太阳能吸附式空调固化复合吸附剂性能

测试了氯化钡-膨胀石墨固化复合吸附剂的吸附性能,并对采用该吸附剂的太阳能吸附式空调系统性能进行了分析。实验结果表明,固化复合技术有利于提高吸附剂的传热传质性能,实验中复合吸附剂循环吸附量可高达0.61 kg·kg^-1;同时,加热流体温度、冷却温度、蒸发温度以及反应约束压力对吸附剂性能都有着不同程度的影响。对于采用该复合吸附剂的太阳能空调系统,在加热温度80℃,冷却温度30℃,蒸发温度分别为5、10、15℃时,系统COP 和SCP均随蒸发温度的升高而增大,在15℃时可分别高达0.5和192 W·kg^-1。     

复合交变热管复合吸附渔船制冰机的循环特性

研制了一种可以采用渔船柴油发动机余热加热的以复合吸附剂（CaCl₂和活性炭）-氨为工质对的吸附式渔船制冰机.由于采用了复合交变分离热管原理,吸附制冰机解决了用海水直接冷却吸附床带来的腐蚀等问题.建立了小型渔船吸附制冰机试验装置,每个吸附床的复合吸附剂的质量为2.35 kg.试验研究表明,在两床循环中采用回热回质过程系统的制冷功率提高约103.8%,制冷系数（COP）提高了约为100%.在采用回热回质的条件下,制冰工况所得到的单位质量的氯化钙的制冷功率（SCP）约为281.9～712.8 W•kg^-1,相对于目前国内外的研究成果,提高了1.4～3.5倍.     

利用高温热量计模拟研究吸热型碳氢燃料基础油的热管理能力

为了评价吸热型碳氢燃料基础油的热管理能力,设计并建立了一套高温量热装置,利用电标定法对仪器常数进行了准确标定,平均值为21.67 W•mV^-1,标准偏差0.50.选用正庚烷作为模型燃料,结合仪器的色谱分析系统对仪器量热结果的准确性进行了考察,测量误差1.7％.利用该装置评价了组成吸热型碳氢燃料NJ-150的6种基础油在700 ℃条件下的热沉值,结果显示4号基础油吸热能力最高,可达3.0 MJ•kg^-1以上,其热管理能力也最好,而6号油最低,只有2.6 MJ•kg^-1.另外还考察了各种基础油的吸热速率,同样是4号基础油具有最高吸热速率.     

胶原纤维固化铁(Ⅲ)吸附材料的制备及其吸附细菌

将三价铁固化在胶原纤维上制备吸附材料,并对其吸附细菌的特性进行了研究.结果表明,铁(Ⅲ)是以化学键与胶原纤维结合,不会被水浸出;该吸附材料对细菌具有很强的吸附能力,当大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌菌体浓度分别为1.02×10⁷ cfu•ml^-1和9.80×10⁶ cfu•ml^-1时,30℃条件下吸附1 h后胶原纤维对它们的吸附容量分别达到2.04×10⁹cfu•g^-1和3.15×10⁹ cfu•g^-1,其吸附平衡符合Freundlich方程.菌龄对吸附平衡的影响较大,而温度及pH的影响不大.进一步研究表明,胶原纤维固化铁对细菌的吸附动力学可以用拟二级速率方程来描述,由该方程计算得到的平衡吸附量与实测值非常吻合,误差在2％以内;此外,其吸附速度非常快,吸附有可能是在材料的表面进行.     

采用SrCl2-NH4Cl-NH3工质对的二级吸附式冷冻循环性能

吸附式制冷是一种绿色环保节能的制冷技术,在低于100℃的低品位热能如废热能、太阳能等的利用方面具有广阔的发展前景。为了能够利用这部分的能源,提出了由吸附制冷过程与再吸附过程组成的二级吸附式制冷循环。采用SrCl₂-NH₄Cl-NH₃作为工质对,测试不同蒸发温度与冷却温度下吸附剂的吸附与解吸性能。实验测试结果表明：当热源温度为70℃时,二级吸附式制冷也能够实现-25℃下的冷量输出。在测试工况下,氯化锶的最大吸附量达到了理论吸附量的94%。80℃热源、25℃冷源以及-25℃制冷条件下二级吸附式制冷循环的COP和SCP达到了0.250与160 W·kg^-1。这个数值与CaCl₂-BaCl₂-NH₃两级冷冻在85℃驱动热源以及同等的冷源与制冷温度条件下的数据相对比,驱动热源需求降低了5℃,COP提高了4%,SCP提高了10%以上。     

α-烯基聚醚磺酸盐的耐盐性能及应用

以不饱和醇作引发剂利用双金属氰化物(DMC)催化加成共聚环氧丙烷、环氧乙烷,然后磺化中和成盐,研制出一种耐盐活性剂。该活性剂的耐受矿化度范围为2000～150000 mg•L-¹。该活性剂不仅能把高矿化度水的表面张力从80.5 mN•m^-1(30℃)降到37.1 mN•m^-1(30℃),而且即使水中的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度高达10000 mg•L^-1时,其表面活性剂水溶液也是无色透明的,没有任何沉淀和絮状物。在某油田稠油水中矿化度高达150000 mg•L^-1的稠油降黏实验中发现,该活性剂能使含水稠油黏度从85000 mPa•s(30℃)降到14 mPa•s(30℃),并且还能使脱水后的原油本体黏度降低一半以上。     

MnCl2/CaCl2-NH3再吸附系统的制冷性能

利用膨胀硫化石墨为基质研制了固化混合吸附剂,并搭建了低品位热能驱动的MnCl₂/CaCl₂-NH₃为工质对的再吸附制冷系统。对该系统进行实验研究,结果表明：160℃热源温度为制冷性能系数（COP）的拐点温度,最大制冷功率为2.98 kW。当热源温度高于160℃时,系统显热负荷增大,继续加热高温床会降低制冷效率。当制冷温度为15℃时,系统COP为0.284~0.396;单位质量吸附剂的制冷功率（SCP）为100.3~338.8 W·kg^-1。SCP随热源温度的升高而逐渐升高。     

固定化脂肪酶选择性富集鱼油ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯

采用吸附与交联相结合的方法固定化米曲霉脂肪酶.脂肪酶固定化的参数条件：载体为硅藻土、吸附温度为25℃、吸附时间为6 h、pH值为7.0 KH₂PO₄-NaOH缓冲液、缓冲液离子强度为0.03 mol•L^-1、给酶量为900 U•（g硅藻土）^-1、交联剂为0.5％戊二醛、交联的时间为1.5 h,所得固定化酶酶活力为247 U•（g载体）^-1,蛋白载量为25 mg•（g硅藻土）^-1,水解鱼油操作半衰期为264 h.固定化脂肪酶富集鱼油中ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯的最适条件是：温度38 ℃、油水比为1∶1、加酶量为150U•（g油）^-1、反应转速为200 r•min^-1、最佳富集时间为24 h.在此工艺条件下鱼油中EPA由3.0%提高到7.0%,DHA由4.3%提高到14.5%,EPA+DHA由7.3%提高到21.5%.     

基于多功能热管的高效吸附式制冰机组回质回热实验研究

设计了一种基于多功能热管的高效吸附式制冰机组,采用氯化钙/活性炭复合吸附剂和氨作为吸附工质对。吸附床的加热解吸、冷却吸附及回热过程均由热管工作完成,对该新型吸附制冰机组进行了回质回热研究,结果表明,回质回热型循环可使机组的制冷性能系数COP提高25.5 %,加热量减小约13 %,同时冷却器负荷降低约21 %;采用先回质后回热方式,在回质过程中继续加热解吸床可进一步增加机组制冰量。与传统回质相比,系统COP和单位质量吸附剂制冷功率SCP提高幅度均在15 %以上,且机组SCP的提高幅度高于COP的幅度;吸附制冰机组性能随冷却水温度的升高而下降,但系统的SCP始终维持在较高的水平。当冷却水温度为27℃、蒸发温度为-18.9℃时,系统的SCP仍然高达356.5 W·kg-1。     

DAP尾气循环联产MAP过程分析与现场实验

分析了引进60万吨/年磷酸二铵（DAP）装置尾气排放产生“磷铵雨”污染的热力学机理,主要是尾气湿度过高在烟囱内局部位置产生凝雾.提出尾气脱湿消减质量能量的过程同时成为磷酸一铵（MAP）产品加工过程的循环工艺.计算表明该工艺使尾气湿含量减少至0.065 kg H₂O•（kg air)^-1,所获能量可以替代24万吨/年MAP生产装置热能消耗的45%.尾气部分冷凝-磷酸降膜蒸发过程耦合技术是实现该工艺高效率利用二次能源的关键.现场实验表明耦合过程总的传热系数达500～600 W•m^-2•K^-1,同时具有磷酸浓缩低温、低循环量和扩展蒸发表面的优势,证明了DAP尾气循环联产MAP清洁生产技术的前景.     

A consolidated calcium chloride-expanded graphite compound for use in sorption refrigeration systems

A consolidated composite reactive bed for refrigeration sorption systems made from expanded graphite powder impregnated with CaCl₂ was produced and tested. The composite material was compressed under a pressure of 10 MPa to enhance its heat transfer properties. Experimental results showed that this material could incorporate 0.90 kg of NH₃ per kg of salt and that the agglomeration phenomenon was avoided. The blocks with apparent density of 0.56 g cm⁻³ and 35% of expanded graphite ensured a good refrigerant mass transfer with a negligible pressure drop between the inner and outer part of the blocks. However, the heat transfer still need some improvements, as the temperature difference inside the blocks could reach 15 °C during the decomposition phase. The average specific cooling power during the synthesis phase was 306 and 194 W per kg of salt at the average evaporation temperatures of −2.7 and −18.3 °C, respectively. The calculated coefficient of performance under different generation temperatures and global conversions ranged from 0.28 to 0.46, and it was not very sensitive to the increase of the generation temperature.     

多盐复合吸附剂的非平衡吸附/解吸特性

以膨胀硫化石墨为基质,制备了新型氯化铵/氯化钙/氯化锰/膨胀硫化石墨复合吸附剂,并测试了其在非平衡条件下的吸附/解吸特性。在与3种单盐各自的Clapeyron反应平衡曲线的比较中发现,该多盐复合吸附剂同时具备这3种单盐的特性,却存在一定的差异。在非平衡条件下的吸附/解吸特性曲线测试过程中发现,该多盐复合吸附剂具备这3种金属氯化物各自的一些性质,却不存在金属氯化物-氨络合过程中普遍存在的吸附滞后现象。在实验的基础上计算和比较了使用不同吸附剂的单级间歇式吸附制冷循环的COP和SCP。结果证明多盐复合吸附剂的性能优于单盐吸附剂。     

膨胀石墨相变储热复合材料的制备及性能研究

利用石墨高温膨胀得到多孔高吸附性膨胀石墨,吸附石蜡相变材料,制备了膨胀石墨石蜡相变储热复合材料。采用扫描电镜、差示扫描量热分析对复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征,研究了其储热释热行为。结果表明,在900℃时保持32 s膨胀后可得到适宜的膨胀石墨,吸附适量石蜡时仍保持定型特性,石墨的添加改善了复合材料的导热性能,提高了相变...     

聚丙烯／石墨复合材料的导电与阻燃性能研究

制备了以膨胀石墨和可膨胀石墨为填料、聚丙烯为基体的兼具导电与阻燃性能的复合材料。确定了膨胀石墨和可膨胀石墨的表面处理剂及其最佳用量，研究了复合材料的导电性能和阻燃性能。结果表明，固定可膨胀石墨含量为10％（质量分数，下同），当膨胀石墨含量达到12％时，复合材料的导电网络基本形成；固定膨胀石墨含量为8％，当可膨胀石墨含量达到25％时，复合材料的导电网络也基本形成。结果表明，复合材料的导电性主要靠膨胀石墨起作用，但可膨胀石墨也能发挥一定的导电作用。膨胀石墨对于复合材料的阻燃性贡献甚微，阻燃效应主要靠可膨胀石墨起作用。     

硅胶及其混合吸附剂——水吸附工质对性能测试

测试了硅胶-水吸附制冷工质对的等量吸附线,且利用各类吸附方程对实验测量数据进行拟合以用于硅胶-水冷水机组的整体系统的数值模拟。实验还通过在纯硅胶颗粒中添加黏结剂或膨胀石墨形成混合吸附剂来提高传热性能。研究表明混合吸附剂（黏结剂的含量为1.1％）在解吸过程中前5min的解吸量相对于纯硅胶颗粒吸附剂提高了13.8％;解吸15min时,混合吸附剂的解吸量相对于纯吸附剂仅提高2.5％。表明混合吸附剂有利于缩短吸附循环周期。在添加剂质量分数相同的情况下,利用膨胀石墨作添加剂形成的混合吸附剂与通过浸泡于黏结剂溶液中形成的混合吸附剂的吸附性能相同,但有其各自的优缺点。     

Effect of dispersion on graphite nanosheet composites

By intercalating and exfoliating natural graphite flakes, expanded graphite was obtained and used as the additive for making composites. The expanded graphite was composed of partly connected graphite nanosheets. Three types of composites were made, representing three levels of dispersing the graphite nanosheets. The first was the impregnation of epoxy resin to the expanded graphite by resin transfer molding. No dispersion was applied, and the expanded graphite can retain its original shape. The second was the use of a high‐power sonication to break apart the expanded graphite. The thickness of the sonicated expanded graphite was reduced to about 100 times. The third method was to use a high‐shear strain rate to separate the graphite nanosheets from the expanded graphite and to disperse them into the resin. The thickness range of the graphite nanosheets was 20–50 nm, about 100 times thinner than the sonicated ones. Compression and impact tests were conducted. The influence of dispersion on the material behavior was studied. Some fracture modes associated with the layered microstructures of the graphite nanosheets were observed. A simple model was used to study the stress transfer and frictional energy consumption of the pullout of the nanosheet. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation of polymer/graphite conducting nanocomposite by intercalation polymerization

An in situ polymerization was conducted in the presence of expanded graphite obtained by rapid heating of the graphite intercalation compound (GIC) to form a polymer/expanded graphite conducting composite. Study showed that the graphite was dispersed in the form of nanosheets in the polymer matrix. The transition from an electrical insulator to an electrical semiconductor for the composite occurred when the expanded graphite content was 1.8 wt %, which was much lower than that of conventional conducting polymer composite. The composite exhibited high electrical conductivity of 10⁻² S/cm when the graphite content was 3.0 wt %. This great improvement of conductivity could be attributed to the high aspect ratio (width-to-thickness) of the graphite nanosheets. Study suggested that extensive rolling of the blend greatly affected the conductivity of the composite. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2506–2513, 2001     

Fabrication of polyethylene/graphite nanocomposite from modified expanded graphite

A novel process was employed to fabricate a polymer/expanded graphite nanocomposite by modifying the conducting filler expanded graphite (EG) with unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The modified expanded graphite (MEG) was prepared from EG in which the graphite nanosheets, already present in EG, were wrapped and isolated by the UPR during processing. The as‐prepared MEG was reduced to powder form to improve its dispersion in the matrix. MEG powders were embedded into a high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix via melt‐extrusion in a single‐screw extruder to prepare the conducting composite. The as‐prepared HDPE/EG conducting composite exhibited a low percolation threshold of ～5.7 wt% due to the high aspect ratio of graphite nanosheets. Mechanical properties such as the tensile and impact strength were also studied. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructure of EG, MEG powder and the resulting nanocomposites. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

膨胀石墨／二氧化钛复合材料的制备与性能研究

本文主要研究了膨胀石墨／二氧化钛复合材料的制备,采用直接膨化的膨胀石墨与钛酸丁酯的醇溶液混合法制备膨胀石墨／二氧化钛复合材料,并分析了膨胀石墨／二氧化钛复合材料的物理性能,以甲基橙溶液的光催化降解反应为探针反应,评价了该复合材料的催化性能。