HQ130钢焊接CGHAZ韧性及TEM分析

采用模拟焊接热循环方法,研究了ＨＱ１３０高强度钢焊接热影响区粗晶区（ＣＧＨＡＺ）中组织性能的变化,并利用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）,透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）和电子衍射技术对焊接ＣＧＨＡＺ冲击断口形态和精细组织结构进行了分析,试验结果表明,ＨＱ１３０高强钢焊接ＣＧＨＡＺ韧性下降的原因除了板条马氏体（ＭＬ）的粗化外,更重要的是上贝氏体（Ｂｕ）组织的形成,通过控制焊接线能量（Ｅ＝１０～２０ｋＪ／ｃｍ）使ＣＧＨＡＺ形成     

焊接热循环对H1130钢热影响区组织及性能的影响

采用模拟焊接热循环的方法，研究了不同峰值温度（Ｔｍ）和８００℃冷却至５００℃时间（ｔ）对ＨＱ１３０钢热影响区（ＨＡＺ）显微组织、硬度、冲击韧性和断口形态的影响。试验结果表明，单次热循环时随着ＨＡＺ中Ｔｍ的降低或ｔ的增加，冲击韧性和硬度相应地降低。在Ｔｍ＝８００℃附近的ＨＡＺ区域出现脆性区，韧性明显较低；Ｔｍ＝７００℃附近出现回火软化区，韧性较高，但硬度明显下降。在焊接生产中应采用多层多道焊并应严格限制焊接热量输入（ｔ应以２０ｓ为下限），以防止或减弱ＨＡＺ软化和脆化现象。     

焊接热循环对HQ130钢热影响区组织及性能的影响

采用模拟焊接热循环的方法，研究了不同峰值温度（Ｔｍ）和８００℃冷却至５００℃时间（ｔ）对ＨＱ１３０钢热影响区（ＨＡＺ）显微组织、硬度、冲击韧性和断口形态的影响。试验结果表明，单次热循环时随着ＨＡＺ中Ｔｍ的降低或ｔ的增加，冲击韧性和硬度相应地降低。在Ｔｍ＝８００℃附近的ＨＡＺ区域出现脆性区，韧性明显较低；Ｔｍ＝７００℃附近出现回火软化区，韧性较高，但硬度明显下降。在焊接生产中应采用多层多道焊并应严格限制焊接热量输入（ｔ应以２０ｓ为下限），以防止或减弱ＨＡＺ软化和脆化现象。     

GMAW焊接传热及其对HAZ奥氏体晶粒长大过程的影响

精确分析熔化极气体保护电弧焊（ＧＭＡＷ）焊接传热过程的前提是对施加于工件表面上的焊接热输入分布模式有一个恰当的、合乎实际的描述。本文作者根据电弧物理的基本原理和熔滴与熔池的交互作用,建立了双峰分布的电弧热流密度分布模型,确定了熔滴热焓量在熔池内部的分布区域。以此为基础,建立了ＧＭＡＷ焊接传热的数学模型,给出了焊接热影响区奥氏体晶粒长大的动力学方程。采用数值模拟技术研究了低碳钢和ＨＱ１３０钢ＨＡＺ的     

HQ130高强钢热影响区组织及韧性

采用金相、扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）和热模拟方法，研究了不同峰值温度（Ｔｍ）和冷却时间（ｔ８／５）对ＨＱ１３０钢焊接热影响区（ＨＡＺ）显微组织、冲击韧性和断口形态的影响。试验结果表明，峰值温度１３５０℃，ｔ８／５为５～２０ｓ时，ＨＡＺ韧性较好，ｔ８／５为４０ｓ时，ＨＡＺ韧性明显降低。Ｔｍ由１３５０℃降低到８００℃时，ＨＡＺ冲击韧性相应降低；在Ｔｍ＝８００℃附近ＨＡＺ出现脆性区，冲击韧性明显较低；在Ｔｍ＝７００℃附近ＨＡＺ出现回火软化区，冲击韧性较高，硬度明显下降。实际焊接生产中应采用较小的焊接能量（ｑ／ｖ≤２０ｋＪ／ｃｍ），以防止该钢ＨＡＺ软化和脆化现象。     

装载机铲刀刃板焊接区域的组织与性能

采用冲击、拉伸和金相等试验方法，对ＣＯ２气体保护焊和Ａｒ＋ＣＯ２混合气体保护焊焊制的工程装载机铲刀刃板焊接接头区域的力学性能和显微组织进行了试验研究，并采用模拟焊接热循环的方法研究了不同峰值温度（Ｔｍ）和冷却时间（ｔ８／５）对ＨＱ１３０钢热影响区组织和冲击韧性的影响。试验结果表明，受焊接热循环影响，ＨＱ１３０钢ＨＡＺ存在回火软化区，该软化区中软化或失强最大的部位在峰值加热温度为Ａｃ１附近，在ＨＡＺ加热温度为Ａｃ１～Ａｃ３之间存在脆性区，冲击韧性明显降低。在焊接生产中应采用多层多道焊并应严格控制焊接线能量，以防止或减弱ＨＡＺ软化和脆化现象。     

局部脆性区对直接淬火回火钢焊接热影响区断裂韧性的影响

通过焊接热模拟和厚板焊接接头ＣＴＯＤ断裂性能试验,研究了直接淬火回火钢焊接热影响区局部脆性区组织和性能及对厚板焊接接头断裂韧性的影响,结果表明,在γ＋α二相区的内再次加热的粗晶区（ＩＣＣＧＨＡＺ）具有最低冲击韧性值,是焊接接头中最薄弱环节,该区在原奥氏体晶界上分布着“项链”状,ＭＡ组元,引发多层焊热影响区脆断起裂,降低热影响区断裂韧性,局部脆性区韧性的高低和尺寸的大小是控制直接淬火回火钢多层焊热和     

焊接CGHAZ相变超塑性及对疲劳寿命的影响

采用热模拟方法，对ＥＨ３６ＭＯＤ钢焊接热影响区粗晶区（ＣＧＨＡＺ）的相变超塑性及其对疲劳寿命的影响进行了研究，研究结果证明；（１）采用热作用与拘束位移的方法，在模拟ＣＧＨＡＺ中确实在存着相变超塑性现象；（２）该超塑性应变值为１．０％时，其ＣＧＨＡＺ疲劳寿命比无相变超塑性的提高了１９％（３）微观分析表明，前者Ｍ－Ａ组元的形态为长条状与块状的混合体，其分布为铁素体（Ｆ）基体包围Ｍ－Ａ组元和Ｍ－Ａ组元包     

HQ130高强钢焊接熔合区的精细组织特征

采用光镜、电镜（ＳＥＭ,ＴＥＭ）和电子衍射技术对ＨＱ１３０钢（σｂ≥１３００ＭＰａ）焊接合区的精细组织结构进行了研究,试验结果表明：尽管ＨＱ１３０钢熔合区半熔化区是经δ→γ→α（ＭＬ）转变后形成的组织,但母材基体焊缝金属连生结晶的有序性未受到破坏。ＣＯ２和Ａｒ＋ＣＯ２气体保护焊接条件下ＨＱ１３０钢熔合区宽度为２０～６０μｍ,熔合区组织由ＭＬ、ＡＦ、ＰＦ、Ｂｇ等不同类型的组织相互交叉构成,具有明显的     

超低碳贝氏体钢焊接热影响区研究

用Ｇｌｅｅｂｌｅ－１５００热模拟机研究了超低碳贝氏体（ＵＬＣＢ）钢，在不同焊接模拟热循环条件下ＨＡＺ的组织与性能。结果表明，适量铌，硼合金化的ＵＬＣＢ钢在不同焊接条件下都能获得具有良好冲击韧性的贝氏体组织。但焊接工艺的不同也直接造成焊后组织的差异而使低温断裂行为有所不同。采用径迹显微照相技术（ＰＴＡ）研究了硼在钢中的偏聚行为，进一步探讨了不同ｔ８／５时间对贝氏体组织形态的影响以及不同组织对低温裂纹     

基于串热源及CCT图的GMAW焊接热影响区组织及硬度预测

将熔化极气体保护焊（GMAW）的热输入处理为三维移动串热源,建立了串热源模型,模拟了JG590低合金钢的GMAW焊接热过程,进行了JG590钢的GMAW焊接工艺实验,通过焊缝横截面熔合线的几何形状以及焊接接头的几何尺寸对所建模型进行了实验验证,分析评价了目前常用的ts／5计算公式,利用JG590钢GMAW焊接热过程的模拟结果,结合其连续冷却组织转变图（CCT图）,成功预测了焊接热影响区（HAZ）的组织及硬度．     

异种钢LMHW与MIG焊接头力学性能对比分析

激光-MIG复合焊（LMHW）由于结合了激光和电弧两个独立热源各自的优点,极大程度地避免了二者的缺点,因此成为在汽车、船舶、石油化工等领域具有极大应用前景的新型焊接方法. 以25CrMo4和33MnCrB5-2异种钢试样为研究对象,对比研究了LMHW和MIG焊的焊接接头金相组织差别与硬度分布差异. 结果表明,LMHW焊缝成形均匀饱满,焊接成形效果好于MIG焊接. LMHW接头焊缝中心的组织比MIG焊的组织更细,整体硬度比MIG焊接头整体硬度高,接头的质量较MIG焊的接头质量好. LMHW的接头整体硬度高出MIG焊接头的整体硬度30%.     

激光与MIG/MAG复合热源焊接工艺发展概况

对激光与MIG／MAG复合热源焊接的优点以及目前的应用情况作了介绍，着重概括总结了影响激光与MIG/MAG复合焊接的主要工艺因素。     

Scientific and technological fundamentals for the development of the controlled short-circuiting MIG/MAG welding process: a review of the literature. Part 2 of 3. Metal droplet formation,shield gases,penetration mechanisms,heat input and economical aspects

The second part of this series deals with the metal transfer modes of most interest to the MIG/MAG process, regarding the development of the controlled short-circuiting MIG/MAG welding process (CCC). The primary intention is to study pulsed arc and short-circuiting arc welding, both of which are the basis for the CCC. Also in relation to the metal transfer dynamics, the drop formation and the forces acting on it are reviewed. To provide a more complete understanding, aspects regarding shielding gases are described, including economic issues. Since they are important characteristics for any weld, information concerning short-circuiting MIG/MAG welding penetration and heat input are also provided.     

Numerical modelling and experimental determination of temperature distribution during manual metal arc welding

Abstract

Welding is a highly reliable and efficient metal joining process. Manual metal arc (MMA) welding is very widely used in industry. The temperature distribution that occurs during welding affects the material microstructure, hardness, and the residual stresses present in the material after welding. In the present work, the temperature distribution during bead on plate welding using MMA welding was experimentally determined for AISI type 304 stainless steel plates and low carbon steel plates of thickness 6 and 12 mm. A three-dimensional computer model based on the control volume method has been developed to predict the temperature distribution in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and in the base plate region of the bead on plate welds, using the weld parameters as input data to the computer model. In this computer model, the heat energy used to melt the electrode is considered as a separate heat flux term and the remaining heat supplied by the welding arc is considered as another heat flux term. A good match between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions was obtained. Using the computer model, the time taken to cool from 800 to 500°C in the coarse grained HAZ (close to the fusion line) of low carbon steel specimens was calculated. From this cooling time and the chemical composition of the material, the maximum hardness in the coarse grained HAZ was predicted. Microhardness measurement in the same region of the welded plates was carried out. The experimentally measured values and predicted results match closely.     

Influence of welding current in plasma–MIG weld process on the bead weld geometry and wire fusion rate

One of the versions of the plasma–metal inert gas (MIG) process is basically a combination of a plasma arc with a MIG/metal active gas (MAG) arc in a single torch. With this association, the advantages of each arc are combined. The main characteristic of this is the independence between the heat input by the process and the deposited material, resulting in greater facility to control bead weld geometry. In the current literature, there is a shortage of information related to the process, and most of this goes back to the 1970s and 1980s when the technology available was not able to make the process viable for industry. However, in recent years, the use of the diffusion of new electronic power sources used in welding has sparked up again the interest in plasma–MIG process. In this context, this paper aims to contribute to the studies related to the influence of the MIG and plasma current balance on the geometry of the bead weld and wire fusion rate. Bead-on-plate welds were carried out with plasma and MIG/MAG current combinations at three levels each, keeping, by welding speed corrections, the bead volume the same. It was observed that the introduction of the plasma current over the MIG/MAG current reduces penetration and dilution and leads to convex beads. On the other hand, the use of plasma current increases the MIG/MAG wire fusion rate. However, it seems that the intensity of the plasma current is not the governing parameter of those changes.     

回火焊道对核电低合金钢表面镍基堆焊层热影响区性能的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊焊接方法在核电用16MND5低合金钢表面进行690镍基焊丝堆焊,分别堆焊1层和利用回火焊道方法堆焊3层,研究回火焊道对堆焊层热影响区的硬度、组织和冲击韧性的影响。结果表明:回火焊道产生的回火效应可有效降低合金钢镍基堆焊层热影响区的硬度至可接受硬度范围320HV10以下,堆焊层热影响区的冲击韧性提高27%以上,均值达到163J/cm2,热影响区板条状组织得到有效回复,获得满足RCC-M标准要求的低合金钢焊接热影响区硬度和冲击韧性指标。研究表明利用回火焊道技术可实现低合金钢镍基堆焊免除高温回火热处理。     

Solidification and microstructure modelling of welds in aluminium alloys 5754 and 6111

Abstract

A solidification and microstructure modelling approach has been developed to predict weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) characteristics. The freezing range and phase evolution in the weld metal region were predicted using thermodynamic and diffusion controlled growth calculations. The calculated freezing range was correlated with the weld solidification cracking tendency. A simplified analytical model was suggested to describe thermal cycles that are experienced by the HAZ. This analytical model was coupled with a published microstructure model for age hardenable alloys to predict the hardness variations across the HAZ. The above integrated approach was evaluated using experimental welds made on non­age hardenable 5754 (Al–Mg) and age hardenable 6111 (Al–Mg–Si) alloys using gas tungsten arc, electron beam, and gas metal arc welding processes.     

全数字化多功能焊接电源平台

建立了包括焊条电弧焊、氩弧、短路过渡、单脉冲和双脉冲在内的五种工艺的焊接电源平台,该平台由焊接电源本体、送丝电机及冷却水箱构成.分析了它的工作原理并阐述了主要功能.重点讨论了短路过渡、单脉冲和双脉冲MIG/MAG焊的工艺全数字实现原理及过程,进行了额定400A的焊接电源平台试验.结果表明,采用全数字控制方法实现多种气体保护焊焊接工艺是完全可行的,在不改变硬件电路情况下,仅仅改变软件就可以满足不同焊接工艺需求,且焊接性能优良.     

S355钢激光-MIG复合焊接头显微组织和残余应力

采用激光-MIG(metal inert gas welding, MIG)复合焊接方法对12 mm厚S355钢板进行焊接,分析了9 kW激光功率下复合焊接头显微组织和硬度分布规律. 建立了适合低合金高强钢激光-MIG复合焊接的双椭球 + 三维锥体复合热源模型来描述复合热源的能量分布,采用SYSWELD软件计算了1.0,1.5,2.0 m/min三种焊接速度下激光-MIG复合焊的温度场和接头的残余应力,分析了焊接速度对焊接过程的温度场和残余应力分布的影响. 结果表明,三种焊接速度下粗晶热影响区(coarse grained heat affected zone, CGHAZ)的组织为马氏体,接头的硬度水平较高,最高硬度均在350 HV以上. 焊接速度增加,熔池最高温度下降,焊后冷却速度增加. 等效残余应力水平较高,HAZ位置出现了应力集中;随着焊接速度增加,等效残余应力、纵向残余应力、横向残余应力和厚度方向的残余应力峰值均上升;但焊接速度从1.5 m/min增加到2.0 m/min时,各应力分量的拉应力峰值上升较少,而压应力峰值显著上升.