基于三维SAR成像的RCS近远场变换方法研究

微波3维成像能够准确地从背景噪声中分离出目标的散射信息,适用于外场目标电磁(EM)散射特性的分析和研究,因而从3维合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像的角度研究目标电磁的散射特性是目前的一个新兴的热门课题。该文以此为背景,首先从Stratton-Chu积分方程出发详细推导3维SAR的近场波数域成像过程,解释3维SAR成像的物理意义;然后阐述基于3维SAR成像的雷达散射截面积(RCS)近远场变换原理,介绍3维SAR图像的散射中心提取方法,给出基于3维SAR成像的RCS近远场变换算法;最后通过FEKO软件进行了仿真实验,得到了5个点目标的RCS近远场变换的方位特性曲线和频率特性曲线,并通过与理论情况的对比,验证该算法在RCS近远场变换技术中的有效性。     

近场扫描架三维SAR 成像处理技术

对近场扫描架三维SAR 成像原理及处理技术进行了详细研究,该技术能够修正近场成像测量中天线方向图及距离因子等引入的误差,在近场测试区域内获取目标散射中心真实的三维散射强度分布图,仿真和实测成像数据均验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。     

典型线面目标合成孔径雷达参数化成像

在复杂场景(特别是城区场景)合成孔径雷达(SAR)遥感成像中,存在大量线、面目标,如城区中的道路和建筑物边缘等目标,这些线面目标微波散射信号方向性强。传统SAR从单一视角获取场景的散射信息,且传统成像算法均基于点目标模型,使得传统SAR图像中线面目标主要特征表现为一系列的强散射点,而非线散射特征和面散射特征,最终造成SAR图像中目标不连续,SAR图像解译困难。因此,该文通过建立典型线段、三角面元目标的参数化回波模型,对线面目标SAR成像机理进行了深入细致的研究;并基于提出的参数化模型对线面目标进行参数化成像,即首先基于贝叶斯理论和所提的参数化模型对典型的线面目标进行分类判决,随后采用再成像的方式获得有效表征线、面目标散射特征的SAR图像,为线、面目标SAR图像解译提供有效支撑。最后,数值仿真实验成功验证了所提算法的有效性和正确性。      

利用球背投影法对理想导体目标成像

本文将ＣＴ原理和雷达转台成像原理引入到近场微波成像领域。作为ＣＴ中背投影响的推广，给出了球背投影的概念，进而提出了由散射近场重建理想导体目标轮廓的球背投影法及其实现算法，计算机模拟结果表明该方法是近场微波成像系统的一种有效方法。     

基于STOLT插值聚焦的二维近场微波成像

在弱散射近似回波模型的基础上提出了一个二维近场微波成像算法,用理想金属球的散射回波构造成像系统的点扩散函数,在谱域中剔除测量系统的作用,经Stolt插值聚焦实现波前矫正,用FFT实现目标重构.并对成像算法进行了计算仿真和实验验证,获得了Ku波段金属圆柱和导弹模型的二维近场微波像.     

基于电磁计算的三维模型SAR回波仿真

SAR回波信号模拟具有广泛的应用背景,传统回波信号仿真方法使用SAR或光学图像作为后向散射系数,将仿真场景/目标看成孤立的散射单元而忽略了电磁波的多次散射,不能精确地仿真场景/目标的电磁特性。文中利用三维建模技术对SAR目标精确建模,采用电磁计算中的弹跳射线法更加精确地计算三维模型的电磁散射特性,然后利用距离频域脉冲相干(RFPC)法仿真SAR回波信号。最后,通过点目标与坦克的仿真及成像,验证了该方法的合理性与可行性。     

基于数值散射模拟与模型匹配的SAR自动目标识别研究

该文提出并实现了一种基于模型的SAR自动目标识别算法,该算法用实验室开发的BART进行离线电磁散射计算,系统参数设置和MSTAR数据库的参数完全一致,对待测图像和电磁散射数据所成的图像分别进行特征提取,然后进行搜索匹配。该文通过MSTAR 3类目标3种型号的实测数据和BART仿真数据分别验证了算法的可行性和准确性。该算法简单易实现,运行时间短,目标分类识别的效果较好。      

基于GRECO的复杂目标ISAR图像仿真

提出一种与图形电磁计算方法相结合的1SAR图像实时仿真方法.利用图形电磁计算(GRECO)方法得到运动目标的电磁散射数据,通过发射线性调频信号得到运动目标的雷达回波,并对仿真回波进行ISAR成像处理.与传统采用点目标仿真不同,该文是对实际三维目标直接仿真成像,更加接近实际,更加适合应用与成像效果分析、算法改进和抗干扰方面的研究.对于目标表面散射场的分析,是基于高频预估理论:采用物理光学(PO)法与物理绕射理论(PTD)来进行计算.从对复杂目标的仿真结果来看,该方法是准确有效且具有实时性的.     

介质圆柱的单站微波成像方法

提出一种对介质圆柱实现单站微波成像的方法。该方法通过时域有限差分法进行电磁场正过程的仿真计算,采用整数微分进化策略实现逆过程的寻优计算。分别分析TE模式和TM模式的近场散射信号得到介质成像目标在电磁波传播方向上尺寸大小的估计,并以此为依据,确定成像目标的尺寸范围,从而确定逆过程的寻优区间。该方法无需像传统成像方法围绕成像目标设置多个发射/接收天线以获取成像信息,从而大大减少了成像的必要条件。采用该方法,在TE模式和TM模式下分别对介质圆柱目标进行仿真成像,获得了良好的效果。     

基于物理光学法的近场多入多出雷达成像模拟

针对点目标扩展函数(PSF)不能有效分析复杂目标在毫米波近场多入多出(MIMO)雷达成像中的散射机理问题，研究了一种基于近场物理光学散射计算数据的毫米波MIMO雷达成像模拟方法。该方法利用近场物理光学方法，获得包含阵列构型和目标散射信息的近场计算数据，并通过近场MIMO成像处理器实现近场MIMO成像的全过程模拟。利用D波段“T”字型二维稀疏MIMO阵对复杂的三维目标开展了近场成像实验，仿真和实验结果表明，模拟结果与实际成像结果有很好的一致性。该方法能够分析近场MIMO成像系统的成像性能，为近场MIMO成像的阵型设计提供支撑，揭示复杂目标的近场散射特性与成像机理。     

3-D radar imaging using range migration techniques

An imaging system with three-dimensional (3-D) capability can be implemented by using a stepped frequency radar which synthesizes a two-dimensional (2-D) planar aperture. A 3-D image can be formed by coherently integrating the backscatter data over the measured frequency band and the two spatial coordinates of the 2-D synthetic aperture. This paper presents a near-field 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of the 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA). The presented formulation is justified by using the method of the stationary phase (MSP). Implementation aspects including the sampling criteria, resolutions, and computational complexity are assessed. The high computational efficiency and accurate image reconstruction of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using an outdoor linear SAR system     

A confocal microwave imaging algorithm for breast cancer detection

We present a computationally efficient and robust image reconstruction algorithm for breast cancer detection using an ultrawideband confocal microwave imaging system. To test the efficacy of this approach, we have developed a two-dimensional (2-D) anatomically realistic MRI-derived FDTD model of the cancerous breast. The image reconstruction algorithm is applied to FDTD-computed backscatter signals, resulting in a microwave image that clearly identifies the presence and location of the malignant lesion. These simulations demonstrate the feasibility of detecting and imaging small breast tumors using this novel approach     

Microwave-tomographic imaging of the high dielectric-contrast objects using different image-reconstruction approaches

Microwave tomography is an imaging modality based on differentiation of dielectric properties of an object. The dielectric properties of biological tissues and its functional changes have high medical significance. Biomedical applications of microwave tomography are a very complicated and challenging problem, from both technical and image reconstruction point-of-views. The high contrast in tissue dielectric properties presenting significant advantage for diagnostic purposes possesses a very challenging problem from an image-reconstruction prospective. Different imaging approaches have been developed to attack the problem, such as two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D), minimization, and iteration schemes. The goal of this research is to study imaging performance of the Newton and the multiplicative regularized contrast source inversion (MR-CSI) methods in 2-D geometry and gradient and MR-CSI methods in 3-D geometry using high-contrast, medium-size phantoms, and biological objects. Experiments were conducted on phantoms and excised segment of a pig hind-leg using a 3-D microwave-tomographic system operating at frequencies of 0.9 and 2.05 GHz. Both objects being of medium size (10-15 cm) possess high dielectric contrasts. Reconstructed images were obtained using all imaging approaches. Different approaches are evaluated and discussed based on its performance and quality of reconstructed images.     

近场毫米波三维成像算法

介绍了一种近场毫米波三维成像算法。首先对目标进行二维成像,然后提出一种基于局部信息联合BM3D自适应滤波滑窗算法,有效保留了图像信息并抑制杂波,实现三维成像重构。分别从系统平台、信号回波模型、后向投影与全息成像算法及成像结果、图像滤波、三维成像重构展开介绍,所得结果验证了实验的可行性和准确性,在诸多场景中具有广阔的应用价值。     

Microwave Imaging in Layered Media: 3-D Image Reconstruction From Experimental Data

A prototype microwave imaging system for imaging 3-D targets in layered media is developed to validate the capability of microwave imaging with experimental data and with 3-D nonlinear inverse scattering algorithms. In this experimental prototype, the transmitting and receiving antennas are placed in a rectangular tub containing a fluid. Two plastic slabs are placed in parallel in the fluid to form a five-layer medium. The microwave scattering data are acquired by mechanically scanning a single transmitting antenna and a single receiving antenna, thus avoiding the mutual coupling that occurs when an array is used. The collected 3-D experimental data in the fluid are processed by full 3-D nonlinear inverse scattering algorithms to unravel the complicated multiple scattering effects and produce 3-D digital images of the dielectric constant and conductivity of the imaging domain. The image reconstruction is focused on the position and dimensions of the unknown scatterers. Different dielectric and metallic objects have been imaged effectively at 1.64 GHz.      

一种用于近场成像的修正广义相干处理方法

本文提出一种适用于近场转台成像的修正广义相干处理法，即对每一小转角内的距离－多普勒成像结果进行近场修正，从而实现近场大转角成像的方法，与球面反投影法相比，该方法计算量少，成像质量好。     

Three-dimensional near-field MIMO array imaging using range migration techniques

This paper presents a 3-D near-field imaging algorithm that is formulated for 2-D wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) imaging array topology. The proposed MIMO range migration technique performs the image reconstruction procedure in the frequency-wavenumber domain. The algorithm is able to completely compensate the curvature of the wavefront in the near-field through a specifically defined interpolation process and provides extremely high computational efficiency by the application of the fast Fourier transform. The implementation aspects of the algorithm and the sampling criteria of a MIMO aperture are discussed. The image reconstruction performance and computational efficiency of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using 2-D MIMO arrays. Real-time 3-D near-field imaging can be achieved with a real-aperture array by applying the proposed MIMO range migration techniques.     

一种完全映射近场成像方法

使用传统映射近场成像方法得到的目标像,其边缘存在位置偏差.本文提出了一种完全映射方法来矫正近场像克服了这一问题.利用驻定相位法,从成像公式推导出近场像映射关系.分别采用弧形映射方法、广义相干处理法(ECP法)、球面卷积反投影法(SBP法)及本文方法对近场点阵散射仿真数据进行成像处理,比较这几种种方法的成像效果及计算速度.从计算结果可以看出,完全映射法是一种高效的近场成像方法,可以准确得到近场像,同时又有较快的处理速度.