热处理工艺对5Cr8MoVSi钢组织结构的影响

研究了5Cr8MoVSi钢经不同工艺热处理后的组织与结构，分析讨论了淬火温度对马氏体形态的影响。研究表明，5cr8MoVSi钢退火碳化物类型以M23C6为主，并有少量的MC和M7C3；淬火组织中剩余碳化物以MC和M7C3为主，M23C6型碳化物在淬火加热时大部分溶解。该钢随淬火加热温度升高，淬火马氏体由板条状和针状马氏体混合组织过渡到以板条状马氏体为主。经485℃回火后，针状马氏体仍显示原马氏体针；而板条状马氏体的板条状方向性几乎被完全切断，显微组织呈均匀化。该钢在1000～1050℃淬火时，残留奥氏体量为10．7％～123％Vol，淬火、回火后最高硬度为58～60HRC。     

多类型超细碳化物冷作模具钢DM9热处理工艺研究

应用相平衡热力学计算和根据碳化物随温度变化规律，研制的冷作模具钢DM9，因存在多类型碳化物(M6C，M3C，M23C6、M7C3和MC)，在常规的锻轧加工和退火工艺条件下，碳化物颗粒具有超细化特征。该钢因不同类型碳化物晶体结构不同，溶解及析出长大的热力学和动力学差异，使淬火温度范围加宽，950℃淬火220℃回火或1100℃淬火560℃回火，硬度≥62HRC，并有较好的抗回火稳定性。     

回火温度对一种Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo高强钢碳化物及其力学性能的影响

利用TEM和三维原子探针(3DAP)研究了一种Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo高强钢中碳化物随回火温度的变化及其对力学性能的影响.结果显示,回火温度较低(400℃)时,钢中析出M3C合金渗碳体及M7C3合金碳化物,M为Fe,Cr和Mn的组合,其中M3C长度约为1μm,而M7C3尺寸较小,小于200 nm;回火温度较高时(500和600℃),碳化物析出数量增加,但M3C合金渗碳体尺寸变小,数量减少甚至不出现,同时析出尺寸较小的M2C和M6C(小于200 nm);继续提高回火温度(650℃),除M2C外还出现MC型碳化物,其尺寸小于100 nm,析出数量减少.合金碳化物M2C,M6C和MC的合金元素主要以V,Cr和Mo为主.高强钢的强度随回火温度的升高而下降,但在500~600℃回火温度区间,由于V碳化物析出会引起二次硬化效果,强度下降不明显,因此实验钢在530~600℃内回火后可获得较好的强韧性配合.     

5Cr8Mo2SiV钢淬火和回火过程中碳化物的析出

对球化退火后的5Cr8Mo2Si V刃具钢进行淬火和回火工艺的探究,用SEM和EDS对淬、回火后的显微形貌进行分析,用碳化物电解萃取和XRD分析等研究了5Cr8Mo2Si V刃具钢淬、回火过程中碳化物的析出行为,并用Jmat-Pro模拟回火过程中碳化物析出相的变化。结果表明:5Cr8Mo2Si V钢退火试样在1100℃淬火+520℃回火时有明显的二次硬化现象,球化退火组织中存在VC、Cr_(23)C_6、Cr_7C_3、Fe_3C、Si C和Mo_6C类碳化物。Mo_6C、Si C、Fe_3C、Cr_7C_3和Cr_(23)C_6型碳化物随着淬火温度升高依次溶入马氏体基体,最终只有VC分布在基体上。Mo_2C、VC、Cr_7C_3和Cr_(23)C_6型碳化物在回火过程中从马氏体中析出,且Mo_2C和VC型碳化物在520℃回火析出量出现峰值。结合Jmat-Pro模拟结果发现,5Cr Mo2Si V钢的二次硬化现象是残留奥氏体二次淬火和Mo_2C粒子的第二相强化共同导致,且Mo_2C粒子第二相强化效应符合位错切过机制。     

多类型超细碳化物DM7S钢的合金设计及其特性

根据碳化物随温度变化的规律,并结合热力学相平衡计算,设计的多类型碳化物DM7S钢在常规的热处理工艺条件下,碳化物具有超细化特性.DM7S钢以840℃退火,碳化物具有多种类型(M3C,M7C3,M23C6,M6C,MC).根据各种类型碳化物在奥氏体中溶解的热力学和动力学条件差异,淬火后保留不同类型和一定数量的细小碳化物,提高耐磨性能.DM7S钢1080℃以上淬火,500～560℃回火时出现二次硬化效应,最高硬度接近64HRC.     

M42热处理中淬火温度对碳化物转变机制的影响

以精锻M42喷射成形高速钢为原料,通过热处理正交试验,优化了材料热处理工艺,并分析了不同热处理制度下材料显微组织、硬度、抗弯强度及碳化物的演变规律。结果显示,最佳热处理工艺为:淬火保温温度1180℃,回火温度540℃,回火3次,每次1 h。该工艺下,M42洛氏硬度达到67.2 HRC,抗弯强度达到3115 MPa。淬火保温温度通过控制M_6C型碳化物的溶解量,影响最终碳化物的尺寸。淬火温度为1190℃时,M_6C型碳化物充分溶解,回火过程碳化物均匀弥散析出。     

2Cr12NiMoWV铜的回火转变

研究了２Ｃｒ１２ＮｉＭｏＷＶ钢淬火后,经３５０～７１０℃不同温度回火,其显微组织、相结构和室温力学性能的变化。结构表明：在４００～５００℃回火,出现回火,出现回火脆性,这主要与马氏体中析出Ｍ２Ｃ、Ｍ２３Ｃ６型碳化物,产生二次硬化有关。在５５０～５７０℃回火,出现冲击韧度明显升高的现象,升高值与淬火温度有关。随回火时间的延长,发生了Ｍ７Ｃ３→Ｍ２３Ｃ６碳化物类型的转变。     

淬火温度对M2Al高速钢组织和硬度的影响

研究了M2Al高速钢淬火温度对其组织及硬度的影响.结果表明,随着淬火温度的提高,M2Al的硬度升高,在1 230 ℃淬火出现峰值,材料晶粒细小,碳化物呈弥散分布;超过1 230 ℃淬火硬度降低,晶粒粗化,碳化物有网状分布趋势.淬火态组织为马氏体、碳化物和奥氏体,淬火三次回火态组织为马氏体和碳化物.在最高硬度的淬火温度下M2Al晶粒度可达到10级.提出了M2Al高速钢最佳的淬火温度为1 230 ℃.     

调质工艺对Cr-Ni-Mo-V超高强韧钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、冲击试验机结合维氏硬度计研究了780、830和880℃淬火+500～580℃高温回火处理对Cr-Ni-Mo-V超高强韧钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随回火温度的升高,尺寸较大碳化物会发生溶解转变,合金碳化物由基体中不断弥散析出。硬度和冲击性能均随回火温度升高呈现先增大后降低的趋势,与碳化物弥散析出形貌和残留奥氏体分解转变有关;3种温度淬火试验钢均在540℃回火时出现二次硬化峰值,最高值分别为488、517、532 HV20,在540～560℃回火出现最大冲击吸收能量,分别为49.7、58.5、51.0 J。为充分保证钢的强韧性,最佳热处理工艺为830℃亚温临界淬火+560℃回火。     

25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr钢组织及力学性能研究

25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr钢具有优异的高温强度以及良好的低温韧性,是潜在的长寿命压力容器用钢,能够满足日益严苛的服役工况对材料性能的需求。为了获得材料强韧性最佳匹配,研究了淬火温度和回火温度对25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr钢组织及力学性能的影响,结果表明:随着淬火温度由950℃提高到1 050℃,25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr钢中粗大的M_6C类碳化物回溶量持续增加,MC类碳化物质量分数基本保持不变。MC碳化物具有高温稳定性,可抑制1 050℃淬火晶粒长大。25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr钢回火后组织为回火索氏体,随着回火温度的升高,碳化物类型由M_3C转变为M_2C,在650～700℃析出M_6C类型碳化物,纳米级M_2C碳化物在550℃大量析出,是25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr钢产生二次硬化峰值强度的主要原因。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.