温度对一种含Re单晶高温合金拉伸行为和变形机制的影响(英文)

研究了一种含Re单晶高温合金在20～1100℃的拉伸性能。结果表明:在室温至600℃时合金屈服强度随温度的升高轻微增大,从600至760℃时合金屈服强度明显降低到一个极小值,到800℃时急剧增至最大值。从室温至800℃时伸长率和面缩率缓慢降低;在800℃以上时,屈服强度急速下降。在600℃以下时,γ′被反相畴界切割而在其中留下伸长的超晶格层错;在760℃时,γ′被a/3-112-位错切割,这是由于层错能降低而导致强度降低;当高于800℃时,位错以绕越机制通过γ′。     

新型镍钴基高温合金拉伸性能和变形机制研究

采用SEM、EBSD和TEM研究了室温（25℃）和中温（650、700和750℃）下新型镍钴基高温合金力学性能及其变形机制。结果表明：室温下,合金的屈服强度和延伸率分别是1176 MPa和22.5%,主要的变形机制为大量位错发生滑移,不全位错切割γ′相形成孤立层错。当温度达到650℃时,观察到微孪晶切割二次γ′相和γ基体,以连续层错切割二次γ′相和γ基体变形为主。在700～750℃时,以连续层错和微孪晶同时切割二次γ′相和γ基体为主,并且层错的长度和微孪晶的厚度随温度的升高而增加。650～750℃范围内,切割一次γ′相的机制从APB转变到孤立层错。讨论了中温条件下变形机制随温度的变化以及微孪晶、层错等的形成机制。其中给出了a/6<112>不全位错剪切γ′相形成超点阵外禀层错（SESF）的一种原子互换扩散模型,解释微孪晶的形成过程,为进一步研制高性能水平的新型镍钴基高温合金提供参考。     

温度对高W含量K416B镍基合金拉伸行为的影响

在不同温度对高W含量K416B镍基合金进行拉伸性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了温度对合金拉伸行为的影响规律.结果表明,在20~800℃,合金的屈服强度与抗拉强度随着温度的升高而增加,高于800℃后,合金的拉伸性能逐渐降低.合金室温拉伸变形特征为位错剪切γ′相或以Orowan机制越过γ′相,且切入γ′相位错可分解形成层错.随着温度升高,合金基体内的位错密度逐渐增加,其中,800℃拉伸时,合金基体内形成高密度位错缠结,可起形变强化作用,是合金具有较高拉伸强度的主要原因.随着温度进一步升高,切入γ′相的位错数量增加,致使合金强度逐渐降低.在中低温条件下,裂纹主要沿大尺寸M6C碳化物处萌生与扩展,致使合金发生脆性断裂.而高温拉伸期间,合金主要以微孔聚集方式沿γ+γ′共晶界面发生连接开裂,是合金发生韧性断裂的主要原因.     

含微量Ti和Al的钴基耐热合金的应力松弛行为

采用热模拟技术研究了含微量Ti和Al钴基耐热合金在不同温度下的应力松弛行为.结果表明,当温度高于600℃时,该合金才会发生应力松弛现象.其应力松弛曲线可以用二次延迟函数来描述.透射电镜观察表明,该合金低温变形机制为层错,高温时为位错,600℃时形成大量的位错和宽度窄的层错,800℃时发生位错滑移为主的回复蠕变,而在1 000℃时发生亚晶粒长大为主的回复蠕变.     

NbCr2/ Nb合金高温力学行为

在800～1200℃的变形温度,0.001～0.1 s~(-1)的应变速率条件下对通过机械合金化+热压工艺制备的成分为Nb-22.5Cr的NbCr_2/Nb合金进行了高温压缩试验,研究了合金的高温力学行为,并通过透射电子显微镜观察分析了合金的变形机制。结果表明:NbCr_2/Nb合金的峰值强度随着变形温度的升高,应变速率的降低而下降。基体Nb的变形机制主要为位错的滑移;而NbCr_2的变形机制是通过层错、孪晶、不全位错等方式进行。     

温度对镍基单晶高温合金DD13拉伸行为的影响

研究了新一代抗热腐蚀单晶高温合金DD13在不同温度下的拉伸行为,包括断口形貌、显微组织和位错组态等。结果表明:温度对合金的屈服强度和塑性影响明显。室温下,合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为1059和1097 MPa;当实验温度在700℃时,合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度达到峰值,分别为1108和1340 MPa;而随着实验温度的继续升高,合金强度却呈明显的下降趋势,当实验温度达到1050℃时,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为262和443 MPa。实验温度对合金塑性的影响则成相反趋势,合金在700℃时表现出相对较差的塑性。分析发现,不同实验温度下,γ/γ′界面的共格错配度和位错克服强化相γ′方式的差异是影响合金屈服强度的主要因素,而合金达到屈服点后,位错是否发生交割缠绕现象是影响抗拉强度和塑性的关键因素。700℃下,在许多强化相γ′内均发现不同滑移系层错交割、缠绕现象。     

Ni-Cr-W系高温合金组织及高温拉伸变形行为的研究

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和高温拉伸试验机系统地研究了固溶强化Ni-Cr-W系变形高温合金组织形貌及200~900 ℃范围合金的拉伸变形行为。结果表明,固溶强化Ni-Cr-W系高温合金由奥氏体基体和M6C组成,组织中存在大量的堆垛层错。在650 ℃以下随温度的升高合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度缓慢减小,在650 ℃以上合金的抗拉强度迅速减小,屈服强度基本不变;在650 ℃以下延伸率和断面收缩率变化较小,在650 ℃以上则迅速增大。形变孪晶是导致在400~700 ℃范围内出现锯齿状应力-应变曲线的主要因素。合金断裂方式为韧性韧窝断裂,裂纹主要在γ/M6C结合界面处产生     

高强Ti-26合金室温压缩性能和显微组织演变研究

通过单道次压缩实验研究了压缩速率0.001~0.1 s~(-1)和压缩量20%~60%条件下Ti-26合金室温压缩变形行为,分析了Ti-26合金室温压缩力学性能,显微组织演变和变形机制。研究结果表明:相同压缩量条件,压缩速率为0.1 s~(-1)时,真应力-应变曲线存在明显不连续屈服现象,且屈服强度对压缩速率变化更敏感。随着压缩速率、压缩量增加,大变形区晶粒由等轴状变为细长纤维状,且两者增加越大,晶粒伸长程度越显著。室温小变形量条件,合金微观组织存在明显滑移和少量孪晶,位错滑移和孪生协调进行并促进合金室温变形;大变形量条件,滑移占据更多单个β晶粒并向周围β晶粒扩展,大量滑移将少量孪晶完全吞噬,位错滑移成为合金室温变形的唯一机制。     

定向凝固镍基高温合金的反常屈服和中温脆性行为（英文）

采用真空冶炼和定向凝固工艺制备一种具有优异抗腐蚀性能的镍基高温合金,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究合金的微观组织,分析合金在不同温度下的拉伸性能。结果表明,除γ′颗粒和γ基体外,在合金晶界上析出了一些MC碳化物、M3B2硼化物和Ni5Hf相。合金拉伸性能对温度有很强的依赖性,并呈现明显的的反常屈服和中温脆性行为。在650°C以下,合金的屈服强度随着温度的升高而略微降低,但抗拉强度几乎没有变化。当温度在650°C和750°C之间时,合金的屈服、抗拉强度快速升高,但拉伸塑性显著降低,并在700°C时达到最低值。当温度进一步升高时,合金的屈服、抗拉强度逐渐降低,塑性升高。透射电镜观察发现,在低温条件下,位错切割γ′是主要的变形机制;在高温条件下,位错绕过γ′是主要的变形机制;由位错切割γ′转变至位错绕过γ′的温度约为800°C。合金的反常屈服和中温脆性行为主要归因于合金中高的γ′含量。此外,碳化物和共晶组织对合金的中温脆性行为也有影响。     

K439B铸造高温合金800℃长期时效组织与性能演变

对K439B合金开展800℃、3000 h长期时效,研究合金显微组织及力学性能的演变,分析室温拉伸及815℃、379 MPa持久性能的变形机制。结果表明：热处理态K439B合金中的γ’相呈球状,晶界存在MC及M₂₃C₆ 2种碳化物,而枝晶间仅存在MC碳化物。在800℃长期时效过程中,γ’相的粗化遵循Ostwald熟化机制且形貌趋于立方化,γ′相粗化速率为71.7 nm³/h;晶界和枝晶间MC碳化物发生退化,M₂₃C₆碳化物析出含量逐渐增加。时效3000 h后晶界γ’相与M₂₃C₆碳化物存在■的位向关系。热处理态合金的室温抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1159.0和911.5 MPa,815℃、379 MPa持久寿命为150.4 h。长期时效后γ’相尺寸增加使得位错的运动方式由以位错在基体中滑移为主向位错切入γ′相为主转变,γ′相中出现了更多的堆垛层错,合金室温拉伸强度和815℃、379 MPa持久寿命均降低。     

Effect of ruthenium on tensile properties of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy

The tensile properties of two single crystal Ni-based superalloys with and without added Ru (0 and 3 wt%) were investigated under a constant strain rate of 3.3×10^?4 /s at 20 °C, 760 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. The deformation mechanisms could be divided into two temperature regimes. From room temperature to 800 °C, the deformation mechanism is caused by the shearing of ?á? particles by anti-phase boundaries (APB) or stacking faults. At 1000 °C, the deformation mechanism is caused by the bypassing of ?á? particles by dislocations. At 20 °C and 800 °C, ?á? particles were sheared by APB. Due to smaller ?á? particles, the yield strength was decreased with addition of 3 wt% Ru. Additionally, work hardening is less pronounced in the alloy without Ru, hence the ultimate tensile strength was not decreased with the addition of 3 wt% Ru. At 760 °C, ?á? particles were sheared by stacking faults. Since the formation of stacking faults was promoted, the yield strength was decreased due to a 3 wt% Ru addition. However, the ultimate tensile strength was significantly increased when 3 wt% Ru was added. This is due to the markedly stronger work hardening caused by large numbers of stacking faults. At 1000 °C, deformation occurred by dislocations bypassing ?á? particles. Due to wider ?? channels, the yield strength was decreased by 3 wt% Ru addition. Moreover, Alloy 3Ru has smaller ?á? particles and a volume fraction as well as less pronounced work hardening, so the ultimate tensile strength was decreased when 3 wt% Ru was added.     

High-temperature mechanical properties and thermal shock behavior of ternary-layered MAB phases Fe2AlB2

The high-temperature flexural and compressive strengths, and thermal shock behavior in water of Fe₂AlB₂ were investigated from room-temperature (RT) to 1000 °C. The flexural strength varies in a narrow range of 200–250 MPa from room temperature to 1000 °C, without evident plastic deformation. The compressive strength of Fe₂AlB₂ decreases gradually from 1992 ± 176 MPa at RT to 1482 ± 127 MPa at 600 °C. However, the further increasing temperature results in quicker decrease of the compressive strength to 245 ± 7 MPa at 1000 °C although no plastic deformation is present in the temperature range of 600–800 °C. The brittle-ductile transition temperature (BDTT) is higher under flexure (>1000 °C) than compression (800–900 °C), which is attributed to the higher shear stress under compression. The water-quenched flexural strength exhibits features consistent with the quasi-static propagation of “long initial cracks”, with a critical temperature difference of 200–300 °C. The deduced cracks contribute to the decreasing retained strength. The uniaxial compress during hot pressing results in a weak anisotropy of mechanical properties.     

Effects of Pack Rolling Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgical Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W Alloy

Powder metallurgical Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W (at.%) alloys were pack rolled at temperatures of 1240°C, 1255°C, 1270°C, and 1285°C. The microstructures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. The tensile properties were tested at room temperature and 800°C. After rolling, the sheets exhibited duplex microstructures with refined grains. The tensile test results showed the sheet rolled at 1270°C displayed excellent room temperature tensile properties with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 782 MPa and an elongation of 1.95%. When tested at 800°C, all sheets showed UTS of over 600 MPa and elongations of around 50%. The dislocation movements and mechanical twinning played important roles at the initial stage of rolling deformation. However, during the subsequent deformation process, the deformation mechanism should mainly be the result of dynamic recrystallization.     

Direct evidence for Suzuki segregation and Cottrell pinning in MP159 superalloy obtained by FEG(S)TEM/EDX

The effects of Suzuki segregation on the plastic flow behaviour of MP159 alloy deformed at high temperature and on the resulting dislocation structure have been examined. Elemental concentration profiles across both stacking faults and slip bands have been measured in a FEG TEM in nano-probe using the line scanning mode and EDX. It was found that Suzuki segregation resulted in continuously serrated plastic flow for deformation at temperatures from 450–670 °C and at a slow strain rate such as 1.0×10⁻⁴/s. TEM examination showed an increased dissociation width for dislocations and larger and more stacking faults after deformation at high temperatures as compared with those after deformation at room temperature. This can be interpreted as being due to the reduction of stacking fault energy by Suzuki segregation and/or Cottrell pinning. The elemental concentration profiles across stacking faults and slip bands showed that Mo and Al were more often found than other solutes to segregate to stacking faults and slip bands. Occasionally, the segregation of Ti and Nb could also be detected at stacking faults and slip bands.     

Temperature effect on twin formation kinetics and deformation behavior of Fe-18Mn-0.6C TWIP steel

Temperature effect on deformation behavior has been investigated in relation to formation kinetics of twins in a Fe-18Mn-0.6C TWIP steel. Total elongation was found to reach a maximum value of 88% at 200 °C and then decreased continuously with the increase in test temperature from 300 °C up to 600 °C. This reversed temperature dependence on ductility could be attributed to the formation kinetics of deformation twins, as was prescribed by an internal variable theory of inelastic deformation. It was found that twins became more difficult to form at higher temperatures due to insufficient internal strain energy accumulated to reduce ductility progressively in this temperature range. Dislocation glide mechanism became, however, dominant at higher temperatures above 600 °C to increase total elongation following the usual temperature dependence. Finally the stacking fault energy was related with the stability parameter, β, used in the transformation kinetics relation.     

AgInCd合金压缩蠕变性能研究

用RDL-50型拉伸蠕变试验机进行改装后的实验装置研究了铸态AgInCd合金在温度300~400℃及应力范围12~24 MPa内的压缩蠕变行为,分析了稳态速率与温度和应力的关系,计算了应力指数(n)和蠕变激活能(Q_a),并结合蠕变后样品在透射电子显微镜下的微观形貌及位错组态,探讨了合金的压缩蠕变机制。结果表明:随温度和应力水平的升高,合金的稳态蠕变速率增加。相比较指数关系,蠕变速率与应力之间更符合幂函数关系。300、350和400℃条件下,合金的蠕变应力指数n分别为3.31、4.09和5.77;12、18和24 MPa条件下,合金的蠕变激活能Q_a分别为68.1、103.7和131.6 kJ/mol。微观形貌以层错为主,孪生为300℃的主要蠕变机制,位错攀移生成位错墙为400℃的主要蠕变机制。     

Tensile behavior of a new single-crystal nickel-based superalloy (CMSX-4) at room and elevated temperatures

Tensile behavior of a new single-crystal nickel-based superalloy with rhenium (CMSX-4) was studied at both room and elevated temperatures. The investigation also examined the influence of γ′ precipitates (size and distribution) on the tensile behavior of the material. Tensile specimens were prepared from single-crystal CMSX-4 in [001] orientation. The test specimens had the [001] growth direction parallel to the loading axis in tension. These specimens were given three different heat treatments to produce three different γ′ precipitate sizes and distributions. Tensile testing was carried out at both room and elevated temperatures. The results of the present investigation indicate that yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of this material initially increases with temperature, reaches a peak at around 800 °C, and then starts rapidly decreasing with rise in temperature. Both yield and tensile strength increased with increase in average γ′ precipitate size. Yield strength and temperature correlated very well by an Arrhenius type of relationship. Rate-controlling process for yielding at very high temperature (T ≥ 800 °C) was found to be the dislocation climb for all three differently heat-treated materials. Thermally activated hardening occurs below 800 °C whereas above 800 °C thermally activated softening occurs in this material.     

Tensile behavior of a new single crystal nickel-based superalloy (CMSX-4) at room and elevated temperatures

Tensile behavior of a new single-crystal nickel-based superalloy with rhenium (CMSX-4) was studied at both room and elevated temperatures. The investigation also examined the influence of γ′ precipitates (size and distribution) on the tensile behavior of the material. Tensile specimens were prepared from single-crystal CMSX-4 in [001] orientation. The test specimens had the [001] growth direction parallel to the loading axis in tension. These specimens were given three different heat treatments to produce three different γ′ precipitate sizes and distributions. Tensile testing was carried out at both room and elevated temperatures. The results of the present investigation indicate that yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of this material initially increases with temperature, reaches a peak at around 800 °C, and then starts rapidly decreasing with rise in temperature. Both yield and tensile strength increased with increase in average γ′ precipitate size. Yield strength and temperature correlated very well by an Arrhenius type of relationship. Rate-controlling process for yielding at very high temperature (T ≥ 800 °C) was found to be the dislocation climb for all three differently heat-treated materials. Thermally activated hardening occurs below 800 °C whereas above 800 °C thermally activated softening occurs in this material.     

Direct observation of dislocation dissociation and Suzuki segregation in a Mg–Zn–Y alloy by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy

Crystal defects in a plastically deformed Mg–Zn–Y alloy have been studied on the atomic scale using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, providing important structural data for understanding the material’s deformation behavior and strengthening mechanisms. Atomic scale structures of deformation stacking faults resulting from dissociation of different types of dislocations have been characterized experimentally, and modeled. Suzuki segregation of Zn and Y along stacking faults formed through dislocation dissociation during plastic deformation at 300 °C is confirmed experimentally on the atomic level. The stacking fault energy of the Mg–Zn–Y alloy is evaluated to be in the range of 4.0–10.3 mJ m^?2. The newly formed nanometer-wide stacking faults with their Zn/Y segregation in Mg grains play an important role in the superior strength of this alloy at elevated temperatures.     

镍基单晶高温合金在不同条件下的蠕变性能和组织演化(英文)

研究[001]取向的镍基单晶高温合金在不同测试条件下的蠕变性能,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究合金蠕变断裂后的γ′相、TCP相和位错组织演化特征。结果表明:合金具有良好的蠕变性能,蠕变曲线显示出两种不同的蠕变变形特征。在(760°C,600 MPa)、(850°C,550 MPa)条件下,蠕变第一阶段较长;在(980°C,250 MPa)、(1070°C,140 MPa)和(1100°C,120 MPa)条件下,蠕变第一阶段很短。蠕变断裂后,在(760°C,600 MPa)条件下γ′相形态变化不大;在(850°C,550 MPa)条件下γ′相已经合并长大;在(980°C,250 MPa)条件下基体γ被γ′相包围;在(1070°C,140 MPa)条件下基体γ不再连续;在(1100°C,120 MPa)条件下基体γ厚度进一步增加。在(760°C,600MPa)、(850°C,550 MPa)和(980°C,250 MPa)条件下合金无TCP相析出,而在(1070°C,140 MPa)和(1100°C,120MPa)条件下有针状TCP相析出。在低温高应力下,变形特征为位错包括层错的剪切机制;在高温低应力下为位错绕过机制,并在γ/γ′相界面形成位错网。