难处理硫化矿生物湿法冶金研究进展(I)微生物氧化工艺技术研究

生物湿法冶金技术与传统矿业氧化工艺相比,成本低、无污染,具有广阔的工业应用前景.本文着重评述了国内外在浸矿微生物、培养基的优化、细菌的接种量、温度、酸度、矿石粒度、矿浆浓度、浸出液中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)浓度等方面的研究进展.     

铁负载生物炭对土壤中锑砷的稳定修复效果

我国锑矿区土壤锑与砷污染严重，化学稳定化是修复锑砷污染土壤的重要方法。以水稻秸秆为原材料，采用水热法制得比表面积高达33.11 m2/g的铁负载生物炭稳定材料，Fe3+的负载明显促进碳化过程，改善了生物炭的性能。铁负载生物炭对土壤中五价态锑、砷的稳定化效果明显高于三价态。水溶态As(Ⅴ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的稳定率分别为51.22%和58.33%，有效态As(Ⅴ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的稳定率分别为53.67%和52.33%。修复后土壤中非专性吸附态和专性吸附态锑、砷向弱结晶和结晶型铁铝氧化物结合态转化，从而实现锑砷稳定。     

生物氧化提金生产氧化液中硫的测定方法

在生物氧化提金生产产生的酸性氧化液中含有Fe、As、Zn、Cu、Pb、S等元素,质量浓度分别为Fe 25.00~45.00 g/L、As 2.00~9.00 g/L、Zn 0.10~0.30 g/L、Cu 0.01~0.07 g/L、Pb 0.02~0.03 g/L、S 12.00~30.00 g/L。其中,硫和砷分别以SO2-4(少量SO2-3)和As O3-4的形式存在,为了更准确地检测酸性含砷氧化液中的硫,经过多次实验,建立了一种适用于生物氧化提金生产氧化液中硫的分析方法,为企业生产提供了可靠、及时、准确的分析数据。     

抑制荧光猝灭法测定水中痕量砷研究

在硫酸介质中,高锰酸钾氧化吖啶黄,使其荧光猝灭,痕量As(Ⅲ)能抑制该反应,其抑制荧光猝灭程度在一定范围内与As(Ⅲ)的浓度呈线性关系,据此建立了一种抑制荧光猝灭法快速测定痕量As(Ⅲ)的方法。本文对该体系的实验条件进行了研究,结果表明,在最佳实验条件下,方法的线性范围为5.0μg.L~(-1)～500μg.L~(-1),吖啶黄的抑制荧光猝灭程度(△F)与As(Ⅲ)标准溶液的浓度C之间的关系为△F=25.26+75.18C(μg.mL~(-1))(R~2=0.9991)检出限为2.95μg·L~(-1)。该测定方法简便、快速、需样量少、灵敏度高,加标回收率在96%～98%之间,结果满意。     

硫铁化生物炭同步去除水体镉砷影响因素研究

以甘蔗渣为生物质原料制备生物炭,以硫铁纳米材料(FeS2、FeS和S-nZVI)为改性材料,制备黄铁矿-生物炭复合物、生物炭负载FeS和S-nZVI复合生物炭.通过室内模拟实验镉砷复合吸附,对这3种材料同步吸附镉砷的影响因素进行了探讨.实验表明:在酸性条件下,3种材料去除率均达到75％以上,且PH越低达到平衡所需时间越短;腐殖质浓度的增大对黄铁矿复合生物炭干扰最大;磷酸根离子浓度越大,硫铁化生物炭去除率越小,S-nZVI复合生物炭受影响最小;3种材料对As(Ⅲ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程均符LangmuirEXT1等温线吸附模型.     

低砷阳极铜电解工艺工业实验研究

研究通过二氧化硫还原调节铜电解液中As(Ⅲ)浓度电解低砷阳极铜。结果表明：当电流密度为255 A/m²时,电解液As(_T)为7.7～11.4g/L,As(Ⅲ)为0.7～2.8 g/L、Sb为0.25～0.37g/L、Bi为0.23～0.34 g/L,电流密度为280 A/m²时,电解液As(_T)为8.4～9.5 g/L,As(Ⅲ)为0.7～4.7 g/L、Sb为0.31～0.33 g/L、Bi为0.24～0.26 g/L,提高电流密度302 A/m²后,电解液As(_T)为7.3～8.1 g/L,As(Ⅲ)为0.7～2.8 g/L、Sb为0.24～0.31 g/L、Bi为0.20～0.22 g/L。阴极铜表面光滑平整,均达到A级铜(Cu-CATH-1)标准(GB/T467-2010)。还原滤渣中Sb、Bi总含量高达28.94%,As(Ⅲ)含量占As(_T)41.5%。当电流密度255 A/m²、280 A/m     

土著微生物参与下河套平原地下水中砷的还原作用

为查明土著微生物活动对高砷地下水形成的影响,利用河套平原高砷地下水中分离出的土著微生物(YH002)进行了微宇宙实验研究.实验结果表明:高砷地下水中加入的葡萄糖提供了微生物生长所需要的碳源,微生物大量繁殖,分泌的有机酸使溶液的pH值降低.在缺氧条件下,溶液中的OD值最高达到了0.189,pH值最低为6.22;在有氧条件下,OD值最高达到了0.286,pH值最低为6.04.溶液中As(Ⅲ)的初始质量浓度为74μg/L,占总砷质量浓度的11.2%,在加入微生物和葡萄糖后,在缺氧和有氧条件下,As(Ⅲ)的质量浓度分别为278μg/L和310μg/L,占总砷质量浓度的42%和47%.微宇宙实验说明地下水中的土著微生物能将As(V)还原成As(Ⅲ).     

半绝缘掺Cr-GaAs晶体中的微沉淀

利用超高压电子显微镜(HVEM,JEM-1000)研究了舟生长半绝缘(SI)掺 Cr-GsAs 晶体中的微沉淀(微夹杂)。从电子衍射花样分析表明,晶体中存在不同程度的微沉淀,它们是 CrAs、Cr_2As 及四方晶系的α-方石英。CrAs 和 Cr_2As 与晶体中的 Cr 浓度有关,α-方石英主要是与舟材料有关。     

地西他滨联合三氧化二砷对NB4细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的 研究去甲基化制剂地西他滨(DAC)单用或联合三氧化二砷(As2O3)对NB4细胞凋亡的作用机制.方法 将不同浓度的DAC、As2O3以及两药联合作用于NB4细胞,不加药为对照组,采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡.结果 DAC与As2O3单药对NB4细胞的抑制作用呈浓度时间依赖性(DAC 1 μmol/L作用24、48、72 h的抑制率分别为12.18%、22.72%、35.54%;DAC 2 μmol/L作用24、48、72 h的抑制率分别增高为22.14%、31.18%、45.21%;As2O3 0.5 μmol/L作用24、48、72 h的抑制率分别21.09%、32.43%、44.93%;As2O3 1.0 μmol/L作用24、48、72 h的抑制率分别增高为31.69%、41.12%及54.27%),两药联合抑制作用较单药明显(DAC 1 μmol/L+As2O3 0.5 μmol/L作用24、48、72 h抑制率分别为42.10%、48.75%、60.78%)(P<0.05),各浓度组与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);As2O3 1 μmol/L作用于NB4细胞株48 h可见5.8%的细胞凋亡,联合组增高为17.3%.结论 DAC能显著抑制NB4细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,DAC联合As2O3对NB4细胞增殖抑制及诱导凋亡有协同作用.     

硫酸盐溶液电解镍过程中As(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅲ)的行为

<正>R.R.Samal等研究了质量浓度在0~1 000mg/L范围的As(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅲ)对从硫酸盐溶液中电解镍的影响。砷和锑的存在使阴极电流效率降低,同时能耗增加。当加入硫酸镍溶液时,砷和锑都使阴极去极化,导致在更大阳极电位条件下,镍在阴极上还原。X射线衍射仪研究结果表明,As(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅲ)     

硫化矿生物湿法冶金技术现状与展望

21世纪人类对生物技术的开发利用将进入一个空前迅猛发展的时代，生物湿法冶金技术对低品位难处理硫化矿的矿业开发带来了前所未有的机遇与挑战。与传统常规矿业氧化工艺相比，生物氧化工艺其成本低、无污染，在低品位难选冶的硫化矿资源的开发领域有着广阔的工业应用前景。本文简要评述了国内外生物湿法冶金技术在矿业开发领域的研究现状和未来的发展趋势。     

Processing of Cobalt-Copper-Arsenic Complex Ore Concentrate

Extraction of cobalt from complex ore flotation concentrates obtained from the Blackbird Mine. Idaho. USA is reviewed. After flotation of a primary copper concentrate, a bulk concentrate is recovered containing major amounts of cobalt, arsenic, and iron, with minor amounts of copper and nickel. This concentrate can be upgraded during flotation by removing iron, but with considerable cobalt loss. Chemical extraction difficulties are caused by the high arsenic and iron content of the concentrate. The historical approach, including a short lived plant, has been pressure oxidative leaching followed by ferric arsenate precipitation, solution purification, and cobalt electrowinning. Smelting and sulfation roasting followed by leaching are unsatisfactory but also discussed. The most recent studies, showing some promise, have been on oxygen-calcium chloride leaching and on biooxidative leaching at moderate pH with simultaneous iron hydrolysis and ferric arsenate precipitation.     

Coordination Chemistry in Mineral Processing

Abstract

In mineral processing industry, achieving an optimal extraction of valuable mineral components is an extremely important goal. The processes of leaching, solvent extraction and flotation are major methods of processing minerals under aqueous conditions in which coordination chemistry may play an important role, and in facilitating the realization of this goal. The success of some of these processes is ascribed to the ability of the chemical reagents to form stable coordination complexes with metal ions in the aqueous solution or on the surfaces of the mineral lattice. Leaching processes which involve complex formation usually result in increased dissolution of mineral values in aqueous solution, and may include cyanide, basic and chloride leaching. In solvent extraction, the extractant and masking reagents react with metal ions to form principally coordination complexes, which are either selectively extracted into the organic phase or retained in the aqueous raffinate. This is the basis underlying the concentration and purification of metal values by this process. Flotation processes, which employ collectors and depressants whose interactions with metal ions in aqueous solution lead to complex formation through coordinate bonding are believed to be more efficient than other analogous processes. In an effort to contribute to the understanding of the chemistry of these processes, the authors have attempted to review the role of coordination chemistry in mineral processing by flotation, leaching and solvent extraction.     

含铷石英-高岭土加压浸出研究

含铷石英-高岭土中的铷不能采用选矿、焙烧-浸出、常压酸浸或碱浸等工艺进行回收,我们开发出石英-高岭土中的铷的加压碱浸工艺进行铷、二氧化硅等的综合回收工艺.加压碱浸的合适条件为浸出温度为220～230℃、碱浓度320 g/L、浸出时间为2h、液固比为3：1和粒度为-325目.     

酸性矿山废水与含黄药选矿废水淋溶铅锌尾矿试验

通过模拟铅锌尾矿环境中酸性矿山废水、选矿废水(含乙基黄药)连续淋溶铅锌尾矿试验,研究渗滤液和脉石颗粒变化,并以此分析自然中和与沉淀吸附金属的地球化学过程,对淋溶后矿物颗粒表面进行表征。结果表明,当铁离子、铅离子和镉离子含量分别为200、20、5mg/L的酸性淋溶液与乙基黄药浓度为100mg/L的选矿废水经过淋溶柱后,由于碳酸盐的自中和特性,渗滤液的pH为7~8;渗滤液中镉、铅离子含量均小于0.05mg/L,并且渗滤液中乙基黄药的去除率为99%以上。矿物颗粒表征结果表明,乙基黄药没有影响铁矿物的形成,脉石颗粒表面覆盖了Ca(OH)2、CaSO4亲水性钙膜和铁矿物,并且铁矿物会吸附铅离子和镉离子。     

含硅酸锌矿类锌资源利用现状

从硅酸锌物化性质的角度,总结分析了国内外含硅酸锌矿类锌资源利用现状,使用单一火法处理还原效率低,能耗高。强酸强碱浸出液浓度高,在浸出锌的过程中大量杂质也被同时浸出,对后续提锌除杂不利。氧化锌在氨浸提锌的过程中,杂质很少被浸出,根据氨对氧化锌这一选择性浸出特性,为提高锌资源中硅酸锌的利用率,建议采取焙烧矿相转化的方式先将硅酸锌矿转化为氧化锌物相,然后采用氨法浸出提取锌的技术路线,并对该技术路线需要开展的主要研究工作进行了分析。     

Evaluation of velocity-dependent in situ leaching processes: Single-porosity model

A methodology to characterize processes of in situ leaching is developed to study various parameters that may affect the recovery of a valuable mineral and to assure a successful application of the in situ leaching technology. A leaching kinetics model is first derived based on the concept of representative elementary volume (REV) in porous ore deposits. Every parameter in the model is clearly defined and may be easy to obtain in practice. Then the governing equations are obtained for transport of both the reagent and the dissolved mineral in porous ore deposits. These equations are solved by a fully three-dimensional computer simulator. Effects on the mineral recovery of parameters such as lumped rate constant, ore porosity, injection flux, and macrodispersivities are investigated through the three-dimensional case with one injection well. It is found that all of these four parameters, interconnected through the ore porosity, significantly affect the effectiveness of the in situ leaching. Furthermore, the flow velocity of leach solution within an ore deposit may be the key parameter to the design of a real leaching mine because all of the other three parameters are site specific.     

地浸采铀过程中含矿层堵塞特征研究

酸法与碱法浸铀是当前我国铀矿采冶主要地浸工艺,浸铀过程中均会产生含矿层堵塞。含矿层堵塞是地浸采铀中的一种普遍现象,也是制约铀浸出效益的重大瓶颈。根据巴彦乌拉铀矿矿石酸法柱浸试验和十红滩铀矿矿石碱法浸铀试验结果,分别对酸法和碱法浸铀过程中含矿层堵塞的原因进行了系统研究。结果表明,矿物黏土化蚀变是造成酸法地浸中含矿层堵塞的重要原因;碳酸钙沉淀是造成碱性地浸中含矿层堵塞的主要原因;溶浸液的pH、HCO^-₃浓度及Ca²⁺浓度过高都会引起碱性浸铀含矿层碳酸钙沉淀,碳酸钙溶解沉淀特征受pH、Ca²⁺、HCO^-₃的边界值控制。     

Recent Developments in the Bioprocessing of Minerals

Microorganisms are finding increasing use in minerals engineering. Goals include both enhancement of mineral engineering operations and remediation of mineral industry wastes. Some of the applications, such as biologically assisted leaching of sulfide ores and biooxidation of refractory sulfide gold ores. are established commercial processes. Others, such as the use of organisms for the removal of heavy metal ions from dilute aqueous streams, are nearing commercial application. Other uses of microorganisms are potentially possible. These include use of microorganisms in leaching non-sulfide ores, the flocculation or flotation of minerals and remediation of toxic chemicals discharged from mineral engineering operations. Genetic engineering of microorganisms and adaptation of existing strains are important potential tools in many of these applications, as is also the identification of new, novel and useful organisms.     

初始pH值对ASH-07细菌生长和黄铜矿浸出过程的影响

影响黄铜矿细菌浸出过程的因素很多,重点研究了初始pH值对浸矿细菌ASH-07生长活性、黄铜矿浸出效果和黄铜矿表面氧化膜成分的影响。不同初始pH值条件下细菌培养和黄铜矿浸出实验结果表明,在初始pH=1.2~1.8的条件下,细菌培养24 h后,即开始进入生长平衡期,浓度迅速升高至1.4×108 cell/mL,黄铜矿在浸出6 d后浸出率即达到45.0%左右;氧化膜成分XPS检测实验结果表明,在初始pH值为1.2的条件下,黄铜矿浸出168 h后,矿物表面氧化膜成分中未检测到钝化膜黄钾铁矾。因此,在采用浸矿菌种ASH-07浸出黄铜矿的实验中,最佳的初始pH值约为1.2,pH值低于1.2或高于1.8都不利于黄铜矿的生物浸出。