熄,在高压和低温条件下此现象更加显著．模拟计算结果表明,射流点火过程可划分为3个阶段：未燃气回流入射流室、未燃气和已燃气喷射入主燃室、已燃气回流入射流室．另外,火花塞电极与射流孔发生干涉时会造成射流不对称现象,这一现象在实验与模拟中均被观测到．     

浸没难挥发性可燃液体的多孔介质表面火焰传播特性

实验研究了浸没难挥发性可燃液体的多孔介质表面火焰的传播特性.丁醇和石英砂分别作为浸入的难挥发性可燃液体和多孔介质.研究结果表明:液面高度和介质粒径对于火焰传播过程中火焰的结构、火焰传播速度以及砂层的温度分布都有着显著的影响;火焰在传播过程中,火焰前锋前面的砂表面预热区内存在一气化可燃物析出区域(约为5.6,mm),其对火焰的传播起着重要作用.     

旋流管状火焰燃烧器内低热值燃气的燃烧

考察了不同种类低热值燃气预混气在旋流管状火焰燃烧器中的燃烧特性,比较了稀释气种类、燃气热值和组分等对可燃极限、火焰温度分布、燃烧效率及污染物排放的影响.结果表明,惰性气体CO2替代N2使可燃极限变窄、燃烧效率降低,而用H2替代部分CH4则有利于稳燃并改善燃烧效率.对4种实际低热值燃气的燃烧测试结果表明,管状火焰燃烧器可以实现多种低热值燃气稳定、高效、低排放的燃烧.     

燃料电池船舶舱内氢气泄漏爆炸的数值模拟研究

以燃料电池客船“Water-Go-Round”号为对象,利用FLUENT软件模拟燃料电池客船舱内管道发生氢气泄漏并引发爆炸的情况,研究不同舱室氢气点火爆炸事故的影响规律。结果表明：可燃氢气云被点燃后,爆炸超压波自点火位置向四周迅速传播,点火位置对超压波的分布影响较大;控制舱爆炸时,超压强度最大,对船体超压危害最大;乘客舱爆炸强度最小,但超压中心分布在乘客舱,超压对乘客造成的危害最大;船舶舱室燃烧火焰温度主要由可燃氢气云的分布决定,燃料电池舱的火焰衰减趋势基本相同;乘客舱受到的高温危害较低,船艏舱无燃烧火焰的高温危害。     

火花点火层状充气发动机的现状及展望

1.前言火花点火层状充气发动机是燃烧室内混合气的浓度分布发生层状变化,用装在可燃混合气层的火花塞点火,而后火焰沿着扩散形成的可燃层向混合气传播的方式工作的发动机。采用这种方式,总空燃比虽然很稀,已超过了可燃极限,但在局部却可形成可燃混合气层。因而不同于供给相同浓度混合气的普通汽油机,部分负荷时无需节流进气。     

CNG/CO_2气体发动机湍流火焰结构的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟的方法对一台燃用压缩天然气(CNG)/CO2混合气体燃料的火花点火发动机缸内湍流涡团与火焰面的相互作用过程开展了模拟计算研究.基于OpenFOAM开源CFD程序包建立了AKTIMEuler点火模型和PaSR-LES燃烧模型,并采用耦合多面体顶点运动与梅斯基特算法的求解方法构建了发动机动网格.经过对计算结果的分析可知:随着可燃气体中惰性气体组分的增加,湍流火焰传播速率下降,涡对结构对火焰面皱褶的作用减弱,火焰面在达到相同皱褶度的时间向后推迟,其皱褶度的升高率也随之下降;随着发动机转速的增大,火焰面受到涡团卷吸与拉伸的作用增大,局部容易形成环形火焰面的现象.     

超燃模型发动机中引入催化重整燃气的试验研究

催化重整燃烧室能够产生氢体积分数高达16%的高温富油可燃燃气,所产生的可燃燃气从后支板供入到超燃模型发动机中,进行了直连式联调试验.在相同超音速来流状态下,与不通入可燃燃气的两种工况进行了压力、出口火焰形貌和壁面温度的对比,发现可燃燃气的加入能够在几乎不加入高压气堵情况下迅速着火,并能维持住稳定的超音速燃烧,在富油恶劣状态下,燃烧良好.结果表明,催化重整可燃成分在超燃模型发动机中起到了助燃和稳定燃烧的作用.     

低压缸内直喷CNG发动机燃烧特性的影响因素

自主研发了低压缸内直喷压缩天燃气(CNG)发动机,研究了过量空气系数、喷气时刻、点火能量、点火时刻等 对发动机燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,喷气时刻对低压缸内直喷CNG发动机的燃烧性能有很大影响,对于给定的工况,发动机存在一个最佳喷气提前角;提高点火能量有助于改善CNG发动机的燃烧过程,增大点火提前角,可以在一定程度上弥补由于天然气燃料火焰传播速度慢所导致的热效率下降,从而改善发动机缸内的燃烧过程,使其功率增加,燃气消耗率降低.     

试样宽度对RPU板竖向逆流火蔓延的影响

以2cm厚硬质聚氨酯(RPU)保温板为研究对象,实验研究了试样宽度对竖向逆流燃烧蔓延过程中火焰高度、脉动频率、火焰温度及蔓延速度等特征参量的影响.结果表明,宽度一定时相关特征参量不随时间变化,随着宽度的增加,燃烧程度逐渐加剧,火焰脉动频率先增大后减小,平均火焰高度与火蔓延速度的变化趋势基本一致,均表现为先增大后减小,最终趋于不变,而气相火焰最高温度基本保持不变.     

点火位置对弯管预混火焰传播特性的影响

通过自行设计的90°弯曲管道燃烧平台,结合纹影光学系统、高速摄像机和离子探针技术,研究了不同点火位置对丙烷/空气预混火焰在90°弯曲管道内传播特性的影响.实验结果表明,水平点火条件下,火焰阵面在水平管道内经历了球形、半球形、指尖形以及Tulip火焰结构4个阶段,预混火焰也从层流燃烧转变为湍流燃烧;垂直点火条件下,火焰阵面在弯曲管道内沿下壁面拉伸,进入水平管段后形成类似Tulip火焰结构,火焰基本处于层流燃烧状态.     

Combustion and flame spread on fuel-soaked porous solids

Fires caused by accidental spillage of flammable liquids have been a major safety concern in industries and urban areas. There has been a recent surge of interest in the research concerning the combustion and flame spread over an inert porous media soaked with flammable liquid. This interest has been driven by the need to better understand fire and its behaviour under these conditions and improve the relevant fire safety and prevention technologies. A review of key studies in this subject area has been conducted and summarised, focussing mainly on the theory plus a notable experimental findings about combustion and the flame spread phenomena of fuel-soaked porous media. The review covers topics such as flame spread behaviour, physical flame propagation aspects, heat transfer, temperature distribution; and fuel consumption over inert porous media. The review concludes with some practical safety and environmental considerations for decontamination of land soaked with flammable liquid.     

Flame propagation through concentration gradient

IntroductionIn the matter of internal combustion engine, thesimultaneous reduction of fuel consumption andpollutant emission are required. Pedial premixedcombustion is expected to be a combustion method torealize this. The combustion method has both theadvantage of premixed combustion (low environmentalpollution ) and that of diffusive combustion (highefficiency ). The method is already used in the directinjection gasoline engine and in diesel engine with twostage injection or spray atomizatio…     

Fuel‐lean VOCs combustion in a porous burner stacked with alumina balls: A case for ethylene combustion

A porous burner stacked in turn with 3‐ and 9‐mm alumina pellets was established to perform C₂H₄ combustion experiments by acquiring the flammable limits, temperature variation characteristics, combustion wave velocity, pollutant emissions, and treatment efficiency. The burner operated well at equivalence ratios within 0.3 to 0.7. Larger alumina pellets widened the burner's lower flammable limit. As the flame propagated downstream, the higher premixed gas flow velocity and larger alumina pellets, the higher combustion wave velocity, whereas the circumstances were opposite as the flame spread upstream. The combustion temperature increased with the equivalence ratio and premixed gas flow velocity. In response to the effect of the alumina pellet dimension, 3‐mm alumina pellets corresponded to higher combustion temperatures, lower CO emissions, and higher treatment efficiency than those less than 9‐mm conditions.     

拉萨和合肥环境下不同厚度保温材料XPS的火蔓延特性

分别对不同厚度保温材料XPS在高原地区拉萨和平原地区合肥进行一系列小尺寸火蔓延实验.通过分析在水平放置时,不同厚度保温材料在两地火蔓延过程中一些重要特性参数(火蔓延速度、平均池火长度、火焰侧面积和最高气相火焰温度等)的变化规律,定性地揭示了高原和平原环境对不同厚度保温材料XPS火蔓延特性参数的影响.结果表明,在拉萨火蔓...     

A BLOCKED-OFF-REGION STRATEGY TO COMPUTE FIRE-SPREAD SCENARIOS INVOLVING INTERNAL FLAMMABLE TARGETS

ABSTRACT

A finite-volume blocked-off-region procedure is developed to represent internal flammable targets in fire-spread scenarios. In this procedure, the computational domain includes both gas and solid regions. The standard numerical scheme is modified to render hydrodynamically inactive the solid regions and to match the interface conditions at the burning solid surface correctly. A two-grid refinement procedure is used to solve the conjugate heat and mass transfer problem accurately. The first large-scale scenario concerns the flame spread over a vertical panel exposed to a burner flame. Second, the procedure is used to simulate cone calorimeter tests of particle board. For the latter application, the predicted mass loss rates are in qualitative agreement with experimental data.     

A study of flame spread along a droplet array at elevated pressures up to a supercritical pressure

Experimental investigations on flame spread along a droplet array have been conducted at elevated pressures up to supercritical pressures of the fuel droplet under normal gravity and microgravity. The flame spread rate is measured using high‐speed chemiluminescence images of OH radicals and direct visualization is employed to observe the images of the vaporizing fuel around the unburnt droplet. The mode of flame spread is categorized into two: a continuous mode and an intermittent one. There exist a limit droplet spacing and a limit ambient pressure in normal gravity, above which flame spread does not occur. It is seen that flame spread rate is dependent upon the relative position of flame to droplet spacing. In microgravity, the limit droplet spacing of flame spread and the droplet spacing of maximum flame spread rate are larger than those in normal gravity. In microgravity, the flame spread rate with ambient pressure decreases initially, shows a minimum, and then decreases again after taking a maximum. Flame spread time is determined by competing effects between the increased transfer time of the thermal boundary layer due to reduced flame diameter and the decreased ignition delay time in terms of the increase of ambient pressure. In normal gravity, the flame spread rate with ambient pressure decreases monotonically and there exists a limit ambient pressure, except at small droplet spacing, under which flame spread extends to the range of supercritical pressures of fuel. This is because natural convection induces the upward flow of hot gases into a plume above the burning droplets and limits the lateral transfer of thermal boundary layer. Consequently, it is found that flame spread behaviour under microgravity is considerably different from that under normal gravity due to the absence of natural convection. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TIME-DEPENDENT MODEL OF A BUOYANT DOWNWARD FLAME SPREAD OVER A THERMALLY THIN SOLID FUEL

A time-dependent model was developed and solved numerically to study a purely buoyant downward flame spread over a thermally thin solid fuel in various gravity environments. According to the specified burn-out solid density and no retained ash, the flame propagation behavior over a thin solid fuel surface could be simulated. At ignition, the flame is premixed. After several transition burnouts the flame transitions into a self-sustained steady spread diffusion flame. When the gravity level was varied, the Damkohler number effects were verified. An unstable flame spread was noted near the extinction limit at which the flame spread rate decelerated. Blow-off extinction was predicted after the flame spread a short distance. The ignition delay time increased with increasing gravity level. Compared with the experimental measurements, the predicted blow-off extinction limit was closer than that predicted by the steady combustion model.     

Numerical simulation of leakage and diffusion distribution of natural gas and hydrogen mixtures in a closed container

The transportation and utilization of hydrogen blended natural gas have received extensive attention. The dangerous characteristics of hydrogen such as high diffusivity and wide flammability/explosion limit also increase the leakage risk of hydrogen blended natural gas. In this paper, a numerical model is established for the leakage and diffusion of hydrogen blended natural gas in a closed container. The evolution of the distribution, diffusion law and flammable area of different proportions of hydrogen blended natural gas after leaking into a closed container is investigated. The results show that the flammable area with low hydrogen ratios (20% and below) will disappear within 2.7 s–11.1 s after the leakage, which is relatively safer, while the high hydrogen ratio (80% and above) reaches 3875 s–4555 s with a significant increase in risk duration. After the 50% hydrogen ratio leakage, the thickness of the flammable area is higher than 15.67% for the 80% hydrogen ratio and 30.25% higher than pure hydrogen at 120 s after leakage, and the risk is higher in a short time. Due to the difference in the diffusion rates between methane and hydrogen, hydrogen diffuses to the middle and lower part of the enclosed container faster, and the risk in the middle and lower part also deserves attention.     

Postulations of flame spread mechanisms

An experimental study was conducted to explore the flame spread mechanism over thin solid fuel sheets. Flame spread rates over paper at various inclined angles were measured, and Schlieren photography was used to qualitatively assess heat transfer to the unburnt material in front of the pyrolysis zone. Two different types of flame spread were observed. One is te downward flame spread observed in the range of ?90 to ?30 deg from the horizontal. In this region, flame spread rate was almost constant with time, although it increased slightly with increasing angle. The other type of spread observed was the accelerative upward flame spread at angles of zero to 90 deg. Flame spread at angles from ?30 deg to zero seemed unsatable and increased by repetitive acceleration and deceleration In the range of inclined angles from ?90 to ?30 deg, heat transfer from the flame zone to the unburnt material seemed to take place mainly through the gas phase in the region 0.2 ～ 0.4 cm in front of the pyrolysis zone. In this case, the direction of the gas stream could be considered to oppose that of the flame spread. In the case of upward flame spread, the unburnt material in front of the pyrolysis zone seemed to be heated by convection of the bottom side, where the direction of the gas stream was obviously parallel with that of flame spread.     

内燃机排气余热ORC中异丁烷-CO2混合工质的可燃性分析

针对内燃机高温排气与ORC工质的匹配问题,提出了一组安全且环保的烷烃/CO_2混合工质。为了解决混合工质泄漏后可燃的问题,按照美国ASTME681-2009标准提出测量异丁烷-二氧化碳混合工质可燃区域的实验手段。实验结果表明,异丁烷的可燃下限随阻燃剂二氧化碳的加入基本不变,可燃上限随着阻燃剂的加入迅速减小。并基于临界火焰温度理论建立了预测异丁烷-二氧化碳混合工质可燃极限的模型,与试验值相比较表明,预测模型可以较好地预测异丁烷的可燃下限,上限预测误差较大。