机械合金化制备纳米材料

纳米科技的发展推动了社会乃至全球的经济发展.机械合金化(Mechnical Alloying简称MA)作为一种极具价值的制备纳米材料的方法被越来越多的人所采用.本文对纳米材料的结构、材料的球磨技术、机械合金化制备纳米材料的过程及原理、利用机械合金化制备电触头材料及扩展端际固溶度等进行了阐述.     

机械合金化及在含氮不锈钢制备中的应用

机械合金化法是新兴的材料制备方法,简要介绍了机械合金化的基本原理,报道了机械合金化法制备高氮不锈钢的研究进展,并对发展趋势及研究方向进行了探讨。     

Preparation of La-Ni Based Alloys Used in Ni-Metal Hydride Bateries by Mechanical Alloying

ＰｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＬａＮｉＢａｓｅｄＡｌｏｙｓＵｓｅｄｉｎＮｉＭｅｔａｌＨｙｄｒｉｄｅＢａｔｅｒｉｅｓｂｙＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌＡｌｏｙｉｎｇＬｉＤｏｎｇｐｅｉ，ＹｉｎｇＱｉｍｉｎｇ，ＺｈａｎｇＪｉａｎ（李东培）（应启明）（张健）Ｇｅｎｅｒ...     

Effect of alloying elements on structure and mechanical properties of semi-solid processed cast iron

Semi-solid metal processing of alloys is one of the key technologies for producing advanced materials. Through semi-solid processing, it is possible to produce high quality cast components from grey cast iron. A series of experiments were carried out to clarify the effect of the alloying elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel on the properties of cast iron. A comparison was made of the microstructure and mechanical properties in semi-solid processed cast iron and ordinary cast iron. This showed that an increase in the level of alloying elements in cast iron gave a higher level of hardness. However, the tensile strength of alloyed semi-solid cast iron did not exceed that of grey iron, for every composition, as a result of the characteristic microstructure produced by semi-solid processing. Thus, the alloying elements had little effect on the tensile strength of semi-solid cast iron, but did have an effect on elongation. The tensile strength of semi-solid cast iron, however, still depends on the cooling rate.     

扁平状Fe-Si-Al合金微粉的抗EMI特性研究

评述了用扁平状Fe-Si-Al合金微粉磁性材料制备的抗EMI材料的工艺，特性。用机械合金化方法制备了Fe-Si-Al磁性合金，研究了不同机械合金化时间材料的相结构，电磁特征，实验证明，用机械合金化制备的Fe-Si-Al合金能应用于抗电磁干扰系统。     

机械合金化Mn90Bi10纳米晶合金的结构和磁性

研究了Ｍｎ９０Ｂｉ１０混合粉末在机械合金化过程中结构和磁性的变化。Ｘ射线衍射，ＤＳＣ分析和饱和磁化强度的测量结果表明：Ｍｎ９０ＢＩ１０混合粉末通过合金化可以形成纳米晶合金，而且经过短时间球磨即可迅速细化而达到纳米尺度。机械合金化可以明显提高铋在锰中的固溶度。反铁磁性的Ｍｎ元素和抗磁性的Ｂｉ元素通过机械合金化可以产生铁磁性。     

Using Amorphous Phases in the Design of Structural Alloys

The recent discovery that amorphous alloy powders can be prepared by mechanically alloying a mixture of pure crystalline intermetallics is opening new windows to the synthesis of engineering materials. Amorphous powders synthesized by mechanical alloying may find application in the design of structural alloys, high thermal conductivity alloys, and metal-matrix composites.     

Laves相金属间铬化物的制备研究进展

拓扑密排结构的金属间化合物是潜在的高温结构材料,Laves相金属间化合物是其中最大的一类。而Laves相金属间铬化物Cr2X(X为Ti、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等)近年来成为高温结构材料研究中的一个热点,因为这些化合物具有较高的熔点、较低的密度和比较好的抗氧化性。有多种方法可以制备Laves相金属间铬化物。对目前Laves相铬化物的各种制备工艺技术现状及研究进展进行了综述,重点介绍了国内外制备Laves相金属间铬化物的熔铸法、定向凝固、机械合金化(MA)、机械合金化 热固相反应、机械合金化 热压法及铸锭冶金等有效技术,并评述了这些制备工艺的优缺点,指出了研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

PREPARATION OF HIGH COERCIVE Sm-Fe-N PERMANENT MAGNET

Using pure Sm and Fe powders as starting materials,high coercive Sm-Fe-N mag-nets have been prepared by mechanical alloying in combination with beat treatmentand nitriding.The best result is:_iH_c=33.1 kA/cm(41.6 kOe)and(BH)_(max)=98.7kJ/cm~3(12.4 MGOe).The phases formed in the specimens during mechanical alloying,crystallizing and nitriding processes were examined by X-ray diffraction technique.Themagnetic properties of the specimens were measured with the pulsed magnetometer infield up to 12 T.Experimental results show that mechanical alloying is an efficient ap-proach for preparing high coercive magnets.As an important factor for obtaining a highcoercivity,the grain sizes of magnets are about tens of nanometer.The presence of somesoft magnetic phases in the specimens leads to a neck on the demagnetization curve.     

机械合金化W-Ni-Fe纳米复合粉的制备及结构研究

W,Ni,Fe粉末按照91.16W6．56Ni2.26Fe和95W5Ni的成分配比进行了机械合金化(MA)．通过调整球磨转速、球磨时间等工艺参数研究了其对粉末结构的影响,并对机械合金化粉末的物相、合金化特性、晶粒尺寸、点阵畸变及粉末形貌和颗粒度作了测定和分析讨论.机械合金化使晶粒细化并产生孪晶和位错．有利于原子扩散形成过饱和固溶体和非晶；高的球磨能有利于形成非晶相、晶粒细化和点阵畸变，350r／min球磨20h后晶粒尺寸可达25nm；输入的球磨能不同．粉末粒度的变化路径不同，但都会经历长大，变小和稳定三个不同阶段.     

双层辉光等离子表面冶金技术

在离子渗氮技术的基础上,发展了双层辉光离子渗金属技术.该技术已成功地将固态合金元素如Ni, Cr, Mo, W, Ti, Al, Nb, Zr以及它们的组合渗入金属材料表面,形成一系列高硬度、耐磨、抗腐蚀合金层.例如在钢铁材料表面形成高速钢和镍基合金;在钛合金表面形成阻燃及耐磨合金等.该技术已获美、英、加等多国专利.本文简要介绍双辉技术的基本原理、主要工艺参数、主要研究结果和应用等.     

Laser surface alloying of silumin

Laser alloying is an effective way to increase the surface hardness and wear resistance of materials, including aluminum. The effect of laser alloying on the structure and hardness of silumin AL30, which is used to produce engine pistons operating at high temperatures, is an interesting subject for study.Translated from Metallovedenie i Tremicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 2, pp. 18 – 19, February, 1995.     

机械合金化制备非晶合金的理论模型

非晶合金具有比传统金属材料更加优异的性能。论述了制备非晶合金的两种主要方法:机械合金化法(MA)和快速凝固法(RSP)。分析了这两种制备方法本质上的区别。着重介绍了现阶段机械合金化生成非晶合金的4种主要理论模型:机械模型、原子模型、热力学模型、动力学模型,并指出这些模型的优缺点以及他们之间的关系。     

Mechanical Alloying for Heat-Resistant Copper Alloys

In the development of heat-resistant, high-conductivity copper alloys, beneficial properties may be obtained through the application of mechanical alloying. Mechanical alloying has been applied to copper-base materials with the ultimate goal of obtaining improved elevated-temperature performance through oxide dispersion strengthening in a complex matrix that has been solute- or precipitation-strengthened. Preliminary results indicate that a random distribution of fine oxide particles can be obtained in a copper matrix through high-energy attritor milling.     

纳米(Ti,Ni,Fe)-Al金属间化合物及其复合材料研究进展

(Ti，Ni，Fe)-Al金属间化合物具有优良的性能，在航空材料和中高温结构材料等领域内具有重要的应用价值。采用机械合金化制备、合成纳米金属间化合物及其复合材料有望克服金属间化合物固有的室温脆性及高温蠕变强度低的缺陷。本文综合评述了国内外在纳米(Ti，Ni，Fe)-Al金属间化合物及其复合材料的机械合金化合成及其烧结固化与力学性能等方面所取得的主要研究成果，并就该研究领域的不足之处及其今后的发展方向提出了一些看法。     

An analysis of strengthening mechanisms in a mechanically alloyed,oxide dispersion strengthened iron aluminide intermetallic

An iron aluminide alloy of base composition Fe-40Al has been prepared by mechanical alloying and processed using a variety of powder consolidation methods and heat treatments to produce a range of grain sizes and oxide dispersoid sizes. The strengths of these materials have been determined at room temperature and related to the various aspects of microstructure. Fine dispersoid particles may pin grain boundaries and help determine the fine grain size and contribute very significantly to the material strength. Grain size strengthening is shown to be a rather small component of the material strength, with the matrix strength being rather high for this intermetallic. The influence of other factors such as texture and the direction of application of stress (tension or compression) are also briefly discussed.     

Mg_2Ni系贮氢合金制备方法的研究进展

本文综述了熔炼法、机械合金化法、烧结法、扩散法、氢化燃烧合成法、表面处理法等制备Mg2Ni合金的基本原理和主要工艺。介绍了扩散法和球磨法等制备技术的联用,总结并讨论了这些合金制备技术制取的合金的充放氢性能和电化学性能及其对合金性能的影响。较先进的机械合金化法制备Mg2Ni系贮氢合金复合材料是比较理想的途径。     

Spark plasma sintering consolidation of nanostructured TiC prepared by mechanical alloying

Spark plasma sintering technique was used for the consolidation of nanostructured titanium carbide synthesized by mechanical alloying in order to avoid any important grain growth of the compact materials. The TiC phase was obtained after about 2 h of mechanical alloying. Towards the end of the milling process (20 h), the nanocrystalline powders reached a critical size value of less than 5 nm. Some physical and mechanical properties of the consolidated carbide were reported as a function of the starting grain size powders obtained after different mechanical alloying durations. The crystalline grain size of the bulk samples was found to be increased to a maximum of 120 nm and 91 nm for carbides mechanically alloyed for 2 h and 20 h respectively. The Vickers hardness showed to be improved to about 2700 Hv for a maximum density of 95.1% of the bulk material.     

Microstructural control in a gamma-TiAl alloy by MA and HIPing

The ψ-TiAl-based alloys are potentially very attractive low-density materials for use at elevated temperatures. In this article, a novel method of controlling the grain size of these alloys using mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing is presented.     

Synthesis of nanocomposites by mechanical alloying

Nanocomposites were synthesized by the solid-state powder processing technique of mechanical alloying in Al–Al₂O₃, TiAl–Ti₅Si₃, and MoSi₂–Si₃N₄ systems. The mechanically alloyed powders were consolidated to full density by techniques such as vacuum hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, and combinations of them. The as-milled powders as well as the consolidated compacts were characterized for their crystal structure features using X-ray diffraction and for the microstructural features using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Mechanical properties such as hardness, ductility, and fracture toughness were also measured. It has been shown that it is possible to produce a high volume fraction of the reinforcement of nanometer dimensions and that the properties of the nanocomposites are significantly better than those of the monolithic materials. Superplastic deformation has been demonstrated in TiAl–Ti₅Si₃ composite even when 60 vol.% of the ceramic reinforcement was present.