SiC增强2024Al及6061Al合金复合材料的高温蠕变与循环蠕变行为

通过对ＳｉＣｗ／６０６１Ａｌ与ＳｉＣｐ／２０２４Ａｌ复合材料的蠕变及循环蠕变行为的对比研究发现，虽然ＳｉＣｗ／６０６１Ａｌ复合材料与ＳｉＣｐ／２０２４Ａｌ复合材料相比有较高的蠕变抗力，但其蠕变门槛应力却较低，两种材料在２９８℃都显示循环蠕变减速行为，但后者更明显，ＳｉＣｗ／６０６１Ａｌ复合材料的稳态循环蠕变速率随卸载量增加首先降低然后升高，而ＳｉＣｐ／２０２４Ａｌ复合材料的稳态循环蠕变速率却随卸载     

SiCp—Al复合材料超塑性变形时的电场效应

研究了强电场对１５ｖｏｌ％ＳｉＣｐ／ＬＹ１２复合材料超塑性变形的影响。结果表明，合适的强电场可提高应变速率敏感性指数ｍ值，降低流动应力、提高极限延伸率，细化晶粒。因此，电场改善了ＳｉＣｐ－Ａｌ复合材料的超塑性能。     

SiCp／2024Al复合材料及2024Al合金的微屈服行为

对ＳｉＣｐ／２０２４Ａｌ复合材料及其基体２０２４Ａｌ合金的微了行为和热处理的影响进行了详细的比较研究。结果表明,由于ＳｉＣ颗粒的作用,复合材料在微屈服前即已产生明显的应变弛豫,并且其微屈服行为也与铝合金不同。在时效处理中,两种材料的微屈服强度均受时效强化相析出规律的控制。表明出“峰时效”现象;而冷热循环处理能改善２０２４Ａｌ的微屈服性能,但却对ＳｉＣｐ／２０２４Ａｌ的微屈服强度不利。     

压渗SiCp／Al电子封装复合材料的研究

采用压渗的方法制取了ＳｉＣ体积分数基本相同、而颗粒大小不同的ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ电子装封复合材料。测定热膨胀系数表明，在ＳｉＣ体积分数基本相同时，ＳｉＣ颗粒的大小对ＳｉＣ／Ａｌ复合材料的热膨胀系数影响很大。颗粒和基体界面面积的大小直接影响热应力的大小，从而影响基体的弹塑性行为。     

颗粒增强Al－4％Mg复合材料中显微孔隙的分析

探讨了Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＣ、ＳｉＯ２等三种颗粒增强Ａｌ－４％Ｍｇ复合材料凝固组织中显微孔隙的形成规律．结果表明：前者显微孔隙是由Ａｌ２Ｏ３颗粒加入导致熔体粘度增加、颗粒堵塞枝晶间的补缩流动通道以及颗粒与基体合金的热膨胀系数的差异三种因素所引起；第二种材料由于气孔易在ＳｉＣ颗粒表面形核，或者ＳｉＣ颗粒与基体结合较弱，使得该复合材料比前者易形成显微孔隙；第三种复合材料，是由于ＳｉＯ２颗粒与基体间发生了界面反应，一定量的Ｓｉ溶入了基体，增大了基体的凝固潜热，从而提高了基体合金凝固时的补缩流动能力，所以ＳｉＯ２ｐ／Ａｌ－４％Ｍｇ复合材料的凝固组织比同样条件下Ａｌ２Ｏ３ｐ／Ａｌ－４％Ｍｇ和ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ－４％Ｍｇ复合材料致密。     

SiCp／2024Al铝基复合材料点蚀发生和发展的原位研究

本文研究了碳化硅颗粒的体积分数和介质中的Ｃｌ＾－含量对于ＳｉＣｐ／２０２４Ａｌ铝基复合材料腐蚀性能的影响，用扫描微参比电极测量系统首次显示和跟踪了复合材料点蚀发生及发展的微区动态行为，动电位循环极化法研究表明，ＳｉＣｐ／２０２４Ａｌ复合材料比相应的纯铝基金属有较大的腐蚀敏感性。     

二次热压变形工艺对粉末冶金SiCp/Al复合材料组织均匀性的影响

采用粉末冶金法在普通空气加热炉中烧结制备了不同ＳｉＣ含量的ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ复合材料,并对其组织的均匀性作了研究,结果表明,对ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ复合材料进行二次热压变形,可改善复合材料组织的不均匀性,使基体晶粒细化,ＳｉＣ颗粒分布均匀,致密度提高,通过对不同热压工艺进行比较,发现４００℃＊１９０ｋＮ＊１０ｍｉｎ热压变形工艺对改善ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ复合材料组织的不均匀性效果更好。     

SiCp/LD2Al合金复合材料电弧焊的焊接性

采用脉冲钨极氩弧焊焊接了ＳｉＣｐ／ＣＤ２Ａｌ复合材料,并用Ｘ射线衍射、光镜、电镜及ＭＴＳ－８１０试验机对焊缝的组织及性能进行了分析,结果表明,通过焊前去氢处理及填充Ａｌ－Ｓｉ焊丝,可以解决ＳｉＣｐ／ＬＤ２Ａｌ复合材料电弧焊中的界面反应、气孔及裂纹等总理２,并能获得性能良好的接头。     

颗粒增强SiCp／2024铝基复合材料的应力腐蚀断裂行为

通过双悬臂梁试样试验和慢应变速率拉伸试验，研究了ＳｉＣｐ／２０２４铝基复合材料在ＮａＣｌ水溶液中的庆力腐蚀断裂行为，并探讨了增强体的存在对材料ＳＣＣ行为的影响。发增强体的存在并未使材料的ＳＣＣ机理发生本质上的变化，但使复合材料的ＳＣＣ抗力明显高于普通铝合金的。     

晶须转动及其对SiC_W／Al－Ni复合材料高温压缩变形流变应力的影响

本文测定了ＳｉＣＷ／Ａｌ－Ｎｉ复合材料高温压缩变形的应力－应变曲线，讨论了该种复合材料高温压缩变形时所表现出的应变软化现象，利用ＳＥＭ观察了ＳｉＣＷ／Ａｌ－Ｎｉ复合材料在高温压缩变形中晶须的转动，并对晶须长轴的取向分布函数及其与复合材料压缩流变应力之间的关系进行了较为详细的研究．研究结果表明，在压缩变形过程中，ＳｉＣＷ晶须的长轴要发生转动，并趋向垂直于压缩方向分布，晶须取向的重新分布是造成复合材料应变软化的主要原因．     

Process Design for Hybrid Sheet Metal Components

The global trends towards improving fuel efficiency and reducing CO_2 emissions are the key drivers for lightweight solutions. In sheet metal processing, this can be achieved by the use of materials with a supreme strength-toweight and stiffness-to-weight ratio. Besides monolithic materials such as high-strength or light metals, in particular metal–plastic composite sheets are able to provide outstanding mechanical properties. Thus, the adaption of conventional, wellestablished forming methods for the processing of hybrid sheet metals is a current challenge for the sheet metal working industry. In this work, the planning phase for a conventional sheet metal forming process is studied aiming at the forming of metal–plastic composite sheets. The single process steps like material characterization, FE analysis, tool design and development of robust process parameters are studied in detail and adapted to the specific properties of metal–plastic composites. In material characterization, the model of the hybrid laminate needs to represent not only the mechanical properties of the individual combined materials, but also needs to reflect the behaviour of the interface zone between them.Based on experience, there is a strong dependency on temperature as well as strain rate. While monolithic materials show a moderate anisotropic behaviour, loads on laminates in different directions generate different strain states and completely different failure modes. During the FE analysis, thermo-mechanic and thermo-dynamic effects influence the temperature distribution within tool and work pieces and subsequently the forming behaviour. During try out and production phase,those additional influencing factors are limiting the process window even more and therefore need to be considered for the design of a robust forming process. A roadmap for sheet metal forming adjusted to metal–plastic composites is presented in this paper.     

Processing map for hot working of SiC_p/7075 Al composites

The hot deformation behaviour of 7075 aluminium alloy reinforced with 10%of SiC particles was studied by employing both"processing maps"and microstructural observations.The composite was characterized by employing optical microscope to evaluate the microstructural transformations and instability phenomena.The material investigated was deformed by compression in the temperature and strain rate ranges of 300-500℃and 0.001-1.0 s-1,respectively.The deformation efficiency was calculated by strain rate sensitivity(m)values obtained by hot compression tests.The power dissipation efficiency and instability parameters were evaluated and processing maps were constructed for strain of 0.5.The optimum domains and instability zone were obtained for the composites.The optimum processing conditions are obtained in the strain rate range of 0.1-0.9 s-1and temperature range of 390-440 ℃with the efficiency of 30%.     

Impact of experimental conditions on material response during forming of steel in semi-solid state

Semi-solid forming is an effective near-net-shape forming process to produce components with complex geometry and in fewer forming steps. It benefits from the complex thixotropic behaviour of semi-solids. However, the consequences of such behaviour on the flow during thixoforming, is still neither completely characterized and nor fully understood, especially for high melting point alloys. The study described in this paper investigates thixoextrusion for C38 low carbon steel material using dies at temperatures much lower than the slug temperature. Four different process parameters were studied: the initial slug temperature, the die temperature, the ram speed and the presence of a ceramic layer at the tool/material interface. The extruded parts were found to have an exact shape and a good surface state only if the temperature was below a certain value. This critical temperature is not an intrinsic material property since its value depends on die temperature and the presence of the Ceraspray© layer. Two kinds of flow were highlighted: a homogeneous flow controlled by the behaviour of the solid skeleton characterized by a positive strain rate sensitivity, and a non homogeneous flow (macro liquid/solid phase separation) dominated by the flow of the free liquid. With decreasing ram speed, heat losses increase so that the overall consistency of the material improves, leading to apparent negative strain rate sensitivity. Finally, some ways to optimise thixoforming are proposed.     

Influence of Processing Parameters on the Deformation Behavior of Ti14 Alloy Containing a Small Volume of Liquid

采用热模拟系统研究了半固态变形温度,应变速率和变形量对Ti14合金压缩行为和组织演变的影响。结果表明:温度和应变对Ti14合金半固态峰值应力影响较大,峰值应力随着温度的增加和应变速率的减小而降低。分析认为:半固态变形中,应变速率的变化会影响产生压缩变形所需的响应时间,而液相的含量受控于变形温度,随着变形温度的升高,组织中出现了网状晶界结构,使得变形机制由固相粒子的塑性变形转变为固液混合流动。此外,变形量对合金半固态变形的应力-应变影响较小,可以认为是液相的润滑作用和协调变形机制缓解了晶粒间的压缩应力和摩擦力,使得应力-应变变化不明显。     

35% SiC_p/2024A1复合材料的热变形行为(英文)

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,对35%SiCp/2024A1复合材料在温度350~500°C、应变速率0.01~10s-1的条件下进行热压缩试验,研究该复合材料的热变形行为与热加工特征,建立热变形本构方程和加工图。结果表明,35%SiCp/2024A1复合材料的流变应力随着温度的升高而降低,随着应变速率的增大而升高,说明该复合材料是正应变速率敏感材料,其热压缩变形时的流变应力可采用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述;在本实验条件下平均热变形激活能为225.4 kJ/mol。为了证实其潜在的可加工性,对加工图中的稳定区和失稳区进行标识,并通过微观组织得到验证。综合考虑热加工图和显微组织,得到变形温度500°C、应变速率0.1~1 s-1是复合材料适宜的热变形条件。     

Strain rate sensitivity of a high strain rate superplastic TiNp/2014 Al composite

The effects of deformation temperature and strain in hot rolling deformation on strain rate sensitivity of the TiN_p/2014 Al composite were studied by tensile tests conducted out at 773, 798, 818 and 838 K with the strain rates from 1.7 ×10^?3 to 1.7 × 10⁰ s^?1. It is shown that the curves of m value of the TiN_p/2014Al composite deformed at different temperatures can be divided into two stages with the variation of strain rate, and the critical strain rates are 10^?1 s^?1. The optimum deformation temperature of the TiN_p/2014 Al composite is near incipient melting temperature of 816 K and the optimum strain rate is a little higher than the critical strain rate. The effect of deformation temperature on strain rate sensitivity is relative to liquid phase helper accommodation. The effect of strain in hot rolling deformation on strain rate sensitivity attributes to change of microstructure and deformation mechanism.     

Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Bimodal Size SiCpReinforced Mg Matrix Composite during Hot Deformation

The(submicron+micron) bimodal size Si Cp-reinforced Mg matrix composite was compressed at the temperature of 270–420 °C and strain rate of 0.001–1 s~(-1). Then, dynamic recrystallization(DRX) behavior of the composite was investigated by thermodynamic method and verified by microstructure analysis. Results illustrated that the composite possess the lower critical strain and higher DRX ratio as compared to monolithic Mg alloys during hot deformation process. The predicted DRX ratio increased with the proceeding of compression, which was well consistent with the experimental value. Results from thermodynamic calculation suggested that the occurrence of DRX could be promoted by Si Cp, which would be further proved by microstructure analysis. Formation of particle deformation zone around micron Si Cp played a significant role in promoting DRX nucleation. Nevertheless, the distribution of submicron Si Cp was increasingly uniform with the proceeding of compression, which could fully restrain grain growth. Therefore, the corporate effects of micron and submicron Si Cp on DRX contributed to the improvement of DRXed ratio and the refinement of grain size for the composite during compression process.     

Synthesis and mechanical properties of cast quasicrystal-reinforced Al-alloys

We report on the preparation and mechanical properties of Al-based-composites with quasicrystalline particles as reinforcement. Al–Mn–Ce/Fe and Al–Mn–Pd bulk samples were synthesized by die casting into a copper mould at moderate cooling rate. Thin ribbons were prepared by melt-spinning as a reference state for the phase formation under most rapid quenching conditions. Microstructural analysis was done using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as calorimetric methods. Significant differences in the phase formation, the composite microstructure and the thermal stability of the microstructure were found for different alloy compositions. The deformation behaviour was characterized by constant-rate compression tests at room temperature for a number of alloy variations yielding excellent properties compared to conventionally produced Al-alloys. The mechanical properties vary within a wide range of strength and ductility as a function of the quasicrystal volume fraction and their morphology. Also first tests at elevated temperatures were carried out, revealing a promising high temperature stability of the composite.     

高颗粒含量B4C／Al复合材料的高温压缩力学行为

利用Gleeble3500热模拟机对高颗粒含量B4C／A1复合材料进行了温度范围为298～773K,应变率范围为1×10-3-5S^ （-1）的单轴压缩力学行为测试。结果表明：由于高颗粒含量B4C／A1复合材料在动态载荷和静态载荷作用下的破坏方式不同,导致了在高温条件下复合材料的动态强度随温度的下降速率要小于静态强度的下降速率。当温度从室温升高到773K时,复合材料的应变率敏感指数从0．02增加到0．13,该现象表明,该高颗粒含量复合材料的应变率敏感指数是温度的函数。     

An evaluation procedure for hot‐spot tensions in welded plates

Summary

This paper describes an investigation of the correlation between HAZ microstructures amd mechanical properties in the post‐weld heat treatment (PWHT) of two types of thermomechanical control process steels (TMCP steels), especially the relationship between the stress relaxation behaviour and high‐temperature deformability. Simulated weld heat treatment was performed with a welding thermal cycle simulator at a maximum temperature of 1623 K. PWHT was performed at a heating rate of 55.6 K/ksec. The mechanical properties in the PWHT process were evaluated by rising‐temperature constant‐strain rate tests and rising‐temperature constant‐load tests. The effect of PWHT in reducing ductility is discussed from the perspective of the precipitation behaviour of intergranular and transgranular carbides and the associated deformability of the matrix in each HAZ structure. The results obtained may be summarised as follows:

1. The results obtained during measurement of the stress relaxation behaviour in the rising‐temperature constant‐strain rate tests suggest that the bainite structures of both steels clearly show more stagnation or delay in their stress relaxation behaviour than the other HAZ structures at a PWHT temperature above 600 K. This implies that the matrix is resistant to softening. The non‐AcC type steel also exhibits more stagnation in the higher temperature range under the effect of alloy carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries than the AcC type steel.

2. The results obtained in the rising‐temperature constant‐load tests run to determine the high‐temperature strength and inherent deformability of the HAZ structure suggest that the bainite structures of both steels tend to lose more ductility than the other HAZ structures, having a reduction of area of 35% at a fracture temperature of 850–900 K. The non‐AcC type steel also exhibits a greater loss of ductility in all HAZ structures than the AcC type steel.

3. The results of the TEM observations made to determine the causes of this ductility loss suggest that a difference in the carbide precipitation behaviour near the grain boundaries in each HAZ structure in the PWHT process affects the plastic deformability of the matrix, and that the trend of reducing plasticity differs in each HAZ structure. These trends are more pronounced in the non‐AcC type steel containing alloying elements with a strong carbide‐producing tendency, such as e.g. Nb, Ti, etc.

4. All HAZ structures of the AcC type steel show a trend of reducing ductility at a fracture temperature of 850–900 K. This feature is not found in conventional carbon steels with an identical composition and may well be due to the fact that this temperature range corresponds to the ductile‐brittle transition range. It is necessary to resort to a method of fabrication able to reduce the hardened structures as far as possible during welding, i.e. to ductility reducing counter‐measures in the PWHT process, such as e.g. welding heat input control, preheating, etc.

5. To evaluate the ductility and brittleness of steels, it is important to gain a good understanding of their plastic deformability, and the paper proposes a method for evaluation of the ductility of the TMCP steels on the basis of the relationship between the amount of displacement produced in the rising‐temperature constant‐strain rate tests and the plastic deformability of each HAZ structure in the PWHT process as obtained in the rising‐temperature constant‐load tests. This method enables the risk of cracking and degree of embrittlement to be identified and proves effective in practical applications.