大多普勒下基于FFT伪码捕获技术研究

在直接序列扩频通信中,伪码的捕获一般是通过相关运算来实现的,对于具有大多普勒频移的直接序列扩频信号,采用传统的伪码捕获方法,捕获时间将会很长,同时运算量也非常大。为了实现伪码的快速捕获,研究了一种基于FFT的伪码并行捕获算法。针对伪码长度不是2的整数次幂和存在数据跳变的问题,提出一种改善方法。计算机仿真结果表明：该方法既能满足FFT快速运算的要求又能消除数据跳变的影响,从而提高了基于FFT的伪码并行捕获性能。     

一种快速的PN码同步捕获方法

针对直扩系统中长PN码同步捕获速度慢的问题,利用推导的串接短PN码与长PN码具有相似相关性的结论,对直扩系统中PN码同步捕获的并行匹配滤波捕获方法进行改进,得到了简单可行的串并结合捕获方法。然后,结合一个周期内PN码相关值,采用迭代的方式,选取简单、实用的自适应门限,实现了突发通信中PN码的快速同步捕获。采用该自适应门限的捕获方法无需估计噪声,计算量小。仿真实验表明所提方法捕获概率高,抗噪性能强。     

Rapid acquisition of PN signals for DS/SS systems using a phaseestimator

We propose a new scheme for rapid acquisition of PN signals in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems by estimating the phase of the received PN signal with the use of an auxiliary signal. The auxiliary signal can be generated by a sum of the phase shifted PN signals. The phase of the incoming PN signal is estimated using the properties of cross correlation between the PN signal and the auxiliary signal. True phase alignment is detected using a conventional serial search scheme, where the initial phase of the local PN generators is set to a value obtained by the phase estimator. The performance of the proposed acquisition scheme is analytically evaluated in terms of the mean acquisition time. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can achieve acquisition at least two times faster than the conventional scheme in the nominal operating condition     

PN acquisition for DS/SS using a preloop parallel binary search phase estimator and a closed-loop selective search subsystem

An acquisition method of long pseudo-noise (PN) sequences in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems is presented. The concurrent cross correlation of locally generated auxiliary signals with the incoming PN sequence produces binary search estimates leading to an initial approximation of the input signal's PN offset. The PN receiver then uses a closed-loop subsystem to determine the true offset of the incoming PN signal. New phase estimates are generated from successive corrections of likely errors in the binary search. The acquisition scheme's average acquisition time and its variance are analytically determined. Simulation results show that the proposed acquisition scheme is faster than the conventional serial receiver. A hybrid serial/parallel PN acquisition receiver is used for comparing the acquisition performance given similar hardware complexity. The hybrid receiver used the same number of parallel correlators as used in the proposed receiver's input phase estimator. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides an improved performance under normal operating conditions.     

一种改进的两级相干累加码捕获方法

为了提高伪码捕获性能,在分析常用相干-非相干码捕获平方损耗及捕获性能的基 础上,提出了一种改进的两级相干累加伪码捕获算法。通过在第二级累加之前对多普勒频偏 进行有效补偿,实现了相干累加,提高了捕获性能;采用FFT实现,解决了工程实现的难 度。与传统的相干-非相干累加码捕获算法相比,该方法具有捕获门限低、多普勒频偏可估 计等优点。计算机仿真表明,该方法仅比理论值恶化1 dB,具有高效的捕获性能。 同时,分析表明该方法实现简单、快捷,具有很好的工程应用前景。     

PN code acquisition using smart antenna for spread-spectrum wireless communications. I

The smart antenna (a blind adaptive antenna array) has brought much attention to its ability to improve the future code-division multiple-access (CDMA) wireless communications systems. However, Adachi et al. (1998), employed only one out of M elements that are in a smart antenna array during the pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition process due to the difficulty in obtaining the weight coefficients of the smart antenna and PN code acquisition jointly and adaptively. Yet, as the PN code is acquired, all M elements are used by Adachi et al. to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at a reverse link. We propose an efficient PN code acquisition scheme where all elements are employed during PN code acquisition. Also, we show that by using all elements, the PN code acquisition time can be shortened by at least 40% for a given signal-to-noise ratio and M=5, compared to the single element case. Furthermore, the power of a random access user signal in the reverse link can be lowered at least 3 dB. The additional computational load and complexity to use the proposed PN code acquisition are insignificant.     

PN code acquisition for DS-CDMA systems employing smart antennas .II

For pt. I see IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. A smart antenna, i.e., a blind adaptive antenna array, has attracted much attention to improve the capacity of a future code-division multiple-access wireless communications system. It has been demonstrated that there is significant improvement in data demodulation through lab simulations and field experiments by employing a smart antenna of multiple elements. However, only one element is used for the pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition process, which is a coarse PN code synchronization prior to data demodulation. This paper proposes a simple and practical PN code acquisition scheme, which employs all elements in the smart antenna. Also, this paper uses an adaptive threshold for the PN code acquisition. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the PN code acquisition performance, e.g., the PN code acquisition time will be half as long by employing five elements rather than the single element at a given bit-energy-to-interference power spectral density ratio.     

智能天线辅助的PN 码同步捕获新方法研究

为有效解决强干扰环境下长PN 码的同步捕获问题,研究了基于自适应滤波器的PN 码同步捕获方法,给出了基于自适应滤波器权矢量范数的同步捕获判决准则,与传统的基于均方误差的判决相比,这种方法可以大幅提高判决的正确概率。在此基础上,研究了智能天线权值与PN 码同步联合捕获算法,并对其性能进行了计算机仿真验证,结果表明这种空时联合的捕获算法可以有效实现低SINR 环境下的长PN 码捕获。     

基于噪声功率估计的抗窄带干扰接收机自适应PN码捕获技术

在存在强窄带干扰条件下,正确实现伪码捕获是抗干扰接收机的关键技术之一。变换域干扰检测与PN码捕获判决都需要估计接收机背景噪声功率,本文在变换域谱线幅度平方服从指数分布假设下,利用中位数估计理论对存在窄带干扰接收信号的背景噪声功率进行估计,实现干扰检测门限和PN码捕获判决门限的自适应设置。仿真结果表明,文中设计的检测装置可实现强窄带干扰、大动态范围接收机PN码的正确捕获。     

非衰落信道下基于DMF的伪码捕获性能分析

基于数字匹配滤波器（DMF）的PN码捕获电路具有较快的捕获速度,因此在扩频系统中已得到广泛应用,为了在高斯白噪声环境的非衰落信道下改善DMF捕获性能,对影响捕获性能的虚警概率和检测概率进行了推导和分析,进而计算出了平均捕获时间,最后做出了仿真和分析。     

A coherent acquisition method for a PN sequence using binary searchand an auxiliary sequence

Direct sequence spread spectrum systems require a local replica of the pseudonoise (PN) sequence to be synchronized with the received signal's spreading code. A method is proposed to improve the PN sequence acquisition time and decrease the acquisition time variability. The proposed method is based on a binary search algorithm. At each stage of the algorithm, an auxiliary signal is used to formulate a new search region within the PN sequence, and at each stage the search region is reduced by half. The region containing the incoming PN phase is therefore obtained within O(log₂ (N+1)) steps. A closed loop coherent PN acquisition algorithm presented by Salih and Tantaratana (1996) motivated the use of the auxiliary signal, and the algorithm of Salih et al. is also used for comparison. Results indicate the algorithm presented in this paper can achieve a factor of two to three times improvement in the mean acquisition time with a significant decrease in the acquisition time variability     

直扩通信系统中FFT捕获算法的改进

直扩通信系统的解扩与解调都是依赖于有效的伪码捕获,为了实现伪码的快捕,对经典FFT捕获算法进行了部分改进。在经典FFT捕获算法的基础上采用了2倍码速率采样并且增加了一个多普勒频移控制器。首先对改进算法进行了理论分析,然后用MATLAB对其进行了仿真验证,仿真结果捕获图证明该算法在预设参数下可以实现有效快捕,而且在不降低捕获精度和抗干扰性能的同时缩短了捕获时间,从而进一步提高了FFT算法的捕获性能。     

适用于短码捕获的匹配滤波器的实现结构

扩频码（伪随机码,PN码）捕获是扩频通信中扩频码同步的一个重要环节,基于匹配滤波器的捕获方法具有捕获时间短的优势,比较适合短码的捕获和实时通信的场合。为解决数字匹配滤波器资源占用多的问题,根据扩频码取值的双极性特性,针对数据过采样的应用场合,提出了一种基于FPGA实现的数字匹配滤波器的结构。该结构为两级滤波器形式,无乘...     

基于DMF的伪码捕获技术研究

在扩频通信系统中基于数字匹配滤波器（DMF）捕获技术具有特殊的优点,就此介绍了基于匹配滤波器伪码捕获的基本原理,并且进行了数学推导,然后给出了基于数字匹配滤波器伪码捕获的电路实现方案,最后利用MATLAB仿真实验给出了仿真结果并验证了该方法的合理性。为基于DMF伪码捕获提供了解决思路和理论依据。     

大频偏条件下PN码捕获改进算法

针对大频偏条件下PN码捕获的问题,提出了一种改进的PN码捕获算法,即基于谱线插值的联合码捕获算法.首先对现有的码捕获技术进行了分析,然后在部分相关值作FFT的码捕获算法的基础上,提出了基于谱线插值的联合码捕获算法.算法的核心思想是对部分相关值作FFT处理,并利用插值公式计算出载波频偏的精确估计值,使得后续的载波跟踪环更有利于载波跟踪.介绍了新的码捕获系统的工作原理,推导了载波频偏估计的插值公式,并将非相干累加技术应用于码捕获系统,从而提高了低信噪比条件下载波频偏估计的精度.最后,通过仿真证明了此算法对现有GPS接收机性能有5dB的改善.     

A closed-loop coherent acquisition scheme for PN sequences using anauxiliary sequence

We propose a closed-loop system for the acquisition of the pseudo-noise (PN) signal in direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) systems. We introduce a novel idea of using an auxiliary signal, as opposed to the PN signal itself, for correlation with the incoming signal. The cross-correlation function of the auxiliary signal and the PN signal has a triangle shape that covers essentially the entire period of the PN signal. Consequently, their correlation provides the direction for the phase update of the local signal generator in the acquisition scheme. With coherent demodulation, the mean and variance of the acquisition time are derived under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). They are compared to those of the conventional serial-search acquisition system. Results suggest that the proposed system acquires the PN phase at least twice faster, with significantly smaller acquisition time variance, than the conventional system     

DSA: a distributed sample-based fast DS/CDMA acquisition technique

We propose a new acquisition scheme called distributed sample acquisition (DSA) which is applicable to the direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) system with a long-period pseudonoise (PN) sequence. The proposed scheme lays its foundations on an auxiliary PN sequence called the igniter sequence, which has relatively short period, and the distributed sample scrambling (DSS) technique previously developed for the asynchronous transfer mode cell transmission. In the DSA scheme, acquisition is done in three steps. First, the igniter sequence is synchronized, which normally takes a very short time due to its short period. Second, the state samples of the long-period PN sequence generator in the transmitter, which are conveyed to the receiver over the igniter sequence stream, are determined out of the synchronized igniter sequence. Third, the long-period PN sequence is synchronized by applying the state samples to the DSS receiver. Since the operation of each step takes a very short time, the overall acquisition is done very quickly. We analyze the acquisition time performance of the proposed scheme by taking the transform domain approach, confirming that the resulting mean acquisition time is dramatically reduced. If compared with the existing serial-search scheme, the DSA scheme can perform acquisition about 100 times faster when the period of the PN sequence is 2¹⁵-1. None the less, the additional circuit complexity for its implementation is very small     

低信噪比高动态条件下基于FFT的二维平移累加PN码捕获算法

针对低信噪比高动态条件下直接序列扩频（DSSS）系统中PN码捕获的问题,提出了基于FFT 二维平移累 加的PN码捕获算法。首先对现有的PN码捕获技术进行了分析,然后研究了时变的载波频偏与 码频频偏对PN码捕获的影响,在此基础上,提出了基于FFT二维平移累加的PN码捕获算法。 算法的基本思想是对相关器输出的相关值在载波频偏不确定度与码相位不确定度同时进行平 移,从而消除相关峰“漂移”现象,增大非相干累加的有效性。给出了采用此算法的捕获系 统结构图,并对关键参数进行了分析。最后,通过仿真表明了该算法对捕获系统有6 dB的改 善。     

A Generalized Analysis for a Dual Threshold Sequential Detection PN Acquisition Receiver

Spread spectrum techniques have become very useful in modern communications. A common spread spectrum technique is to directly modulate a pseudorandom noise (PN) code onto the carrier. Systems employing this technique are called direct sequence (DS) systems. A primary concern with direct sequence systems involves PN code synchronization (acquisition) of the incoming and local signals to within at least one PN symbol followed by a fine alignment (tracking) which must be maintained throughout transmission. This paper is concerned with the PN acquisition aspect of code synchronization. Specifically, a dual threshold sequential detection receiver is analyzed and a general expression is derived which addresses the probability that the sequential detection procedure ceases after an arbitrary number of samples. This expression is needed in order to support a characteristic function approach in deriving acquisition Probability as a function of time which will be the topic of a subsequent paper.